H B S+ Project(2)
- 1. Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition Kaia Morrow, Jeff Cooper, Kat Malek and Zo ë Atlas
- 2. Glucose Regulation Energy is stored as glycogen, which can be secreted if needed Insulin decreases blood glucose Glucagon increases blood glucose Glucose regulation is maintained by a negative feedback mechanism
- 3. Deficiency Diseases Malnutrition - lack of essential nutrients Ex. The protein deficiency Kwashiorkor causes the swelling of the belly because blood cannot absorb as much water from the body cavity through osmosis because of the lack of blood proteins Undernourishment - calorie deficiency that can lead to starvation and death
- 4. Essential Nutrients - Proteins, Carbohydrates and Lipids Proteins - broken down and used as fuel Carbohydrates - oxidized for the generation of ATP, energy-rich, organic Lipids - provide ATP when oxidized during cellular respiration, energy-rich, organic, stores energy in the form of glycogen
- 5. Essential Nutrients - Vitamins and Water Vitamins - organic molecules, necessary in small amounts (0.01 to 100 mg/day), have diverse physiological functions Water - used by water-soluble vitamins that function as coenzymes in metabolic processes
- 6. Essential Nutrients - Minerals Minerals - inorganic compounds, required in small amounts (less than 1 to 2,500 mg/day)
- 7. Essential Amino Acids Amino acids are required to make proteins Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body, so they must be consumed though diet
- 8. Modes of Heterotrophic Nutrition Carnivores - eat meat Herbivore - eat vegetation Omnivores - eat both meat and vegetation
- 9. Four Main Stages of Food Processing Ingestion - the act of eating Digestion - the act of breaking up food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb Absorption - animal cells take up small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars from the digestive compartment Elimination - wastes are eliminated from the body
- 10. Intracellular Digestion Food particles are taken in by endocytosis and digested inside of food vacuoles Occurs safely within a compartment that is enclosed by a membrane food vacuole
- 11. Food Vacuoles Simplest digestive compartment Used by heterotrophic protists Fuse with lysosomes
- 12. Extracellular Digestion In extracellular digestion, Hydrolysis occurs outside of cells (in an alimentary canal or gastrovascular cavity) Advantage - it allows an animal to digest larger prey than can be intracellularly digested
- 13. Adaptive Value of the Alimentary Canal The alimentary canal moves food one way down the canal and can be organized into special regions for digestion
- 14. Changes to Food in the Mouth Bacteria is killed by the saliva in the mouth Food shape changes and becomes a bolus
- 15. Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus Lubricate food and begin digestion Carry food into the stomach through peristalsis Salivary amylase breaks down food for preparation of full digestion
- 16. Stomach Churns and digests food with hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin Porous walls of stomach secrete hydrochloric acid and pepsin to digest food Walls of the stomach are coated with mucus to protect them from gastric juices
- 17. Secretions of the Duodenum Acid chyme from the stomach is combined with digestive juices from the pancreas, gallbladder, liver, and gland cells of the intestinal wall Hydrolytic enzymes from the pancreas are activated in the duodenum Bile is produced by the liver and secreted into the duodenum, aiding in fat digestion Digestive enzymes enter the duodenum from the epithelial lining
- 18. Pancreas Peptidases The pancreas prevents digesting itself by producing enzymes and bicarbonate-rich solutions Bicarbonate is a buffer that offsets the enzyme’s acidity, and allows their secretion in an inactive form Once in the intestine, the enzymes are activated
- 20. Location of Carbohydrate, Protein, Nucleic Acid, and Fat Digestion Carbohydrates- oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, lumen of small intestine, epithelium of small intestine Protein – stomach, lumen of small intestine, epithelium of small intestine Nucleic Acid – lumen and epithelium of small intestine Fat – lumen of small intestine
- 21. Small Intestine and Features that Improve Its Function Major organ of digestion and absorption The brush border, or epithelial lining of the duodenum, provides many digestive enzymes Microvilli increase the surface area and rate of nutrient absorption Lacteals are vessels of villi that carry lymph and absorb nutrients, putting them into the bloodstream The hepatic portal vein leads directly to the liver, ensuring that it is supplied with the nutrients absorbed in the small intestine
- 22. Roles of Gastrin, Secretin, and Cholecystokinin Gastrin - begins gastric juice production Secretin - discharge into the filtrate from wastes of the body Cholecystokinin - Causes digestive enzyme release
- 23. Large Intestine Functions as a home for vitamin-synthesizing bacteria Aids in the absorption of water
- 24. Dental Adaptations Dentistry of mammals is usually specialized for their diet
- 25. Stomach and Intestinal Adaptations of Herbivores As vegetation has cell walls that are difficult to digest, herbivores have longer alimentary canals than carnivores Many herbivores have fermentation chambers specialized for cellulose digestion