Groundnuts
- 1. GROUNDNUTS ā¢ Shah Fahad ā¢ The University of Agriculture Peshawar (PAKISTAN) ā¢ shahfahad974@gmail.com
- 3. Peanuts/ Ground nut ā¢ The peanut also known as Ground nut and moong phalli ā¢ It is a legume crop grown in tropics and subtropics ā¢ It is classified as both legume crop and oil crop, ā¢ Because of its high oil content ā¢ World annual production is 42 million tonnes in 2014 ā¢ Peanut pods develop underground rather than above ground ,linnaeus assigned the specific name hypogaea ā¢ Which means under the earth
- 4. ā¢ Groundnut belong to family fabaceae (leguminosae) ā¢ Like other legumes peanuts harbor symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria in root nudules making it valuable in ā¢ Crop rotation ā¢ Peanuts are similar in taste and nutritional profile to ā¢ Tree nuts like walnuts and almonds ā¢ Nut is a fruit whose ovary becomes very hard at maturity there fore peanuts are not true nuts ā¢ But rather a legume
- 5. History ā¢ The oldest archeological remains of pods have been dated at about 7600 year old in Peru in early phase of ā¢ Domestication ā¢ Many pre Columbian cultures depicted peanuts in their art ā¢ Cultivation was well established in meso America ā¢ Before the Spanish arrived ā¢ The pea nut was later spread worldwide by european Traders
- 6. History ā¢ peanuts was only a garden crop in colonial period ā¢ It was mostly used as animal feed stock until the 1930s ā¢ Cultivated peanut (A.hypogaea) arose from hybrid ā¢ Between two wild species of peanut,thought to be ā¢ A.DURANNSIS and A. IPANSIS ā¢ HYDRIDIZATION GAVE RISE to A. monticola(a wild form of peanut) ā¢ The process of domestication in Argentina or southeastern Bolivia through artificial selection made A.hypogaea dramatically different from its wild relatives
- 7. ā¢ In pakistan groundnut was first cultivated in 1949-1950 ā¢ On 500 hac in rawalpindi area of Pothwar region. ā¢ It gave the highest economic return per hac among ā¢ Kharif crops in semi-arid barani area of the country ā¢ It is now grown on an area of 9800 ha with an annual production of 104,000 tonnes in the country ā¢ Ground nut occupies 14400 ha of the cropped area in kharif season in KPK ā¢ It is mainly grown in SWABI district of the
- 8. Uses ā¢ Groundnut kernal is palatable and tasty .it is roasted ā¢ And consumed directly like dry fruits. ā¢ It contributes significant amount of fat ,protein ,mineral, and vitamin ā¢ Ground nut oil is edible and serves as an exellent cooking oil it is free of toxic compound and contains no linolenic acid (which causes oxidative rancidity ) ā¢ Peanuts are used to help fight malnutrition in developing countries by WHO, UNICEF ā¢ PAINT VARNISH, lubricating oil leather dressing ā¢ Furniture polish, insecticides are made from peanut oil
- 10. NOMENCLATURE ā¢ Order Fabales ā¢ Family Fabaceae ā¢ Sub family faboideae ā¢ Genus arachis ā¢ bionomial name Arachis hypogaea
- 11. Characteristics ā¢ self pollinated kharif day neutral ā¢ dicot ā¢ epigeal germination ā¢ tap root system ā¢ harbicious ā¢ normally 30-50 cm tall ā¢ annual ā¢ Indeterminate
- 12. Flower ā¢ small ā¢ yellowish orange ā¢ grow singly or in cluster (2 to 4) ā¢ close to the ground ā¢ 1.0 to 1.5 cm long ā¢ born on axillary clusters on stem
- 13. Pegging ā¢ peanut pods develop underground unusual feature ā¢ known as Geocarpy ā¢ after fertilization a short stalk ,at the base of ovary (pedicel) elongates to form a thread like structure ā¢ known as peg. ā¢ this peg containing ovary grows down into the soil ā¢ and develops into a mature peanut pod.
- 15. Cultural practices ā¢ loose soil Fertile ovule penetrate easily ā¢ Land should be ploughed (15 _20) deep ā¢ Grow best in light , sandy loam soil ā¢ pH 5.9 _7
- 16. Fertilizer ā¢ NPK ratio should be 1:4:2 ā¢ Benifical fertilizer dose at sowing is ā¢ 20 80 40 kg/ha ā¢ adequate levels of P K Ca Mg and micro nutrients are ā¢ also necessary for good yield
- 17. Time and method of sowing ā¢ Sowing of ground nuts depends on rainfall ā¢ Barani mid march to end of April ā¢ Irrigated area April till may ā¢ Seed rate for erect type 70 _75 kg/ha ā¢ Spreading type 60_65 kg/ha ā¢ R to R distance 75 cm ā¢ P to P 30 cm ā¢ Seed rate varies with type of cultivar to be grown ā¢ Seed should be innoculated with Rhizobia
- 18. Thining ā¢ Ground nuts need thining to keep the plant population of 150,000 per ha in case erect type . ā¢ In case of spreading type 75000 per ha ā¢ The weak and dry plants should be uprooted
- 19. Irrigation ā¢ Groundnut is mostly grown in barani area ā¢ they can be grown with as little as 350 mm. ā¢ give best yeild at 500 mm ā¢ however field should be irrigated with an interval ā¢ of two weeks after seeding
- 20. Insect ā¢ termites ā¢ jassids ā¢ white fly ā¢ White grub ā¢ Pod sucking bug
- 21. Diseases ā¢ Leaf spot ā¢ Seed rot ā¢ Brown and damaged pods are susceptible to fungal attack which produce aflatoxins ā¢ Aflatoxins may develop jaundice , allergy and cancer.
- 22. Harvesting and storage ā¢ harvested when fully matured ā¢ inderminate ā¢ harvested in october ā¢ hand pulling and machinary methods are used ā¢ sun drying for 15 days till moisture content remain ā¢ 8 to 10 % ā¢ the dry pods are stored in clean bags and stored in fumigated and clean bins.
- 24. Yield and composition ā¢ varies with cultivars ā¢ average national yield - --- ā¢ Kpk yield
- 26. Nutritional value ā¢ Oil content 44- 56 % ā¢ protein 22-23% ā¢ ā¢ essential fatty acid ā¢ oleic acid 60 % ā¢ linoleic acid 20 %
- 27. cultivars ā¢ bari 189, bard -479, g- 17 ā¢ spreading type ā¢ runner type ā¢ more productive ā¢ bard -699 banki CG -527