Group Reproductice health Coursework.ppt

HEALTH ASSESMENT IN
ANTENATAL CARE
GRPOUP THREE
Kakembo Musa Ntambi 21/U/24098/HTG
Atuheirwe Glorious 21/U/24085/HTG
Nalukwago Dorcus
Lakony Peter

INTRODUCTION
Every year there are an estimated 200 million
pregnancies in the world. Each of these
pregnancies is at risk for an adverse outcome
for the woman and her infant. While risk can
not be totally eliminated, they can be reduced
through effective, affordable, and acceptable
maternity care. To be most effective, health care
should begin early in pregnancy and continue
at regular intervals.

OUTLINES
Goals of antenatal care.
Signs of pregnancy.
Physical changes during pregnancy.
Assessment and physical examination.
history.
 Physical assessment.
 Laboratory data.
 Ultrasound.

Managing the minor disorders of pregnancy.
Health teaching during pregnancy.

GOALS OF ANTENATAL CARE
To reduce maternal and perinatal mortality
and morbidity rates.
To improve the physical and mental health of
women and children.
To prepare the woman for labor, lactation, and
care of her infant.
To detect early and treat properly complicated
conditions that could endanger the life or
impair the health of the mother or the fetus.

SIGNS OF PREGNANCY
• Presumptive (subjective )signs of pregnancy:
These signs are least indicative of pregnancy; they could easily indicate
other conditions. signs lead a woman to believe that she is
pregnant
 Amenorrhea.
 Breast changes and tangling sensation.
 Chlosma and linea nigra.
 Abdominal enlargement & striae gravidarum.
 Nausea & vomiting.
 Frequent urination.
 Fatigue
 quickening :sensations of fetal movement in the abdomen. Firstly felt
by the patient at approximately 16 to 20 weeks.
.

PROBABLE SIGNS( OBJECTIVE) OF
PREGNANCY:
They are more reliable than the presumptive signs,
but they still are not positive or true diagnostic
findings.
 Hegar’s sign (softening of the lower uterine
segment). 6-8 weeks
 Goodell’s sign (softening of the cervix ,uterus, and
vagina during pregnancy.). 4-6 weeks
 Ballottement. dropping and rebounding of the
fetus in its surrounding amniotic fluid in
response to a sudden tap on the uterus
 Positive pregnancy test.
 Braxton hicks contractions. more frequently
felt after 28 weeks. They usually
disappear with walking or exercise.

• The uterus changes from a pear shape to a
globe shape.
• Enlargement and softening of the uterus

• Chadwick’s sign---bluish discoloration of the cervix, vagina
and labia during pregnancy as a result of increased vascular
congestion.
• -Osiander`s sign (pulsation of fornices)

POSITIVE SIGNS OF PREGNANCY:
 Fetal heart tones can be
detected as early as 9 to 10
weeks from the last menstrual
period (LMP) by Doppler
technology
 Fetal movement felt by the
examiner. after about 20
weeks' gestation
 Visualization of the fetus by
the ultrasound.

• Normal pregnancy
duration post conception is
266 days or 38 weeks.
• Menstrual dating,
• LMP=280days or 40
weeks,assume as menstrual
cycle -28days.
• Nagels’s rule- LMP minus 3
months plus 7days.

Group Reproductice health Coursework.ppt

Definitions
• It is a planed examination and observation for the woman
from conception till the birth .
Or
• Antenatal care refers to the care that is given to an expected
mother from time of conception is confirmed until the
beginning of labor

Goals and Objectives of Antenatal Care
Goals:
*To reduce maternal mortality and morbidity rates.
* To improve the physical and mental health of women and
children.
* antenatal care aims to prevent, identify, and ameliorate maternal
and fetal abnormality that can adversely affect pregnancy
outcome.
*to decrease financial recourses for care of mothers.

Objectives
• Antenatal care support and encourage a family’s healthy
psychological adjustment to childbearing
FACTORS AFFECTING MOTHERS UTILIZATION OF ANTENATAL CARE

ASSESSMENT AND
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

COMPONENT OF ANTENATAL CARE
Assessment:
1. The initial assessment interview can
establish the trusting relationship
between the doctor and the pregnant
woman.
2. Establishing rapport
3. Getting information about the woman’s
physical and psychological health,
4. Obtaining a basis for anticipatory
guidance for pregnancy .

• During the firs visit, assessment and
physical examination must be completed.
Including:
history.
Physical examination.
Laboratory data.
Psychological assessment.
Nutritional assessment.

HISTORY
• Welcome the woman, and ensure a quite place where she can
express concerns and anxiety without being overheard by other
people.
• Personal(Identification data)
This include: woman’s name, age, occupation, address, and
phone number. marital status, duration of marriage, Religion ,
Nationality and language, Housing and finance

MENSTRUAL HISTORY:
A compete menstrual history is important to establish the
estimated date of delivery. It includes:
- Last menstrual period (LMP).
- Age of menarche.
- Regularity and frequency of menstrual cycle.
- Contraception method.
- Any previous treatment of menstrual
- Expected date of delivery (EDD) is calculated as
followed:
1st day of LMP −3 months +7 days, and change the year.
Example: calculate EDD if LMP was august 30, 2007.
= June 6, 2008.

Current problems with pregnancy :
Ask the patient if she has any current problem, such as:
- Nausea & vomiting.
- Abdominal pain.
- Headache.
- Urinary complaints.
- Vaginal bleeding.
- Edema.
- Backache.
- Heartburn.
- Constipation.

• Obstetrical history:
This provides essential information about the
previous pregnancies that may alert the care
provider to possible problems in the present
pregnancy. Which includes:
Gravida, para, abortion, and living children.
Weight of infant at birth & length of gestation.
Labor experience, type of delivery, location of
birth, and type of anesthesia.
Maternal or infant complications.

• Nulli gravida-woman who is not pregnant and never been
pregnant
• Primigravida-pregnant for the 1st time
• Multigravida-more than 1st time
• Parity-#of pregnancies achieving .20weeks gestation
• Nullipara-woman who never carried one pregnancy .20weeks

• Primipara-woman who has carried one pregnancy .20weeks.
• Gravidity-The total number of pregnancies irrespective of the
pregnancy duration.
• Abortion-

• Medical and surgical history:
Chronic condition such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and
renal disease can affect the outcome of the pregnancy and
must be investigated.
Prior operation, allergies, and medications should be
documented.
Previous operations such as cesarean section, genital repair,
and cervical cerclagc.
Accidents involving injury of the bony pelvis

• Family history:
Family history provides valuable information
about the general health of the family, and it
may reveal information about patters of
genetic or congenital anomalies.
Including:
- D.M.
- Hypertension.
- Heart disease.
- Cancer.
- Anemia.

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Physical examination is important to:
detect previously undiagnosed physical problems that may
affect the pregnancy outcome.
 and to establish baseline levels that will guide the treatment
of the expectant mother and fetus throughout pregnancy.

General Examination
It should be started from the moment the pregnant woman walks
into the examination room.
Examine general appearance:
• Observe the woman for stature or body build and gait
• The face is observed for skin color as pallor and pigmentation as
chloasma.
• Observe the eyes for edema of the eyelids and color of
conjunctiva. Healthy eyes are bright and clear.

VITAL SIGNS:
 Blood pressure:
1. It is taken to ascertain normality and provide a
baseline reading for a comparison throughout
the pregnancy.
2. In late pregnancy, raised systolic pressure of 30
mm Hg or raised diastolic pressure of 15 mm
Hg above the baseline values on at least two
occasions of 6 or more hours apart indicates
toxemia.
 Pulse:
The normal pulse rate = 60-90 BPM.
Tachycardia is associated with anxiety,
hyperthyrodism, or infection.

 Respiratory rate:
The normal is 16-24 BPM.
Tachypnea may indicate respiratory infection, or cardiac
disease.
 Temperature:
normal temperature during pregnancy is 36.2C to 37.6C.
Increased temperature suggests infection.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:
• Venous congestion:
Which can develop into
varicosities, venous
congestion most commonly
noted in the legs, vulva, and
rectum.
• Edema:
Edema of the extremities or
face necessitates further
assessment for signs of
pregnancy-induced
hypertension.

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
• Posture and gait:
Body mechanics and
changes in posture and
gait should be addressed.
Body mechanics during
pregnancy may produce
strain on the muscles of
the lower back and legs.

• Height & weight:
An initial weight is needed to establish a baseline for
weight gain throughout pregnancy.
Preconception:
 Wt. lower than 45kg, or Ht. under 150 cm is associated
with preterm labor, and low birth weight infant.
 Wt. higher than 90 kg is associated with increased
incidence of gestational diabetes, pregnancy induced
hypertension, cesarean birth, and postpartum
infection.
Recommendation for weight gain during pregnancy are
often made based on the woman’s body mass index.

• Pelvic measurement:
The bony pelvis is evaluated early in the pregnancy to
determine whether the diameters are adequate to permit
vaginal delivery.

• Observe the neck for enlarged thyroid gland and
scars of previous operations.
* Observe complexion for presence of blotches.
* Ensure that the general manner of the woman
indicates vigor and vitality.
* An anemic, depressed, tired or ill woman is
lethargic, not interested in her appearance, and
unenthusiastic about the interview.
* Lack of energy is a temporary state in early
pregnancy, a woman often feels exhausted and
debilitated.
* Discuss the woman's sleeping patterns and minor
disorders and give advice as necessary.
* Report any signs of ill health.

ABDOMEN:
 The size of the abdomen
is inspected for:
- the height of the fundus,
which determines the
period of the gestation.
- multiple pregnancy.

THE SHAPE OF THE ABDOMEN IS INSPECTED
FOR:
 - fetal lie & position.
- the abdomen is longer if the
fetal lie is longitudinal as occurs in
99.5% of cases.
- the abdomen is lower & broad if
the lie is transverse.
- fetal movement is inspected as
evidence of fetal life and position.
- fetal heart beat can be heard by
stethoscope after the 20th week, or
Doppler after 8th week. Normal
fetal heart rate is 120-160
beats/min.

1-Inspection:
• • Skin changes such as linea nigra, striae gravidarum and
scars of previous operations.
• • The size of the abdomen is inspected for:
• * Height of the fundus, which determines the period of
gestation.
• * Multiple pregnancy and polyhydramnios will enlarge both
the length and breadth of the uterus.
• * A large fetus increases only the length of the uterus.

• Contour of the abdominal wall is observed for pendulous
abdomen, lightening protrusion of umbilicus and full
bladder
.

• 2-Palpation
The uterus will be palpable per abdomen after the 12th week
of gestation
• Abdominal palpation includes
Estimation of the period of gestation. This is done by
determination of fundal height.

• The uterus may be higher than expected :
1. large fetus, multiple pregnancy
2. polyhydrammnios
3. mistaken date of last menstrual period
• The uterus may be lower than expected :
1. small fetus, intrauterine growth restriction
2. oligohydramnios
3. mistaken date of last menstrual period.

• Fundal palpation is performed to determine whether it
contains the breech or the head. This will help to diagnose the
fetal lie and presentation.

• Calculations:
• Calculation of gestation using
fundal height
• McDonald’s method: Measure from symphasis pubis to top of
fundus in cm.
• Gestation is measurement + or – 2 weeks

12 weeks :the uterus fills
the pelvis so that the
fundus of the uterus is
palpable at the symphysis
pubis .
16 weeks, the uterus is
midway between the
symphysis pubis and the
umbilicus.
20 weeks, it reaches the
umbilicus

• First maneuver :to determine fetal
presentation (longitudinal axis) or the part of
the fetus (fetal head or breech) that is in the
upper uterine fundus.
• Second maneuver :to determine the fetal
position or identify the relationship of the fetal
back and the small parts to the front, back, or
sides of the maternal pelvis.
*Determine what fetal body part lies on the side
of the abdomen. Reverse the hands and repeat
the maneuver. If firm, smooth, and a hard
continuous structure, it is likely to be the fetal
back; if smaller, knobby, irregular, protruding,
and moving, it is likely to be the small body
parts (extremities).

• Third maneuver :to determine the portion of the fetus that
is presenting.
The head will feel firm and globular. If not engaged into the
pelvis, the presenting part is movable. If immobile,
engagement has occurred. This maneuver is also known as
Pallach's maneuver or grip

• Fourth maneuver :to determine fetal attitude or the
greatest prominence of the fetal head over the pelvic brim
• If the cephalic prominence is felt on the same side as the
small parts, it is usually the sinciput (fetus' forehead), and
the fetus will be in vertex or flexed position. If the cephalic
prominence is felt on the same side as the back, it is the
occiput (or crown), and the fetus will be vertex or slightly
extended position.

• If the cephalic prominence is felt equally on both sides, the fetus' head
may be in a military position (common in posterior position). Then
move the hands toward the pelvic brim. If the hands converge (come
together) around the presenting part, it is floating. If the hands
diverge (stay/move apart), the presenting part is either dipping or
engaged in the pelvis.

NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM
• Deep tendon reflexes should be evaluated because
hyperreflexia is associated with complications of pregnancy.

SKIN
• Pallor of the skin my indicate anemia.
• Jaundice may indicate hepatic disease.
• Chloasma and linea nigra related to pregnancy.
• Striae graviderum should be noted.
• Nail beds should be pink with instant capillary return.

Legs:
* Legs should be noted for edema.
* They should be observed for varicose veins
* The calf must be observed for reddened areas which may be caused by
phlebitis and white areas which could be caused by deep vein
thrombosis.
* Ask the woman to report tenderness during examination.
* The legs should be observed for unequal length or muscle wasting
which may be an indication of pelvic abnormalities.

BREAST
• Assess breast size, symmetry, condition of nipple, and the
presence of colostrum.

GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEMS
• Mouth:
• The gum may be red, tender, edematous as a
result of the effects of increased estrogen.
Observe the mouth for:
• Dryness or cyanosis of the lips.
• Gingivitis of the gums.
• Septic focus or caries of the teeth
• Intestine:
Assess for the bowel sound.
Assess for constipation or diarrhea.

• Vaginal discharge:
* Ask the woman about any increase or change of vaginal
discharge.
• Report to the obstetrician any mucoid loss before the 37th
week of pregnancy.
Vaginal bleeding:
* Vaginal bleeding at any time during pregnancy should be
reported to the obstetrician to investigate its origin.

LABORATORY DATA
Test Purpose
Blood group To determine blood type.
Hgb & Hct To detect anemia.
(RPR) rapid plasma reagin To screen for syphilis
Rubella To determine immunity
Urine analysis To detect infection or renal disease.
protein, glucose, and ketones
Papanicolaou (pap) test To screen for cervical cancer
Chlamydia To detect sexual transmitted disease.
Glucose To screen for gestational diabetes.

Test purpose
Stool analysis for ova and parasites
* Venereal disease tests should be performed
(VDRL)
To screen for syphilis
Hepitits Bserface antigine To detect carrier status or
active disease

• * Hemoglobin will be repeated:
• - At 36 weeks of gestation.
• - Every 4 weeks if Hb is<9g/dl.
• - If there is any other clinical reason.

ULTRASOUND
Is performed to:
• estimate the gestational age.
• Check amniotic fluid volume.
• Check the position of the placenta.
• Detect the multifetal pregnancy.
• The position of the baby.

• Fetal kick count:
• The pregnant woman reports at least 10
movements in 12 hours.
* Absence of fetal movements precedes
intrauterine fetal death by 48 hours.

SCHEDUAL OF ANTENATAL CARE:
• a medical check up every four weeks
up to 28 weeks gestation,
• every 2 weeks until 36 weeks of
gestation
• visit each week until delivery
• More frequent visits may be required
if there are abnormalities or
complications or if danger signs arise
during pregnancy

HEALTH EDUCATION:
• Follow up:
• Advice the mother to follow up according to the schedule of
antenatal care that mentioned before, advise the mother to
follow up immediately if any danger sings appears, describe
the important of follow up to the mother.

HEALTH TEACHING DURING
PREGNANCY

Health promotion during pregnancy begins with
reviewing health hare.
Hygiene:
• Daily all over wash is necessary because it is
stimulating, refreshing, and relaxing.
• Warm shower or sponge baths is better than tub
bath.
• Hot bath should be avoided because they may
cause fatigue. &fainting
• Regular washing for genital area, axilla, and breast
due to increased discharge and sweating.
• Vaginal douches should avoided except in case of
excessive secretion or infection.

• Danger signs of pregnancy
• Vaginal bleeding including spotting.
• Persistent abdominal pain.
• Sever & persistent vomiting.
• Sudden gush of fluid from vagina.
• Absence or decrease fetal movement.
• Sever headache.
• Edema of hands, face, legs & feet.
• Fever above 100 F( greater than 37.7C).
• Dizziness, blurred vision, double vision & spots
before eyes.
• Painful urination.

Breast care:
• Wear firm, supportive bra with wide straps to
spread weight across the shoulder.
• Wash breasts with clean tap water (no soap,
because that could be drying). Daily to remove the
colostrum & reduce the risk of infection.
• It is not recommended to massage the breast, this
may stimulate oxytocin hormone secretion and
possibly lead to contraction.
• advise the mother to be mentally prepared for
breast feeding
• advise the pregnant woman to expresses colostrums during the
last trimester of pregnancy to prevent congestion.

Dental care:
• The teeth should be brushed carefully in the morning and
after every meal.
• Encourage the woman the to see her dentist regularly for
routine examination & cleaning.
• Encourage the woman to snack on nutritious foods, such as
fresh fruit & vegetables to avoid sugar coming in contact
with the teeth.
• A tooth can be extracted during pregnancy, but local
anesthesia is recommended.

Dressing:
• Woman should avoid wearing tight cloths such as belt or
constricting bans on the legs, because these could impede
lower extremity circulation.
• Suggest wearing shoes with a moderate to low heel to
minimize pelvic tilt & possible backache.
• Loose, and light clothes are the most comfortable.

Travel:
Many women have questions about travel during pregnancy.
• Early in normal pregnancy, there are no restrictions.
• Late in pregnancy, travel plans should take into
consideration the possibility of early labor.

Sexual activity:
• Sexual intercourse is allowed with moderation, is absolutely
safe and normal unless specific problem exist such as:
vaginal bleeding or ruptured membrane.
• If a woman has a history of abortion, she should avoid
sexual intercourse in the early months of pregnancy.

Exercises:
• Exercise should be simple. Walking is ideal, but long period
of walking should be avoided.
• The pregnant woman should avoid lifting heavy weights
such as: mattresses furniture, as it may lead to abortion.
• She should avoid long period of standing because it
predisposes her to varicose vein.
• She should avoid setting with legs crossed because it will
impede circulation.

• Purpose:
• 1. To develop a good posture.
• 2. To reduce constipation & insomnia.
• 3. To alleviate discomvortable, postural back ache& fatigue.
• 4. To ensure good muscles tone& strength pelvic supports.
• 5 To develop good breathing habits, ensure good oxygen
supply to the fetus.
• 6- to prevent circulatory stasis in lower extremities, promote
circulation, lessen the possibility of venous thrombosis

• Guide lines for exercises during pregnancy:
• -Maintain adequate fluid intake.
• -Warm up slowly, use stretching exercises but avoid over stretching
to prevent injury to ligaments.
• -Avoid jerking or bouncing exercises.
• Be careful of loose throw rugs that could slip& cause injury.
• Exercises on regular basis (three times per week).
• After first trimester, avoid exercises that require supine position.

•  Contraindications:
• -Vaginal bleeding.
• -Sever anemia.
• -History of preterm labor,
• -Extreme over or under weight.
• -Hypertension, heart, lung, thyroid diseases

Sleep:
• The pregnant woman should lie down to relax or sleep for 1 or
2 hours during the afternoon.
• At least 8 hours sleep should be obtained every night &
increased towards term, because the highest level of growth
hormone secretion occurs at sleep.
• Advise woman to use natural sedatives such as: warm bath &
glass of worm milk.

• A good sleeping position is sims’ position, with the top leg
forward. This puts the weight of the fetus on the bed, not
on the woman, and allows good circulation in the lower
extremities.
• avoid resting in supine position, as supine hypotension
syndrome can develop.

Immunization:
immunization against -tetanus to prevent
the risk for her and her fetus.
Also, it is important that every pregnant
mother should receive a tetanus
vaccination card with her first tetanus
dose and keep it to record subsequent
doses

• Diet:
• -Daily requirement in pregnancy about 2500 calories.
• - Women should be advised to eat more vegetables, fruits,
proteins, and vitamins and to minimize their intake of fats.
• Purpose:
• *Growing fetus.
• *Maintain mother health.
• *Physical strength & vitality in labor.
• *Successful lactation.

MANAGING THE MINOR
DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY

NAUSEA AND VOMITING
• -occur between 4-6 weeks gestation
• Causes:
- hormonal influences: hcg, progesterone,
estrogen.
- emotional factors like tension.
• Management:
- adequate rest and relaxation.
- eating small six meals a day rather than three large meals.
- solid food tolerated better than liquid food like: crackers or
piece of dry toast.
- carbohydrate snacks at bedtime can prevent hypoglycemia
which cause nausea & vomiting.
- Food should not have a strong odor, should not be either
very hot or very cold, and fried or greasy foods should be
avoided.

HEARTBURN
• Causes:
- progesterone hormone relaxes the cardiac sphincter of
the stomach and allows reflex or bubbling back of gastric
contents into the esophagus.
- the pressure of the growing uterus on the stomach from
about 30-40 weeks.
• Management:
- avoid lying flat.
- sleeping with more pillows and lying on the right side.
- small frequent meals.
- take antacids.
- taking baking soda in a glass of water is contraindicated
because of the possibility of retention of sodium and
subsequent edema
Avoid fried ,spicy, and fatty food
Avoid citrus juices

BACKACHE
• Cause:
Backache may be due to muscular
fatigue and strain that accompany
poor body balance.
• It may be due to increased lordosis
during pregnancy in an effort to
balance the body.
• •The pregnancy hormones sometimes
soften the ligaments to such a degree
that some support is needed.
• Management:
- exercise.
- sit with knee slightly higher than the
hips.
-The pregnant woman is reassured that
once birth has occurred, the ligaments
will return to their pre-pregnant
strength.

URINARY FREQUENCY
• Cause:
Occur due to the pressure of the growing uterus on the
bladder.
• Management:
The problem will resolved when the uterus rises into the
abdomen after the 12th week.
Kegel exercises are some times recommended to help
maintain the bladder.

VARICOSITIES
• Causes:
- progesterone relaxes the smooth muscles of the
veins and result in sluggish circulation. The valves
of the dilated veins become inefficient & varicose
veins result.
- weight of the uterus partially compressed the
veins returning blood from the legs.
• Management:
- lying flat on the bed with the feet elevated.
- moving the legs about is better than standing
still.

CONSTIPATION
• Causes:
- intestinal motility decreased during pregnancy
as a result of progesterone.
- iron supplementation.
• Management:
- the food should have amount of fruit & green
vegetables which contain fibers.
- drinking a lot of water.
- exercise & walking.
- laxatives could prescribed by physician.

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