Neuron support glial cell introduction types disorder related
- 1. GLIAL CELL NAME:- Manvi Parekh Roll. No.:- 16(GIA) Subject:-Zoology Course:-402(Unit-4)
- 2. INDEX Introduction Types of glial cell in CNS Types of glial cell in PNS Function of glial cell Glial Cells and Neurodegenerativ e Diseases Function of glial cell
- 3. Glial cells are a type of cell that provides physical and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment.Located in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system,glial cells are sometimes called the "glue" of the nervous system,as well as neuroglia or just glia. Glial cells,also called neuroglial cells,are more common than nerve cells in the brain. Glial cells' main job is to support another type of brain cell called neurons. Glial cells may not do the "big jobs," in the brain,but without them, those big jobs would never get done. Glial cells provide a scaffolding for developing neurons in the embryo. Introduction
- 4. Different types of glial cells and each one has a specific role in helping your central nervous system (CNS) which is made up of your brain and the nerves of your spinal column work right. Types of glial cell in CNS There are five types of glial cells in your CNS: Radial glia
- 5. The "astro" part of the name is because the cells have projections that make them look star-shaped. There are different kinds of astrocytes. For example, protoplasmic astrocytes have thick projections with lots of branches. Fibrous astrocytes have long, slender arms with few branches. Protoplasmic astrocytes are generally found among neurons in the gray matter of the brain while the fibrous ones are typically found in white matter. Functions:- Forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) Regulating neurotransmitters Cleaning up. Synchronizing the activity of axons Brain energy metabolism and homeostasis. Astrocytes
- 6. Oligodendrocytes come from neural stem cells. The word is made up of a few Greek terms that mean "cells with several branches." The main purpose of oligodendrocytes is to help information move faster along axons in the brain. Oligodendrocytes look like spikey balls. On the tips of their spikes are white, shiny membranes that wrap around the axons of nerve cells and form a protective layer, like the plastic insulation on electrical wires. This protective layer is called the myelin sheath. The sheath is not continuous, though. There's a gap between each membrane that's called the "node of Ranvier." This node helps electrical signals spread efficiently along nerve cells. Oligodendrocyte
- 7. Microglia are tiny glial cells ("micro" means small). They act as the brain's own dedicated immune system. The brain needs its own immune system because the blood-brain barrier isolates the brain from the rest of your body. Microglia are alert to signs of injury and disease. When they detect a problem, they charge in and take care of it—whether it means clearing away dead cells or getting rid of a toxin or pathogen. When microglia respond to an injury, it causes inflammation as part of the healing process. Sometimes, the response causes problems. For example, in Alzheimer's disease, microglia are hyperactivated and cause too much inflammation. Microgl ia
- 8. Ependymal cells make up the thin membrane lining the central canal of the spinal cord and the passageways (ventricles) of the brain (ependyma). They also make cerebrospinal fluid and have an important role in the blood-brain barrier. Inside the ventricles, they have little hairlike projections (cilia) that wave back and forth to keep the cerebrospinal fluid circulating. Cerebrospinal fluid delivers nutrients to and eliminates waste products from the brain and spinal column. It also serves as a cushion and shock absorber between your brain and skull. Ependymal cells
- 9. Radial glia is believed to be a type of stem cell. This type of cell can create other cells. In the developing brain, stem cells are the "parents" of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. When you were an embryo, these cells also provided the "scaffolding" for developing neurons. They provide the long fibers that guide young brain cells into place as your brain forms. Since they have an important role as stem cells, especially as creators of neurons, Radial glia
- 10. It is made up of all the nerves in your body that are away from your spine (like your arms and legs) Types of glial cell in PNS Two types of glial cells in the PNS are: Glial cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) play vital roles in supporting neuronal health and function.Together, these glial cells ensure efficient communication within the nervous system and contribute to the overall maintenance and repair of peripheral nerves
- 11. Schwann cells are named for Theodor Schwann. They function a lot like oligodendrocytes by providing myelin sheaths for axons. However, Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) rather than the CNS. Instead of being a central cell with membrane- tipped arms, Schwann cells form spirals directly around the axon. The nodes of Ranvier sit between them, just as they do with oligodendrocytes, and assist in nerve transmission in the same way. Schwann cells are also part of the PNS's immune system. When a nerve cell is damaged, it can "eat" the nerve's axons and provide a protected path for a new axon to form. Schwann cells
- 12. Satellite glial cells (SGCs) are a type of glial cell that wrap around the cell bodies of neurons in the peripheral nervous system Satellite cells' main purpose appears to be regulating the environment around the neurons, keeping chemicals in balance. The neurons with satellite cells make up clusters of nerve cells in the autonomic nervous system and the sensory system called ganglia. Satellite cells deliver nutrition to the neuron and absorb heavy metal toxins, such as mercury and lead, to keep them from damaging the neurons. It's also thought that satellite cells help transport several neurotransmitters and other substances, including: Glutamate Norepinephrine Adenosine triphosphate Acetylcholine. Satellite cells
- 13. Function of glial cells 1.Support and Structure Glial cells provide structural support to neurons, helping to maintain the architecture of the nervous system. They fill spaces between neurons and contribute to the formation of the extracellular matrix. 2. Nutrient Supply Glial cells supply nutrients to neurons. For example, astrocytes (a type of glial cell) regulate blood flow to neurons, control glucose uptake, and help provide energy substrates to neurons to maintain their activity. 3. Waste Removal Glial cells help in the removal of metabolic waste products and excess neurotransmitters. Astrocytes are involved in recycling neurotransmitters such as glutamate and GABA, which helps prevent excitotoxicity. 4. Insulation (Myelination) Oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) form myelin sheaths around axons. This myelination increases the speed of electrical signal conduction and protects the axon. 5. Immune Defense Microglia are the immune cells of the central nervous system. They detect and respond to injury, infection, and inflammation by clearing debris, dead cells, and pathogens through phagocytosis. They also help to modulate the
- 14. Glial Cells and Neurodegenerative Diseases/Disorder Astrocyte dysfunction has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, including: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also called Lou Gehrig's disease, is a disease that attacks the nerve cells (motor neurons) that control muscles. Motor neurons carry messages about movement from the brain to the muscles, but in ALS the motor neurons degenerate and die; therefore, the messages no longer get to the muscles. When muscles aren't used for a long time, they weaken, waste away (atrophy), and twitch under the skin (fasciculate). Huntington’s disease is a hereditary degenerative neurological disease that causes behavioral changes and involuntary movements, with noticeable effects usually beginning between age 30 to 50. There is no cure for the condition, but some symptoms can be reduced with medication Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder that develops when the brain cells that produce dopamine (a chemical involved in movement) stop working or die. When this happens, symptoms like slowed movements, muscle stiffness,
- 15. Oligodendrocyte dysfunction Canavan disease is one of a group of genetic disorders called leukodystrophies that result in defects in the myelin sheath that covers nerve cells in the brain. In Canavan disease, a genetic mutation on chromosome 17 causes a deficiency of an enzyme called aspartoacylase. Without this enzyme, a chemical imbalance occurs that causes the destruction of myelin in the brain. This causes healthy brain tissue to degenerate into spongy tissue full of microscopic fluid- filled space. Oligodendroglioma is a type of brain tumor, but in rare cases, it can form in your spinal cord. These tumors develop from a specific type of glial cell: oligodendrocytes. Glial cells are the support cells of your nervous system. They maintain and protect the neurons that send and relay signals within, to and from your brain. . Multiple Sclerosis (MS): A disease where the immune system attacks myelin, leading to communication problems between the brain and the rest of the body. Oligodendrocytes are crucial for myelin production.
- 16. Microglial dysfunction Fibromyalgia is a disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, sleep, memory and mood issues. Researchers believe that fibromyalgia amplifies painful sensations by affecting the way your brain and spinal cord process painful and non painful signals. Schizophrenia is a chronic brain disorder that affects a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It can cause people to have difficulty participating in everyday activities and may make them seem out of touch with reality. However, there are effective treatments available, and many people with schizophrenia can lead independent live.
- 17. Schwann cell dysfunction Guillain-Barré syndrome is a neurological condition that causes rapidly worsening weakness, usually beginning in the legs and then traveling up the body.It is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body, specifically by damaging nerves in the legs, trunk, arms, and sometimes the face. Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is a genetic disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system, causing progressive loss of muscle tissue and sensation
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