Guiade certificacoes existentes paraot urismo

3rd Edition
HANDBOOK 1

A SIMPLE USER’S GUIDE TO
CERTIFICATION FOR SUSTAINABLE
TOURISM AND ECOTOURISM
A publication of the Center for Ecotourism and Sustainable Development

Together with

Disclaimer:
This document expresses the opinion of the author, and not necessarily that of the
institutions and persons who supported its publication.

Author: Amos Bien

Acknowledgments:
This handbook is based upon earlier versions supported by Environmental Defense and
the Ford Foundation. Many thanks to Alice Crabtree, Herbert Hamele, Martha Honey,
Abi Rome, Aimee Russillo, Ronald Sanabria, and Anna Spenceley for their comments
and input in improving this 3rd edition. Thanks, as well, to David Krantz and Katherine
Sleeman for help with copyediting and layout.

Thanks to the IDB/MIF (Inter-American Development Bank’s Multilateral
Investment Fund) for funding for this handbook series.

Cover photo: Tammy Guo, Tourists in the Galapagos Islands, 2006.

Who should use this guide?
This guide to certification is designed for those who have heard about certifying
sustainable tourism and ecotourism and want to understand how it works or how to
begin the process. For those who are interested in more technical details about
certification, see the references listed at the end of this document.

CESD: #1 A Simple User’s Guide to Certification for Sustainable Tourism and Ecotourism 2 of 30

Table of Contents

Tourism, sustainability, and certification ............................................................... 4
What do we mean by sustainability? .................................................................... 4
What is sustainable tourism? .............................................................................. 5
What do we mean by ecotourism?....................................................................... 6
What is certification? ......................................................................................... 7
Why is certification important? .......................................................................... 10
Different types of certification ........................................................................... 12
Sustainable tourism certification worldwide ......................................................... 17
How to choose the most appropriate certification program ..................................... 18
How do I get certified? .................................................................................... 19
What are the limitations of certification? ............................................................. 20
Where to find certification programs .................................................................. 22
Glossary of certification terms........................................................................... 24
Sources of further information........................................................................... 27
About CESD: ................................................................................................. 30


Tourism, sustainability, and certification
Tourism is an enormous and widespread industry. It is found all over the world,
so its impacts, social, economic, and environmental, are also worldwide. These
impacts can be positive, doing good, or negative, doing harm. Sustainable
tourism usually aims to have minimal negative impacts, to minimize harm, and to
optimize economic benefits. Ecotourism, a type of sustainable tourism, is usually
conducted in largely untouched natural areas, which tend to be both
environmentally and often socially sensitive (especially if local indigenous groups
are involved), so its potential impacts can be even greater, for good or ill.
Ecotourism aims to extend the positive impacts, through a special focus on
conservation, benefits for host populations, and the education of visitors.

Some businesses really achieve these aims, others falsely claim to, and some
don’t care. Some would like to, but don’t know how. One way of rewarding the
businesses that are truly complying with these goals is by giving them credible
outside recognition. Certification is a tool for doing so, and here we describe how
it works. The certification process can also teach businesses about better or
exemplary practices, even if the business never gets certified.

What do we mean by sustainability?
When we talk about “sustainable” activities, it usually Sustainable Development
means that we can do the activity in the same or The Brundtland Report, “Our
similar way for the indefinite future (sustainable in Common Future”, defines
time) in three main aspects: sustainable development as
“development which meets
• Environmentally – the activity minimizes any the needs of the present
damage to the environment (flora, fauna, without compromising the
water, soils, energy use, contamination, etc.) ability of future generations
and ideally tries to benefit the environment in a to meet their own needs.”
positive way (through protection and (UNWCED, 1987)
conservation).
• Socially and culturally – the activity does not harm, and may revitalize
the social structure or culture of the community where it is located.
• Economic – the activity does not simply begin and then rapidly die
because of bad business practices; it continues to contribute to the
economic well-being of the local community. A sustainable business
should benefit its owners, its employees, and its neighbors.

When we take these three aspects into account in Triple Bottom Line
our activities, this is called the “triple bottom line”. “Where a company
examines the social,
Sometimes it is referred to as “doing well by doing environmental and economic
good.” It means running a business, an effects of its performance on
organization, or a government in such a way that it the wider society begins to
doesn’t destroy the resources – natural, cultural, or improve its performance and
economic – on which it depends. In fact, a business reports publicly on progress.”
that is run in this way can enhance all three aspects – John Elkington (1997)


and continue to operate profitably, while benefiting its surrounding natural areas
and communities.

What is sustainable tourism?
The principles of sustainability can be applied to any type of tourism –
mass or specialty; city, beach, or wilderness; large or small. They also can be
applied to all sectors of the tourist industry: lodging, tours, agencies, ground
operators, guiding, and transport. According to Agenda 21 for the Travel &
Tourism Industry, “Sustainable tourism products are products which operate in
harmony with local environment, community, and cultures, so that these become
the permanent beneficiaries.” Many sustainable tourism certification programs
consider sustainable tourism to be any kind of “tourism that seeks to minimize
ecological and sociocultural impacts while providing economic benefits to
local communities and host countries.” (Mohonk Agreement, 2000)

A large, conventional city hotel can be
The World Tourism Organization (WTO) environmentally and socially
declared in 1988 that sustainable tourism is responsible, and so can a small
"envisaged as leading to management of
all resources in such a way that
ecolodge near a national park. More to
economic, social and aesthetic needs can the point, a small lodge can be just as
be fulfilled while maintaining cultural irresponsible and unsustainable as a
integrity, essential ecological processes, large hotel, or even more so in some
biological diversity and life support cases. This is one reason why many
systems.”
people see a growing need for
internationally recognized, but locally
adapted standards for sustainability.

In tourism, the triple bottom line can be critical, especially for those businesses
and tours located outside of large cities. Hotels and tours in rural or natural areas
depend on the good will of their local community for their survival. Businesses
that do not hire or benefit local inhabitants often lose the support of their
neighbors. And towns, villages, and indigenous communities whose social fabric
is damaged by tourism often lose their attractiveness for tourists. Businesses
based on natural resources cannot survive if the resource is destroyed — this is
why the clients are visiting in the first place.

The twelve aims for making tourism sustainable were described in “Making
Tourism More Sustainable: A Guide for Policy Makers” (United Nations
Environment Programme – World Tourist Organization, 2005) as:
1. Economic Viability: To ensure the viability and competitiveness of tourism
destinations and enterprises, so that they are able to continue to prosper
and deliver benefits in the long term.
2. Local Prosperity: To maximize the contribution of tourism to the economic
prosperity of the host destination, including the proportion of visitor
spending that is retained locally.


3. Employment Quality: To strengthen the number and quality of local jobs
created and supported by tourism, including the level of pay, conditions of
service and availability to all without discrimination by gender, race,
disability or in other ways.
4. Social Equity: To seek a widespread and fair distribution of economic and
social benefits from tourism throughout the recipient community, including
improving opportunities, income and services available to the poor.
5. Visitor Fulfillment: To provide a safe, satisfying and fulfilling experience for
visitors, available to all without discrimination by gender, race, disability, or
in other ways.
6. Local Control: To engage and empower local communities in planning and
decision making about the management and future development of
tourism in their area, in consultation with other stakeholders.
7. Community Wellbeing: To maintain and strengthen the quality of life in
local communities, including social structures and access to resources,
amenities and life support systems, avoiding any form of social
degradation or exploitation.
8. Cultural Richness: To respect and enhance the historic heritage, authentic
culture, traditions, and distinctiveness of host communities.
9. Physical Integrity: To maintain and enhance the quality of landscapes,
both urban and rural, and avoid the physical and visual degradation of the
environment.
10. Biological Diversity: To support the conservation of natural areas, habitats,
and wildlife, and minimize damage to them.
11. Resource Efficiency: To minimize the use of scarce and non renewable
resources in the development and operation of tourism facilities and
services.
12. Environmental Purity: To minimize the pollution of air, water, and land and
the generation of waste by tourism enterprises and visitors
The publication explains how these aims are related to the triple bottom line and
how each of the aims contributes to all three bottom lines.

What do we mean by ecotourism?
Ecotourism is a sector of tourism, based on nature travel and including the
principles of sustainability. The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) defines
ecotourism as: “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the
environment and improves the welfare of local people.” Whatever definition
is used, ecotourism should have a positive impact on both natural areas and the
local community.


Ecotourism is one kind of sustainable tourism, based on nature, and
usually following a distinct set of principles and good practices. Ecotourism
complements other types of
tourism, as the diagram at right Patterns of tourism in Costa Rica
shows. Most visitors to Costa
Rica, for example, participate in Nature tourism
Non-ecotourism 50%
both conventional and ecotourism.
Cultural
ecotourism
A major problem for true 66% tourism
ecotourism businesses is a 13%
practice called greenwashing. Sustainable
This term refers to a business that Tourism
presents itself as “sustainable”, City
‘ecological’, ‘green’, ‘responsible’, tourism Beach tourism
76% 78%
‘ecotourist’, etc., when it doesn’t
comply with generally accepted
standards, or worse, it is in Note that the percentages add up to much more
contradiction with them. For those than 100%: visitors to Costa Rica mostly do
who are really trying to do their several different types of activities that feed into
each other.
best to comply with all ecotourism
standards, the businesses that
falsely use the term ‘ecotourism’ compete unfairly and damage the credibility of
the whole industry. One way of determining which businesses are truly
practicing ecotourism (or sustainable tourism in other market segments) is
certification.

What is certification? Certification is defined as
“a voluntary procedure
Certification is a way of ensuring that an activity
that assesses, audits
or a product meets certain standards. Within the and gives written
tourist industry, different organizations have assurance that a facility,
developed certification programs measuring different product, process or
aspects of tourism: (a) quality, for the entire tourist service meets specific
industry, (b) sustainability, also for all sectors, and standards. It awards a
(c) ecotourism, for sustainable tourism that takes marketable logo to
place in natural, protected, or fragile ecosystems, those that meet or
that may include indigenous communities, and that exceed baseline
conforms to the definition above. standards.” – Honey and
Rome, 2001
History of certification
Certification labels have a long history, dating back to the fifteenth century, when
the Roquefort cheese label was regulated, and the nineteenth and early twentieth
century, when French wines were first certified for origin and purity (“Appellation
d'Origine Contrôlée”). The electrical industry has used certification as a way to
ensure the safety of appliances and industrial equipment since the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) first established standards in 1904. In
clothing, Woolmark was established as a certification in 1964 to assure


consumers that the product was made of
pure, unsullied wool. Many other industry-
specific certification standards were
developed during the twentieth century,
mostly to assure the reliability of products
to wholesalers and industrial users. Most
systems are known and recognized only
within the industry, but a few have
received consumer recognition.

The impetus for environmental certification
began with the 1992 “Earth Summit,” held
Source: Toth, 2002
under United Nations sponsorship in Rio
de Janeiro. Among the many outcomes of
this event was the “Agenda 21”, with a call for environmental and social
responsibility of all sectors of society in the world, including governments, non-
governmental organizations, and businesses. Soon afterwards, environmental
awards, prizes, and certification systems began to be developed in agriculture
and business, including bananas, flowers, fish, timber, and coffee. The ISO
14001 generic standard for environmental management systems was released in
1996 and became popular as a universal environmental certification system, in
spite of its serious limitations.

Since 2000, there has been a growing recognition that most environmental
certification programs have not seriously considered sociocultural issues, while
social and labor certification systems have not considered environmental factors.
In some areas, such as organic agriculture, this has led to cooperation between
social and environmental certification programs.

A different evolution has occurred in tourism certification: quality certification (for
example “star” rating) has existed for decades, whereas environmental
certification in tourism is relatively new and only since 1987. Sociocultural
aspects have been added since about 1996 in the Americas and 2000 in Europe.

In tourism, certification has a long history. The American Automobile
Association (AAA), the Mobil five-star system in the United States, the Michelin
guides in Europe, and the worldwide five-star system of hotel quality have existed
for most of the twentieth century. These systems have traditionally measured the
quality of the tourist product (usually lodging and restaurants), as well as some
aspects of health, hygiene, and safety. In recent years, negative environmental
and social impacts of tourism have become obvious in many parts of the world,
and some of these places have lost market position. As a result, some tourist
industry leaders have started promoting the triple bottom line of sustainability as
recommended business practice.


For tourism to survive over time, customer satisfaction can be likened to a three-
legged stool: it will collapse if any of the legs is too weak. However, traditional
tourism certification programs concentrated only on the first leg – quality, while
governments have tended to regulate only the second leg – health, hygiene and
safety. The third leg represents the triple bottom line. However the first “green”
certification programs emphasized only part of the third leg – environmental
impacts – without considering sociocultural and economic sustainability.

Environmental certification of tourism services began in Europe with the Blue
Flag Campaign for beaches in Denmark, in 1987 (now worldwide). The following
year Austria established the "Silberdistel" label for lodgings and restaurants in
Kleinwalsertal. In the decade between the Earth Summit in 1992 and the
International Year of Ecotourism in 2002, more than 60 environmental tourism
certification programs were developed, according to an ECOTRANS study
commissioned by the World Tourism Organization (UN-WTO). Most were based
in Europe, few took sociocultural factors into account, and all were voluntary.
Only three of the programs in the study certified ecotourism. The vast majority of
the programs evaluated lodging only, although some programs certified all
sectors and aspects of tourism. By 2007, as many as 80 programs exist or are
under development, although many smaller programs have ceased to certify new
businesses.

Geographic distribution of tourism Tourist industry sectors of certification programs
certification programs Source: WTO, Voluntary Initiatives, 2001

International
5% 5%2%
7% Accommodations
Outside
Europe Destinations
17% 18% Tour Operators
Sports/Leisure Facilities
68% Transportation

Europe
78%

Aware of the dangers of uncontrolled proliferation – confusion of the consumer,
lack of brand recognition, and widely varying standards – many of the most
important sustainable and ecotourism certification programs met in 2000, in
Mohonk Mountain House (a 120-year-old sustainable tourism hotel in the
mountains of New York) to begin to develop a common language and common
minimum standards. This conference produced the Mohonk Agreement
(www.rainforest-alliance.org/tourism/documents/mohonk.pdf), an informal
consensus among the programs about the minimum standards for certifying
sustainable tourism and ecotourism, as well as establishing a clear distinction
between these types of tourism.


Following on this, a formal effort was established, entitled the Sustainable
Tourism Stewardship Council (STSC) feasibility study (available at
http://www.stscouncil.org). Consultation workshops were held worldwide, with
contributing stakeholders from electronic list-servers, questionnaires, and direct
communication with over 1,000 organizations and professionals in 26 countries.
The study recommended, among many other things, the establishment of
minimum standards for the certification of sustainable tourism, eventually to be
guaranteed by an accreditation body that would, in effect, certify the certifiers.
Among the concrete results are the establishment of harmonized standards in
Europe (the VISIT standard) and in the Americas (the baseline criteria for the
Sustainable Tourism Certification Network of the Americas). The member
programs follow a set of agreed-upon minimum standards.
The movement towards establishing the STSC as an accreditation body was
reinforced in 2005, and, as of 2007, an effort is underway to formally constitute
this body.
As a consequence of these activities and studies, new and existing tourism
certification programs have begun to take into account all aspects of
sustainability: environmental, social, cultural, and economic—the triple bottom
line. Many of these programs are designed to work in parallel with quality star
ratings and government health and safety regulations. The newer programs often
incorporate quality, administrative, health, and safety criteria alongside the
sustainability criteria.

Why is certification important?
Certification sets standards and helps distinguish genuine ecotourism and
sustainable tourism businesses from others that make empty claims. This helps
to protect the integrity of these concepts.

Certification is not an end in itself. It is one of a number of tools for motivating
businesses and others to improve their environmental, social, and economic
performance, while rewarding them for doing so. These rewards are sometimes
tangible and sometimes not.

There are a number of other reasons why certification is important. They include:

Benefits for certified businesses
• Certification helps businesses to improve themselves: going through a
certification process is educational. Many certified businesses have stated
that one of the greatest benefits of the certification process was to teach
them the elements of sustainability in their operations and focus their
attention on the changes they needed to make in their businesses. A
better-operating business tends to be more efficient and to attract more
clients.


• Certification tends to reduce Results of applying an EMS
operating costs. This has been
found in almost every type of and certification in Jamaica
business certification. In • Savings of up to 77% of water consumption
• Savings of up to 30% of electric consumption
tourism, it has been shown to
dramatically reduce the costs of 250 25
200
water, electricity, and fossil 150
20
15
fuels, without reducing the 100 10
normal
with EMS
quality of service, as in the 50 5
0
graph at right. Water
0
Electricity

• The process of implementing Source: Hagler Bailly, 1998
certification of sustainable
tourism is often accompanied by easier access to technical assistance and
financing for businesses to implement new technology – the business is
educated about these technologies, while donors and financial institutions
are more likely to offer low-cost financing.
• Potentially, certification can provide a marketing advantage to certified
businesses, as consumers learn to recognize credible certification brands.
This has happened in other industries, such as organic foods, wood
products, clothing, wine, etc.

Benefits for consumers
• Certification provides tourists with environmentally and socially
responsible choices – it helps consumers to know which businesses are
truly socially and environmentally responsible and to make choices on this
basis. As certification programs become better known, this may produce
tangible benefits in a business’s reputation and popularity.
• Certification in general increases public awareness of responsible
business practices.
• Certification can alert tourists to the environmental and social issues in an
area, allowing them to act more respectfully or contribute to solutions.
• Certified businesses tend to offer better quality service.

Benefits for governments
• Certification helps governments protect their market niches as ecotourism
or sustainable tourism destinations, especially when the credibility of the
destination is threatened by greenwashing.
• Certification raises industry standards in health, safety, environment, and
social stability.
• It lowers the regulatory costs of environmental protection.
• By requiring economic benefits to communities, certification can help
reduce poverty, especially in rural areas.


Benefits for the environment and local communities
Finally, certification of sustainable and ecotourism protects both the environment
and the social and economic structure of local communities near the certified
businesses.
• Certification requires the businesses to protect the environment and do
little or no damage to it.
• It requires businesses to respect local culture and provide real economic
and social benefits for it.
• When the business is economically sustainable, and offers quality of
service to ensure that, it is likely to continue offering benefits for the long
term.

Different types of certification
There are many different types of certification systems, as well as related awards
and ecolabels, and there is much confusion about how they differ. This section
will explain some of the more important similarities and differences for those
readers who are interested in understanding the underlying concepts.

Common elements to most tourism certification programs
Although well-designed certification programs can differ considerably, they
almost all have some similar components. These are:
• voluntary enrollment by businesses
• well-defined standards and criteria
• assessment and auditing
• recognition and awarding the use of a logo
• periodic follow up audits to renew the certification
• continual improvement
• transparency
• participatory mechanisms to define standards

How to ensure fairness and objectivity
The technical aspects of ensuring the fairness and objectivity of a certification
system can be very complicated. There are many definitions and rules that are
accepted by most certifiers. A few of the most important are:
• Nondiscrimination: certification should be available to all applicants who
meet the standards and whose activities are covered;
• Certification should be free of undue financial considerations and
independent of size or membership in groups or organizations;
• The certification standard should consist of clearly defined criteria,
specifically related to what is being certified;
• The certifying organization should be able to make impartial evaluations
and certification decisions, based on clearly defined criteria;
• The certifying body should allow the participation of all parties significantly
concerned with the activity being certified, with respect to the content and
function of the certification system;


• The person who evaluates a business or activity should be separate from
the entity that decides whether to award the certification; both should be
independent of whoever provides consulting service to help the business
qualify;
• The certification body should be free from commercial or financial
pressures that might influence decisions;
• The certification should award a logo and include a sunset clause that
requires re-application after a given time period, to protect against
greenwashing;
• There should be established procedures for appeals, for revoking
certifications, for revising and changing criteria and standards, and so on.

These and many other generally accepted guidelines and definitions for how to
certify, are based on guidelines established by consensus among the members
of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), based in Switzerland.
Most of the members are officially recognized national standards institutes and
accreditation bodies from countries large and small, in all regions of the world.
ISO publishes hundreds of guidelines, definitions, and standards.

An important cautionary note is to remember that ISO has issued hundreds of
standards for everything from film speed to screw strength. The guidelines for
how to govern certification programs are among the most widely accepted (e.g.
ISO/IEC 17021:2006 and some others). But they should not be confused with
the two most famous ISO certification standards, ISO 9000 for certifying quality
management systems, and ISO 14001, for environmental management systems.
These are generic (applicable to any industry, company, or activity), process-
based systems that will be discussed below, in the section on process- versus
performance-based certification.

Types of certifications and ecolabels
Some of the main distinctions among programs are (a) first, second, and third
party certification, (b) process- versus performance-based systems, (c)
certification to minimum standards versus ecolabels, and (d) multiple levels
versus pass-fail awards. All of these systems usually follow generally accepted
rules.

First, second, or third party certification
First-party certification is self-evaluation. For example, when a company declares
that its product meets certain standards but no one from outside verifies the
claim. This is similar to a high school class where the teacher asks each student
to grade his or her own exams.

Second-party certification is when a purchaser or industry body assures that the
product meets the purchaser’s standards. This is similar to the high school


teacher giving exams to see how the students in the class are performing relative
to the teacher’s expectations.

Third-party certification is when a neutral, independent third party evaluates the
compliance of the product with clearly defined standards. This is similar to the
students taking a standardized test that is graded outside the school. Most
credible certification programs require third-party assessment.

Process or performance
A controversial topic in certification is whether processes or results should be
certified.

The most commonly used process-based systems are the ISO 9000 series
for quality management systems and ISO 14001 for environmental management
systems. They certify businesses that have established and documented
systems for assuring the improvement of quality or environmental performance.
They do not, however, determine any specific performance results other than the
company’s own and those required by law. They must show continuous
improvement, but only compared to their own prior performance. Thus, for
example, two hotels might both be certified with ISO 14001, while one might have
excellent state-of-the-art water conservation systems and the other might have
disastrous overuse of water, as long as each could demonstrate improvement
from year to year of its own performance. This is the fundamental problem with
process-based systems: as long as the business complies with the law and has
mechanisms in place to ensure that its management system improves relative to
itself, it can be certified. In other words, it receives a certification of its effort, not
its actual performance. For this reason, the consumer product of a process-
based certification should not, under ISO guidelines, bear the certification logo,
because there is no guarantee of the product’s compliance with environmental or
quality criteria. Only the business or activity is certified, not what it produces,
which in the case of tourism, is lodging in a hotel room, a meal, a tour, or
transportation.

Process-Based Certification Programs
• Environmental Management Systems • Emphasis on internal cost savings &
(EMS): ISO 14001 and related environmental impact mitigation
programs • No universal standards: cannot compare
• Management establishes systems for across businesses
monitoring certain significant • Logo given for setting up process, not for
environmental aspects achieving fixed goals
• Usually requires outside consultants; • Best suited for large businesses, where it is
relatively expensive for small and very cost-effective and offers economies of
medium businesses scale


Performance-based systems certify whether or not a business or activity
complies with objective outside criteria. For example, how many liters of water
per guest per night does a hotel consume? This allows a direct comparison
between two businesses to show which one has better environmental
performance.

In a number of ways, performance systems are better suited to small and
medium businesses, which comprise some 80-90% of tourism businesses
worldwide. They tend to be cheaper to implement than ISO 14001 or other types
of environmental management systems, and they allow comparisons among
businesses, since all are rated according to the same criteria.

Performance-Based Certification Programs
• Tangible criteria that permit comparisons • Can include environmental and socio-
among certified businesses economic criteria within & without business
• Measure achievement and results, not • Can involve variety of stakeholders
intent • Can offer different levels of logos reflecting
• Can include check list intelligible to both different levels of performance
business and consumers • Suited for small, medium & large
• More transparent; less expensive businesses

From this simple explanation, it might appear that performance-based systems
are better than process-based systems of certification. However, the situation in
real life is much more complex. Process-based management systems ensure
that a company documents its performance, and more importantly, that it has the
internal controls in place to continue to maintain good performance. A purely
performance-based system might certify on the basis of one or a few
measurements of key indicators, whereas a management system can ensure that
the indicators are constantly measured and that there is a person and a budget
available to do so. Process-based systems tend to be very cost-effective for
larger businesses, because they ensure that the mechanisms for improving
quality and environmental performance become part of the structure of the
business and its organizational culture. Finally, process-based systems can
control and measure environmentally important aspects of the business’s
operations that might not even appear among performance indicators.

Consequently, in tourism there has been a growing international consensus that
sustainable tourism certification systems should incorporate elements of both
process and performance, but emphasizing performance.


Certification or ecolabel
The terms ‘environmental certification’ and ‘ecolabel’ are often used
interchangeably, although they signify different things. Environmental
certification is awarded to those businesses or activities that comply absolutely
with a set of standards. Any number or all of the businesses in a sector can be
certified, if they comply. Certification rewards meeting a set of baseline or
minimum standards, which generally require more than what legal regulations do.

An ecolabel is an award that is given to a business or activity that has
significantly better performance compared to the other businesses in its sector.
Only the best performers, who show exemplary performance, according to the
established criteria, receive the ecolabel. As the industry changes and more and
more businesses adopt good practices, the requirements for receiving the
ecolabel are raised, so that once again, only the obviously better environmental
performance is rewarded. Ecolabels are based on comparison with the best
performance (benchmarking), rather than compliance with baseline standards.
Many certification systems in sustainable tourism incorporate aspects of both
certification to minimum standards and the comparative requirements of an
ecolabel.

Pass/fail certification or classification to different levels
When a person graduates from a school, he or she is awarded a diploma that
certifies compliance with minimum requirements. This is certification of
compliance or not. However, to earn that diploma, the person received letter or
number grades for each course, which are averaged to give a final grade. This is
classification on a graded scale of best to worst. Just as a student receives a
diploma and a grade, some tourism certification systems not only certify baseline
compliance, but also reward better performance. The best known example of this
is the five-star system for rating hotel quality.

It is often considered that a ‘graded’ certification scheme is better than ‘pass/fail’
because it acknowledges a range of differences within an acceptable
sustainability framework, and it strongly motivates companies to work to improve
their ratings in subsequent audits. A number of sustainable tourism certification
programs have two to five levels of classification over and above the minimum
requirements for certification. Many of the graded certification systems in
sustainable tourism have characteristics of both certification (baseline
compliance) and ecolabels (rewards for higher level of compliance).

Certification versus Accreditation
Following ISO definitions, certification applies to the awards given to businesses,
products, processes, or services, while “accreditation” applies to the process of
qualifying, endorsing and licensing entities that perform certification. In other
words, accreditation is certifying the certifier.


However there is some confusion in the use of the terms. In the United States,
‘registration’ and in Australia, Canada, and Fiji, ‘accreditation’, have also been
used as synonyms for certification – the awarding of a logo to a business or a
process that complies with certain standards. This is uncommon, however, and
the terminology is slowly becoming standardized.

Sustainable tourism certification worldwide
The World Tourism Organization, in a study published in 2002, identified over 60
sustainable and ecotourism certification
programs around the world. A few programs
operate worldwide, some are regional, and
most are national or local. A number of
studies have compared certification
programs, in order to determine how they
differ and where they can be improved. Some
of the more important criteria for evaluating
programs are:
• To what degree do they take into
account all three aspects of the “triple
bottom line” – environmental,
sociocultural, and economic
sustainability?
• How well do they comply with international technical standards for
certification programs – for example, with the well recognized ISO/IEC
17021:2006 (requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of
management systems)?
• Do they recognize the basic codes of conduct laid out in various
documents for respecting the rights of indigenous and local communities?
• How well do they comply with the Mohonk Agreement, an informal
agreement reached in 2000, by the principal certification systems for
sustainable tourism and ecotourism about minimum requirements?
• Are they in agreement with the Quebec Declaration and the Convention on
Biological Diversity pronouncements on the certification of sustainable
tourism?
• Do they follow the “Indicators of Sustainable Development for Tourism
Destinations” of the World Tourism Organization?

These technical studies, however, are not of much use to a business that wishes
to be certified and doesn’t want to become an expert on certification. Also, the
sheer number of programs that exist has led to significant confusion about the
relative benefits of each. To resolve this problem, a process has begun for
accrediting certification programs that comply with baseline standards – the
Sustainable Tourism Stewardship Council (STSC) initiative. Because of the
scope of the project, it will take several years before this system is in operation.
In the meantime, many businesses and organizations will want to certify their
activities and will have to choose which certification program to use. In addition,


many countries are interested in adopting certification programs and must
choose which is best for them. This guide is an attempt to familiarize both
business managers and certification program managers with the different options
available, and how they might best fit their situation

How to choose the most appropriate certification program
All sustainable tourism certification systems are voluntary. No business is
required to be certified, nor can any one certification system be imposed on those
businesses that want to be certified. (Obligatory standards are called regulations,
and they are imposed by governments.) The first step in certification then, is to
determine which programs are available in your area and choose the one that
best fits your needs. Or, if you are involved in creating a new program, you need
to decide which model or models of existing programs to use.

Decide between a certification program for sustainable tourism or
ecotourism.
The first decision is whether to certify sustainable tourism or ecotourism. This
depends on the nature of your individual business activities or the type of
program you are trying to create. If your business does not involve close and
direct contact with nature and some elements of interpretation of nature for
visitors, you should choose a more general sustainable tourism certification. Your
tourist board and national environmental organizations are probably familiar with
the programs in use in your area. There are also websites that give out this
information, such as the DestiNet Portal for Sustainable Tourism Information
which lists more than 60 certification programs worldwide, including 50 in Europe
(http://destinet.ewindows.eu.org/policies_resources/fol954381/fol703514).

Twelve of the principal European programs participated in the VISIT project
(www.ecotrans.org/visit/docs/pdf/visit_en.pdf) and complied in 2003 with the
VISIT standard as a set of 21 key requirements for ecolabels for tourism
services. Seven programs belong to the VISIT Association, the umbrella
organization for tourism ecolabels in Europe (www.visit21.net).

In the Americas, nearly all of the certification programs belong to the Sustainable
Tourism Certification Network of the Americas, and have also harmonized their
requirements. Information and links to each program are at www.rainforest-
alliance.org/tourism.cfm?id=network_members.
In Australia, the decipher portal serves a similar aim for quality, indigenous, and
sustainable tourism certification programs, as well as offering simple examples of
good practices (www.qualitytourism.com.au).

Links to the websites of programs around the world can be found near the end of
this handbook, in the section entitled “Where to find certification programs”.


How do I get certified?
1. Determine how sustainable your business is. What is your “baseline”?
Having selected a program and made contact with it, the next step is to
determine how well your business complies with the criteria for sustainability.
You should be prepared to determine your usage of water, electricity, and
fossil fuels. You may be asked to examine how you process your wastewater
(both sewage and gray water) and solid wastes. Do you reduce your
consumption of disposable materials, like plastics and bottles? Do you
recycle? If you are near a natural area, do you help protect it? Do you avoid
using and selling products made from endangered species or having them in
captivity in cages or as pets? These and a number of other environmental
criteria are found in nearly all certification programs for tourism.

In the sociocultural realm, do you hire local people and pay them fairly? Do
you offer training and upward mobility to lower-level employees? Do local
people occupy management positions? Are working conditions safe,
comfortable, and educational? Does your business respect local cultural
norms? Was your property acquired in a just manner? Do you assist when
needed in your local community? Do you offer outreach and educational
programs to your guests? These criteria too are found in most sustainable
tourism certification programs.

2. Decide whether or not you need outside help to improve the
sustainability of your business
Once you have determined how well you are complying with sustainability
standards, you may feel that you need outside help to improve your business.
If the certification program you are interested in offers consulting services, be
sure that the program does not require that you use its in-house services –
this may be an unethical conflict of interest. Most programs can be
implemented without the use of outside consultants, by following the manuals
and instructions. Many independent sources of information are available from
the Internet, non-profit organizations, governments, and service providers.

Often governmental and international agencies can offer assistance and
financing in implementing exemplary environmental practices, especially in
water and energy conservation. There are also programs available for
comparing your consumption of water, energy, and fossil fuels with other
similar businesses. These are called “benchmarking” programs, and are
incorporated in a few certification programs, but are also available
independently of certification. You can locate these programs, almost all of
which charge a fee, by searching the Internet for “hotel benchmarking”.

Benchmarks for water, energy, and waste in hotels and camping sites in
Europe are available at www.tourbench.info, based on over 450 datasets from
15 European countries. TourBench is online, for free, in 9 languages.
EarthCheck (www.earthcheck.org) has developed indicators for Asia Pacific,


South America, and the Caribbean, as well as other countries. It is used for
the benchmarking component of some certification programs. In addition to
water, energy, and waste, EarthCheck considers social commitment and
chemical use.

Very large businesses may find it cost-effective to establish an environmental
or sustainable management department that works closely with high-level
management or assign these functions to existing employees. This is
preferable to hiring outside consultants, as an objective of certification is for
the company to incorporate the goals of sustainability as its own.

3. The certification process
Once you are ready to be certified, the process usually consists of paying a
fee to the certifier, filling in a series of documents and questionnaires, and
evaluation by an auditor or some other mechanism of determining
compliance. An auditor will usually meet with management or the owners, and
then inspect the critical areas of the business that have been determined by
the questionnaires. An auditor will also request to see documents, and
although these may be confidential, the auditor should be legally bound to
respect confidentiality. You should then receive a report that identifies areas
that need improvement (called “non-conformities”), and you should be given
an opportunity to correct these or to appeal the report. The certification
program will then decide whether or not your business can be certified and
will award your logo or inform you of the improvements you need to make.

4. After certification
Once you have been certified, the process does not stop. You will be
expected to maintain the high standards that allowed you to be certified. The
advantages will continue, however, and you should also be able to participate
in cooperative advertising programs, receive preferential treatment from your
government tourist office, and be listed by the certification program. You are
likely to find that your operating costs will go down for water, electricity, fossil
fuels, and other consumables. Your relationship with the local community may
improve. You should not, however, expect to receive quickly an important
increase in occupancy, because sustainable tourism certification programs do
not yet have wide consumer recognition. After a period of one to three years,
you should expect to renew your certification, with new questionnaires and
inspections.

What are the limitations of certification?
Certification for quality in tourism has existed for nearly a century and has
achieved great market recognition. The five-star rating system took decades to
build, but today is accepted worldwide as a standard. Sustainable tourism
certification has existed for less than 20 years. Professional market surveys
indicate that there is a clear interest in the traveling public in choosing
environmentally and socially responsible businesses, but that there is not yet


recognition of credible brands of certification. In other industries, such as coffee,
organic foods, and sustainable wood, consumer demand for certification has
been built over many years. So it will take time to build demand for certified
tourism products.

Certification cannot substitute good business practice.
In tourism, whether conventional, sustainable, or ecotourism, the success of the
business depends on attracting and pleasing clients. But clients will not visit a
place that is unsafe, unhealthy, inaccessible, or too highly priced for the quality
offered. It is a grave mistake to think that your business will prosper if you offer
environmental and social sustainability without giving your clients what they need
in terms of a quality experience. However good management tends to produce
quality service, and good environmental and social management are some of the
most tangible aspects of your guests’ experience.

Needs of the tourist
Environmental
& Cultural Acceptable
Sustainability price for
value
Quality of offered
the experience

Accessibility

Safety - Health
Source: Ariane Janer, Eco-Brasil

You should not think about certifying your business unless you are sure that you
will meet or exceed the expectations of your clients in terms of safety, access,
quality, and price. This does not mean that you should abuse the environment or
your community to do so; you should certainly build your business with
environmental and social responsibility from the very beginning. But the best
certification programs will not certify a business that is not economically
sustainable in terms of offering what its clients need.

Certification will not fill your business with new clients.
Many businesses seek certification to increase their occupancy. While this may
eventually happen, at present, most clients for tourist businesses do not use the
sustainability of a business as a reason for choosing their destination. This is
unfortunate, and may change in the future, as it has for organic agriculture. For


this to occur, recognized programs must certify many more tourist businesses. In
other words, there should be a critical mass of certified businesses with brand
recognition of the certifying program. The clients must understand what the
certification label means. Right now, there has been a proliferation of certification
programs and ecolabels for tourism, but none of them has more than a few
hundred businesses certified. The result has been confusion for the few
consumers who are aware of certification programs. The Sustainable Tourism
Stewardship Council (STSC) initiatives (see above) hopes to accredit the most
reliable programs and ensure that they meet minimum standards, as well as
promoting the use of these programs. Nevertheless, if you are going to certify
your business, you should be prepared to promote the program that certifies you,
as well as other businesses certified by that program.

Where to find certification programs
Worldwide
• The DestiNet Portal for Sustainable Tourism information describes and
offers links to the websites of over 60 ecolabels for sustainable tourism
worldwide, as well as awards for excellent sustainability, environmental, or
social performance or innovation; and quality schemes including
environmental and other sustainability requirements.
http://destinet.ewindows.eu.org/policies_resources/fol954381/fol703514
• Green Globe 21 (GG21) is an international standard applicable to tourism
businesses, activities, and destinations worldwide. Its programs include
benchmarking followed by certification. www.greenglobe.org
• International Ecotourism Standard (IES) is a Green Globe 21 program for
certifying ecotourism activities worldwide.
www.greenglobe.org/page.aspx?page_id=104
• Blue Flag “is an exclusive eco-label awarded to over 3200 beaches and
marinas in 36 countries across Europe, South Africa, Morocco, New
Zealand, Canada and the Caribbean in 2006.” www.blueflag.org

In Europe
• The DestiNet Portal (described above) has links to over 50 European
certification and award programs.
• The VISIT Association (Voluntary Initiatives for Sustainability in Tourism)
consists of seven ecolabels (based in the Netherlands, Italy, Denmark,
Latvia, United Kingdom, Switzerland and Luxembourg) that together
represent over 2,000 participating tourism enterprises.
www.visit21.net/VISIT_Ecolabels_LinksToEcolabels.html
• European Union Eco-label (European Flower) certifies Tourist
Accommodation Services and Camping sites throughout the European
Union, as well as other countries in Europe. The website has useful
information for interested businesses, including a self-check instrument.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/index_en.htm


In the Americas
• The Sustainable Tourism Certification Network of the Americas describes
and offers links to the websites of nearly all the certification programs in
existence and under development in the Americas (North, Central, and
South America and the Caribbean).
www.rainforest-alliance.org/tourism.cfm?id=network_members

In Asia and the Pacific (as there is no general source for information on all
programs, they are listed individually)
• In Australia the Decipher Portal www.qualitytourism.com.au provides
access to online registration with Australian quality, business,
environmental, and indigenous certification programs.
• EcoCertification (formerly NEAP) , Australia, is the pioneer program in the
world in ecotourism certification. It also forms the basis for the
International Ecotourism Standard (IES) of Green Globe 21.
www.ecotourism.org.au/eco_certification.asp
• Green Leaf Foundation certifies hotels and tour operators in Thailand.
www.greenleafthai.org/home_en.asp
• Respecting Our Culture Program (ROC) is an indigenous-run certification
program for indigenous tour operators and communities in Australia.
www.rocprogram.com
• Green Globe has offices and information in different languages that can be
accessed through www.greenglobe.org or directly through: New Zealand
www.greenglobenz.com; Japan www.greenglobejapan.com; China
www.greenglobe21.cn

In Africa (as there is no general source for information on all programs, they are
listed individually)
• Ecotourism Society of Kenya (ESOK) EcoRating Scheme: “Ecotourism
Kenya manages a certification scheme for tourism accommodation
facilities based on environmental and social criteria.”
www.ecotourismkenya.org
• Fair Trade in Tourism South Africa (FTTSA) “encourages and publicizes
fair and responsible business practice by South African tourism
establishments… through the FTTSA Trademark, an independent symbol
of fairness in the tourism industry. The Trademark is awarded to tourism
establishments that meet stringent criteria.” www.fairtourismsa.org.za
• Heritage Environmental Rating Scheme “serves to recognise and identify
environmentally responsible companies and products in southern Africa.”
www.heritagesa.co.za
• EcoAward Namibia evaluates tourist enterprises into five levels based on:
conservation, water, waste & sewage disposal, energy, social
responsibility, staff welfare & development, sustainable & appropriate
construction & landscaping.
www.hannamibia.com/html/Members_Page.php?id=403


Glossary of certification terms 1
• Accreditation is a process of qualifying, endorsing, and "licensing" entities that
perform certification of businesses, products, processes, or services. In other words,
an accreditation program certifies the certifiers. In Australia, New Zealand, Canada,
Fiji and some other places, accreditation has been used synonymously with
certification, but in this study, they have distinct meanings.
• Audit is a systematic, documented, periodic, and objective evaluation and
verification of how well a particular entity (company, product, program, individual,
destination, etc.) is complying with a set of standards.
• Benchmarking is the systematic comparison of performance in a specific aspect,
such as energy consumption, with other comparable businesses and the industry’s
best practices.
• Certification is a voluntary procedure that assesses, monitors, and gives written
assurance that a business, product, process, service, or management system
conforms to specific requirements. It awards a marketable logo or seal to those that
meet or exceed baseline standards, i.e., those that at a minimum comply with
national and regional regulations, and, typically, fulfill other declared or negotiated
standards prescribed by the program.
• Criteria are the individual factors that must be complied with to achieve certification.
• Ecolabels award a product or service an ecological label on the basis of its level of
environmental impact, which should be better than the industry norm. The
acceptable level of environmental impact may be determined by consideration of a
single environmental hurdle or after undertaking an assessment of its overall
impacts. 2 See Rotherham (1999) for detailed descriptions and definitions. The
standard ISO 14024 offers the generally accepted rules governing ecolabels. In
tourism, there is much overlap between certification and ecolabeling.
• Ecotourism is “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment
and improves the welfare of local people,” according to The International Ecotourism
Society. A more comprehensive definition is “travel to fragile, pristine, and usually
protected areas that strives to be low impact and (usually) small scale. It helps
educate the traveler; provides funds for conservation; directly benefits the economic
development and political empowerment of local communities; and fosters respect
for different cultures and for human rights” (Honey, 1999).
• Ecotourism certification programs cover businesses, services, and activities that
describe themselves as involved in ecotourism. They focus on individual or site-
specific businesses, have standards that are tailored to local conditions, and are
often largely or totally performance-based.
• Environmental management system (EMS) is part of an overall management
system that includes the organizational structure, responsibilities, practices,
procedures, processes, and resources for determining and implementing the
environmental policy. An environmental management system includes tools such as
environmental impact assessment, environmental auditing, and strategic
environmental assessment (Synergy, 2000).

1
Most of these definitions are based on Honey and Rome, 2001
2
after Synergy, 2000


• European Environmental Management and Auditing Scheme (EMAS) is similar
to ISO 14001, but it requires publication of policy statement and annual audit report
results and allows publishing performance figures and achievements. The SUTOUR
project in Europe helps tourism services to prepare for EMAS certification, offering:
software, guidance, self-check programs, action plans, recommendation of eco-
labels, etc.
• Exemplary practices (or “best practices”) is used to designate excellence, the
highest quality, or superior practices in a particular field by a tourism operator. It is
widely used in many award and certification programs, as well as in academic
studies, to designate best in a particular class or a leader in the field. “Best” is a
contextual term. There is no set standard of measurement and the term is often
loosely or ill-defined (NEAP in Honey, 2002; Wight, 1999). The highest-ranking
businesses in a benchmarking program, however, can be considered to be the
“best” in the aspect being measured.
• Interpretation is a means of communicating ideas and feelings that help people
enrich their understanding and appreciation of their world and their role within it.
Common interpretation techniques used in ecotourism include commentary on
guided tours, presentations and discussions, drama performance, musical
performance, brochures, signs, displays, and audiovisual presentations (NEAP in
Honey, 2002).
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a world federation based
in Switzerland to develop voluntary standards designed to facilitate international
manufacturing, trade, and communications. It has issued thousands of standards in
nearly all fields, but very few related to tourism services. The voting members are
countries, but interested organizations can present their views on new standards.
• ISO 14001 is the international standard for environmental management systems.
• ISO 9000 is the international series of standards for quality management systems.
• Mass or mainstream tourism are terms commonly but loosely used to refer to
popular forms of leisure tourism pioneered in southern Europe, the Caribbean, and
North America in the 1960's and 1970's. It involves the movement of a large number
of people on nominally standardized packaged tour holidays to resorts and on cruise
ships (Synergy, 2000).
• Monitoring is an ongoing review, evaluation, and assessment to detect changes in
the condition of the natural or cultural integrity of a place, with reference to a
baseline condition (NEAP in Honey, 2002).
• Nature tourism is travel to unspoiled places to experience and enjoy nature.
• Process-based certification programs use environmental or quality management
systems to measure companies seeking certification.

• Performance-based certification programs use a set of externally-determined
environmental and usually socio-cultural and economic criteria or benchmarks to
measure companies, services, tours, attractions, etc. seeking certification.
• Small and medium enterprises (SME) are generally companies that employ less
than 250 but more than ten individuals, according to one common criterion.
Companies employing less than ten people are generally referred to as micro-


enterprises (Synergy, 2000). This definition varies from country to country.
• Standard is a document approved by a recognized body that provides for common
and repeated use of a prescribed set of rules, conditions, or requirements (Toth,
2000).
• Sustainable development is that which “meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs,” according to
the 1987 Brundtland report. It entails using, conserving, and enhancing the
community's resources so that ecological development processes, on which life
depends, are maintained and the total quality of life, now and in the future, can be
sustained (NEAP in Honey, 2002).
• Sustainable tourism is, according to the World Tourism Organization, “envisaged
as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and
aesthetic needs can be fulfilled with maintaining cultural integrity, essential
ecological processes, biological diversity, and life support systems.” According to
Agenda 21 for the Travel & Tourism Industry, “Sustainable tourism products are
products which operate in harmony with local environment, community, and cultures,
so that these become the permanent beneficiaries” (WTO, 2001; WTTC, 1995).
• Sustainable tourism certification measures a range of environmental, socio-
cultural, and economic equity issues both internally (within the business, service, or
product) and externally (on the surrounding community and physical environment).
• Tourism is travel undertaken for pleasure or business with at least one overnight
stay away from home.
• Tourism certification programs, such as AAA (Automobile Association of
America), have typically measured and compared quality, service, and price, the
areas deemed most important to travelers. Today many programs measure, as well,
the environmental, economic, social and cultural impacts of tourism businesses.
There are three broad categories: Mass Tourism, Sustainable Tourism, and
Ecotourism certification programs. They are based on criteria that are either
process- or performance-based or a combination of these two, and they may involve
first-, second-, or third-party verification or auditing.
• Voluntary initiatives within the tourism industry are not legally required or binding
and are usually focused on achieving environmental and social benefits beyond
what the law requires (after Synergy, 2000). They may include certification,
ecolabels, awards, and self-commitment initiatives.


Sources of further information

CESD and TIES researched and wrote a number of reports and studies on certification,
as part of the Rainforest Alliance’s project, ”International Accreditation System and
Consolidation of National Systems for Sustainable Tourism Certification to Facilitate
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Competitiveness and Market Access,” which
was financed by the IDB/MIF. These papers are available on the CESD website:
www.ecotourismcesd.org. Other relevant sources are:

Black, Rosemary and Crabtree, Alice, Quality Assurance and
Certification in Ecotourism (Wallingford, England.:CABI Press, August 2007).

Brundtland, Gro Harlem, ed., Our Common Future: The World
Commission on Environment and Development (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1987). Summary available at:
http://alcor.concordia.ca/~raojw/crd/reference/reference001377.html

Center on Ecotourism and Sustainable Development & The
International Ecotourism Society, Rights and Responsibilities: A
Compilation of Codes of Conduct for Tourism and Indigenous and Local
Communities (Washington, DC:CESD, 2003). Available at:
www.ecotourismcesd.org.

Destinet portal for Sustainable Tourism information is a joint initiative of
the European Environment Agency, the World Tourism Organization,
United Nations Environment Programme, and ECOTRANS as
executive body. It includes a special folder with links to all sustainable
tourism certificates world wide. http://destinet.ewindows.eu.org

Elkington, John (1997), Cannibals With Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of
21st Century Business, (Capstone, 1997/New Society 1998).

CREM, “Feasibility and Market Study for a European Eco-
label for Tourist Accommodations (FEMATOUR),” European
Commission commissioned study (Amsterdam: CREM and CH2MHILL,
August 2000). Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/
pdf/market study/fematour.pdf.

Font, Xavier and Buckley, R.C., Tourism Ecolabelling:
Certification and Promotion of Sustainable Management Wallingford,
England: CABI Publishing, 2001).

Hagler Bailly, Inc., “Assessment of Voluntary International
Environmental Certification Programs,” prepared for Jamaican
Hotel and Tourist Association (Arlington, VA: Hagler Bailly, Inc, 1999).


Herbert Hamele, et al. "The VISIT Initiative: tourism ecolabelling
in Europe – moving the sector towards sustainability", project report,
2004. Available at www.ecotrans.org/visit/docs/pdf/visit_en.pdf.

Honey, Martha (1999) "Treading lightly: Ecotourism's Impact on the
Environment", Environment, 41(5): 4-9, 28-33, June 1999. Available at:
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1076/is_5_41/ai_54895821

Honey, Martha, ed., Ecotourism & Certification: Setting Standards in
Practice; (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2002).

Honey, Martha and Rome, Abigail (2000), “Protecting Paradise:
Certification Programs for Sustainable Tourism and Ecotourism”
(Washington, D.C.: Institute for Policy Studies, October 2001). Available
at: http//www.conservationfinance.ort/Documents/CF_related_papers/
StandardsforParadose.pdf.

IUCN, UNEP and WWF (1980), World Conservation Strategy: Living
Resource Conservation for Sustainable Development (Gland,
Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources, 1980).

“Mohonk Agreement,” prepared by Guy Chester and adopted
November 19, 2000 by participants to the Sustainable Tourism and
Ecotourism Certification Workshop, Mohonk Mountain House, New
Paltz, New York, 2000. Available at: www.ecotourismcesd.org.

Rotherham, Tom, “Selling Sustainable Development:
Environmental Labeling and Certification Programs”; Meeting of
Technical Specialists and Policy Experts on Environmentally-Sound
Trade Expansion in the Americas, The Dante B. Fascell North-South
Center, University of Miami, 1999. Available at:
http://www.iisd.org/standards/pdf/miami_paper_final.pdf.

Rainforest Alliance, “Sustainable Tourism Stewardship Council
(STSC),” 2003. Full report available at:
http://rainforest-alliance.org/tourism/documents/final_report.pdf.

Synergy, “Tourism Certification: An Analysis of Green Globe 21
and Other Tourism Certification Programmes,” prepared for WWF-UK
(London: WWF-UK, August 2000). Availabe at:
www.wwf-uk.org/filelibrary/pdf/tcr.pdf.

Toth, Robert, “Implementing a Worldwide Sustainable Tourism
Certification System” (Costa Rica: INCAE-CLACDS, 2000). Available at:
www.incae.ac.cr/ES/clacds/investigacion/index-authors.shtml.


United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED),
“Agenda 21: Programme of Action for Sustainable Development
(New York: United Nations, 1992).

United Nations Environment Programme – Industry and Environment,
Ecolabels in the Tourism Industry, ISBN: 92-807-1708-1, 1998.
Available at: www.unepie.org.

United Nations Environment Programme and World Tourist
Organization (UNEP-WTO), “Making Tourism More Sustainable: A
Guide for Policy Makers”, 2005, Available
at:www.uneptie.org/pc/tourism/library/A%20Guide%20for%20Policy%20
Makers.htm.

World Tourist Organization, Indicators of Sustainable
Development for Tourism Destinations, 2004. Available at: www.world
tourism.org.

World Tourist Organization, Voluntary Initiatives in Sustainable
Tourism: Worldwide inventory and comparative analysis of 104 eco
labels, awards, and self-commitments, 2001, www.world-tourism.org.

World Tourism Organization, “Recommendations to
governments for supporting or establishing national certification
systems for sustainable tourism”, 2003. Available at:. http://www.world
tourism.org/sustainable/doc/certification-gov-recomm.pdf


About CESD:

Launched in 2003, the Center on Ecotourism and Sustainable Development (CESD) is a
non-profit research organization dedicated to the improvement of ecotourism as an
instrument of biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation. With offices in both
Washington, D.C. and at Stanford University, CESD functions as a bi-coastal institute,
conducting research and offering programs, conferences, and courses at both locations, as
well as field research opportunities at home and abroad.

CESD’s mission is to design, monitor, evaluate, and improve ecotourism and sustainable
tourism practices and principles, through collaborative work by academics and industry
experts.

Washington, DC Office: Stanford Office:
1333 H Street NW 450 Sierra Mall
Suite 300, East Tower Building 360, Room 362K
Washington, DC 20005 Stanford, CA 94305-2117
Tel: 202-347-9203 Tel: 650-723-0894
Fax: 202-789-7279 Fax: 650-725-9996

www.ecotourismcesd.org

www.rainforest-alliance.org/tourism.cfm?id=main

www.ecotourism.org


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