Guidelinesforproposalwriting.ppt
- 1. Guidelines for Proposal Writing Dr.Selwa Y Abdeldafie RN Assistant Professor of Pediatric Nursing Nursing Department College of Applied Medical Sciences University of Hafr Albatin KSA
- 2. Guidelines for proposal writing This work was prepared and presented for A group of MSc Nursing students Alneelain University 2015
- 3. Introduction Research is defined as a systematic approach of collecting and analyzing information in order to increase knowledge about events for which people are concerned in order to answer certain question or to solve a problem.
- 4. Sections of the proposal: 1-Cover page 2-Introduction A. Background information B. Problem statement C. Justification. 3-Objectives of the study
- 5. Sections of the proposal cont. : 4-Materials and methods 5-Ethical concerns 6-Time plan. 7-Budget outlines. 8-References.
- 6. 1. Cover page: This should include: Institution and department. Title of the study. Name of principal investigator and affiliations. Name of supervisor and affiliations. Date submitted.
- 7. 2. Introduction: A.Background information: Introduction of the subject of the study and what is currently known about it internationally, nationally and locally.
- 8. 2. Introduction cont. : A brief description of socioeconomic and cultural characteristics and an overview of the state of health and the health care-system in the study area (as relevant to the subject under study). Include a few illustrative statistics to help describe the context in which the problem occurs. Include any other, e.g., gender considerations.
- 9. B. Problem statement: 1. Make it brief and to the point. 2. State the problem in the form of a question. The problem statement leads to the justification of the study and describes the basis of the need for further research on a given topic.
- 10. The problem statement is important because: ◦ It is the foundation for further development of the research proposal (research objectives, methodology, work plan, budget, etc.). ◦ It enables you to point out systematically why the proposed research on the problem should be undertaken and what you hope to achieve with the study results.
- 11. The problem statement should include: ◦ A concise description of the nature of the problem (the discrepancy between what is and what should be) and of its size, distribution, and severity (who is affected, where, since when, and what are the consequences for those affected and for the services).
- 12. ◦ An analysis of the major factors that may influence the problem and a convincing argument that available knowledge is insufficient to solve it. ◦ A brief description of any solutions that have been tried in the past, how well they have worked, and why further research is needed.
- 13. c. justification: A description of the type of information expected to result from the project and how this information will be used to help solve the problem. And the potential benefits of the proposed activity to human health in particular and the society at large.
- 14. It explains why are we going to conduct this study? ( e.g. base line survey) If necessary, a short list of definitions of crucial concepts used in the statement of the problem.
- 15. 3. Research objectives • The objectives of a research project summarize what is to be achieved by the study. Objectives should be closely related to the statement of the problem . • The Overall (or: general) Objective of a study states what the study investigator(s) expects to achieve in general terms. It should give a clear notion of what is to be described, determined, identified, and compared.
- 16. For example [based on a proposal related to malaria control in societies under-going conflict: “The overall objective of the study is to elucidate internal and external factors, and their interaction in influencing resilience and vulnerability within communities and health systems in conflict/‘post’-conflict situations to respond to infectious disease, with specific reference to malaria.”
- 17. Specific objectives should systematically address the various aspects of the problem and the key factors that are assumed to influence or cause the problem. They should specify what you will do in your study, where, when and for what purposes. Specific objectives
- 18. cover the different aspects of the problem and its contributing factors in a coherent way and in a logical sequence; are clearly phrased in operational terms,
- 19. Specifying exactly what you are going to do, where and for what purpose; are realistic considering local conditions; Use action verbs related to the analysis, such as to explore, to describe, to identify, to measure. Show congruence with the proposed methods. You may want to label specific objectives O1, O2 etc. and methods M1, M2 etc to show how objectives are “translated” into methods
- 20. 4. Materials and methods: • The methodology explains the procedures that will be used to achieve the study’s objectives. This section should include a description of each of the following: • Study design. • Study area and setting. • Study population. • Sampling (sample frame, sample size, sample selection).
- 21. • instruments of investigation ( data collection methods) • Plans for data management and analysis. • In general, this section needs to: • Include methods for every objective. • •Provide sufficient details so their adequacy can be evaluated. • Demonstrate feasibility. • Show suitability to the amount of time and resources requested.
- 22. A. study design: • 1. Provide a brief description of the research method that will be used. • 2. Briefly describe your rationale for choosing this method. • The study design is the most important factor determining the scientific validity of the study. You should attend to all details of the study design as it ultimately determines the success of the project. The type and design of the study should be based on the proposed objectives, the availability of resources and ethical concerns.
- 23. • b. study area and setting: • Describe the area where the study is to be conducted referring specifically to matters relating to the subject of the study. • c. study population: • 1. Identify the target populations of the study. • 2. Describe the population under the study from which the data is to be collected using when applicable case definitions and inclusion and exclusion criteria for inclusion in the study.
- 24. • d. Sampling: • Describe the sample or samples that will be included in the research study. • Indicate the size of the sample to be chosen. • Identify strata or clusters that will be used in sampling. • Describe the sampling technique that will be used. • This should include: • The sample frame • Sample size ( formula used for calculation) • Sample type and selection procedures of study subjects.
- 25. • e. data collection methods • 1. List each instrument that will be used in the research study. • 2. Describe each instrument in terms of its form, purpose, validity and reliability. • 3. Identify the research question or hypothesis to which each instrument relates. • 4. If instruments will be developed as part of the study, describe what types will be developed and describe the procedures that will be used in development.
- 26. This section should provide an overview of the data collection methods to be used, such as summary of; questionnaires, procedures of examination, laboratory procedures etc. complete questionnaires should be attached as appendices. The methods should be used to answer each study question. List methods as M1 to M5 to show the link to the specific objectives and study questions.
- 27. Data Collection Procedures (if any) 1. List the steps that will be taken to collect the data. 2. Indicate which instruments will be used with which group or sample. 3. With funding request proposals, present enough detail so that the reader knows exactly what you plan to do.
- 28. In this section, you also should describe the variables to be used in the study. These variables might include, for example, age, gender, ethnicity, income bracket, or other characteristics of the individual study subject, as well as a set of variables related to the subject of interest, the study site, or other factors.
- 29. For each variable, you should indicate whether it is dependent or independent. (Dependent variables are those that are explained by your study; independent or explanatory variables are those that do the explaining.)
- 30. f. Data management and analysis 1. Describe how data collected in the previous component will be handled and summarized. 2. Identify the statistical techniques that will be utilized. 3. Show which statistical techniques will be used with which data and which hypotheses.
- 31. 4. Describe how statistical results will be presented or reported. A clear plan of data entry, quality control, analysis, and methods used for analysis must be specified, indicating the software to be used, The methods and models of data analysis should be in accordance with the proposed objectives and types of variables
- 32. 5. Ethical Concern: • If any aspect of the proposed work involves human subjects, you should: • Indicate that you will obtain the informed consent of the subjects. • Obtain the approval of the National Ethical Clearance Committee – Federal ministry of Health. (Example of ethical consideration attached) 6. Time plan • This involves providing a realistic work and time plan, including a description of the tasks to be performed, deadlines within tasks should be completed.
- 33. Time table Ma y Apr . Mar c Fe Jan 08 De. Nov . Oct . Sep . Aug . Jul . Jun. 07 Task to be performed Preparatory phase Pre test Data collection Data entry Data analysis Draft report final report
- 34. 7. Budget out lines: A proposed budget breakdown – provided in tabular form - is as follows: 1-Stipend to personnel ◦ Field supervisors ◦ Data collectors ◦ Data entry clerks. ◦ Statisticians. ◦ Others
- 35. Budget out lines cont. 2-Training. 3-Stationeries. 4-Transportation 5-Equipment. 6-Materials and supplies. 7-Documentation
- 36. Budget breakdown Budget category Unit cost Multiplying factor Total cost Personnel Data collectors Field supervisor $ 5 $10 ( 12 X 8daysX 5 ) (3 X 8 days X 15 ) $ 480 $ 360 Transport Local Travel Cars renting $20 (4 cars X8 days X $20) $640 Supplies -stationeries -questionnaire (clear bags, pencils $ 50) (850 X 10 X $0.05) $50 $425 Data entry Data analysis $200 $200 Training (one day work shop 30000SD) $200 Subtotal $2755 Unseen (10%) $275 Total $3030
- 37. 8. References: Should follow any of the internationally recognized writing styles. (Harvard OR Vancouver)
- 38. THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION