Early contact with Europeans had significant effects on Māori culture and way of life. Pre-European Māori society centered around religion, cultivation of kumara, and lacked European concepts of trade and dress. When Europeans first arrived, Māori responded with both curiosity and hostility, sometimes killing settlers but also welcoming others. Over time, European influence grew as Māori adopted Christianity, new crops like potatoes, and lost land to European settlers, while their traditional weapons, living situations, tools and cultural practices like tapu also changed substantially to grow more similar to European ways of life.