Global warming
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Global warming refers to the long-term rise in Earth's average temperature, with significant energy absorbed by the oceans since 1971. Satellite measurements show the temperature increase has been more pronounced in recent decades, while remote, human-unimpacted locations indicate no warming. The document emphasizes the importance of accurate temperature measurements and challenges misconceptions about thermometer readings and heat transfer methods.
Global warming
- 2. Global warming is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of Earth's climate system. Since 1971, 90% of the increased energy has been stored in the oceans, mostly in the 0 to 700m region. Warming is expected to be strongest in the Arctic, with the continuingretreat of glaciers , permafrost and sea ice.
- 3. The Earth's average surface temperature rose by 0.74±0.18 °C over the period 1906–2005. The rate of warming over the last half of that period was almost double that for the period as a whole (0.13±0.03 °C per decade, versus 0.07±0.02 °C per decade). The urban heat island effect is very small, estimated to account for less than 0.002 °C of warming per decade since 1900.Temperatures in the lower troposphere have increased between 0.13 and 0.22 °C (0.22 and 0.4 °F) per decade since 1979, according to satellite temperature measurements. Climate proxies show the temperature to have been relatively stable over the one or two thousand years before 1850, with regionally varying fluctuations such as the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age.
- 5. The most reliable global temperature measurements, since 1979, are those made by NASA satellites, using Microwave Sounder Units (MSUs). The temperature of various levels in the atmosphere is measured from the microwave absorption of oxygen, which is sensitive to temperature change. Measurements have a greater accuracy than the surface measurements (Christy and Goodridge 1977). They not only provide the only genuine global average, but they are able to supply a temperature record for any designated region on the earth’s surface.
- 6. The evidence is overwhelming that temperature records from places remote from human habitation show no evidence of warming. These remote places include forests, ice cores and other proxy measurements, measurements by weather balloons, measurements by satellite (the only truly global measurements) and surface measurements in places where human influence is minimal. It only remains, therefore to characterise the human influence around weather stations in more detail.
- 7. Temperatures are measured, in this case, by mercury-in- glass thermometers. Heat transfer to the thermometer takes place by the conventional three mechanisms, conduction, convection and radiation. The conductivity of air is low, so transfer by conduction will be small provided there is air circulation within the screen. However, there will be calm days when the air temperature within the screen, rather than that outside, has an important influence. With good ventilation, convection exchanges heat with the thermometers.
- 8. Besides convection, the thermometer exchanges heat by radiation. The caption to this picture from the Internet stated that the white paint on the screen prevents heating effects from the sun’s radiation. This is not true. White paint absorbs between 30 and 50% of the sun’s radiation. The screen will become hot in the sun, and on a calm day, without the ventilation in the roof space, it will dominate the temperature inside. Any deterioration in the paint, such as a loss of gloss or accumulation of dust, will increase the temperature of the screen in the daytime without influencing radiation emission at night.