Hadd

NEWB* Guidelines for Codes of Behaviour Implications for Students with ADHD Presentation by HADD Dr. David J. Carey *National Education Welfare Board HADD, Carmichael House, North Brunswick St, D2 01 874 8349 Email: info@hadd.ie

Presentation Outline What is ADHD Treatment of ADHD ADHD complications Main points of the Guidelines Implications Challenges and Opportunities in ADHD

What is ADHD? Neurobiological condition-brain functioning differences Strong genetic component Life-long Mostly males-under-diagnosed in females Three subtypes: primarily inattention primarily hyperactive-impulsive combined

Treatment of ADHD Psychoeducation: home ,school and the individual School/family modifications Medication Psychotherapy/counselling Alternative therapies*: e.g. Acupuncture, osteopathy, diet, homeopathy *little scientific validation of these

ADHD Complications* Oppositional Defiant Disorder Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Specific Learning Disabilities (dyslexia) Autism, Asperger’s Syndrome Conduct Disorder Depression Suicide Poor self-esteem Poor self-confidence Academic difficulties Alcohol abuse Drug abuse Family difficulties (mother’s depressed, fathers withdrawn, martial breakdown) Occupational difficulties Relationship difficulties *if unrecognised and untreated

“ The Guidelines recognise the importance of the leadership of Boards of Management and Principals and place a welcome emphasis on the value of engaging everyone in the school community, and especially the students themselves, in the task of shaping the school environment and making it a happy place for teaching and learning.”

MUST- legal obligations SHOULD -what the guidelines expect of school The guidelines highlight the importance difference in the use of these two words:

In order to comply with the Education (Welfare) Act 2000, the school should ensure that its code of behaviour is prepared in accordance with these Guidelines. The Guidelines recognise that each school community has its own particular and unique characteristics. Each school should apply the Guidelines in ways that fit with and reflect the ethos of the school and the character of its own community of students, teachers and parents. The Guidelines should be used for: • auditing an existing code of behaviour • regular review and updating of an existing code or developing a code for the first time • promoting ongoing discussion and reflection about behaviour and learning in the school.

Auditing and reviewing the code of behaviour A whole-school approach

Parents The code of behaviour will be more likely to work well where parents have meaningful ways of contributing to the development or review of the code. Their involvement will draw on their expectations, insights and experience. It will help to underline their responsibilities for their children’s behaviour. Joint work between parents and staff in the development of the code of behaviour can: • give parents insight into what teachers need in order to be able to teach effectively • equip parents to reinforce at home the messages about learning and behaviour that are conducive to a happy school • help parents to have a strong sense of pride in the school and ownership of its work • help to ensure that parents give consistent messages to students about how to treat others.

Students Students are more likely to support a code of behaviour when they have helped to develop it. Relationships of trust between teachers and students can grow stronger through the process. Through their involvement, students can: • hear directly from teachers about what is needed for teaching and learning • experience being part of a collective effort to make sure the school is a good place to teach and learn • learn about taking personal responsibility for their behaviour and for each other’s wellbeing and the wellbeing of the teachers • learn essential skills of listening, negotiating and managing differences • have their experience, insights and expectations recognised and used.

Using opportunities that arise in the day-to-day work of the school Board members, staff, parents and students have many demands on their time. Schools might consider using existing opportunities to work on the code, for example: • using groups and times when people are together (e.g. meetings of parents) • setting aside a period of time at staff meetings • using part of in-career development and planning days • devoting a meeting of the Board of Management to the code • devoting time at Student Council and Parent Association meetings to the code • using aspects of the curriculum for work with students on the code (for example, Social, Personal and Health Education, Art or Drama) • using extra-curricular opportunities (for example, music, sport, after-school or homework clubs) to build awareness of the contribution and impact of each person’s behaviour.

2.5 Involvement through consultation All members of the school community can and should be consulted about all the important areas of the code. Particular care should be taken to ensure the inclusion of the full diversity of students, parents and teachers in this process. Ways of consulting include: • inviting collective views from the Board, staff groups, Parent Association, Student Council • class discussions • questionnaires to individual Board members, staff members, parents, students • suggestion boxes • general consultative meetings. Consultation should take account of the limits on the time that teachers, students and parents can invest in the process.

Key Requirements: Auditing and reviewing the code of behaviour Applying the Guidelines means: Undertaking an audit of the code Preparing an action plan, with a timeframe, for reviewing and updating the code Implementing the action plan Providing staff with time and opportunities to engage in work on the code of behaviour Ensuring that staff, students, parents and other members of the school community are involved in the review and revision of the code

Principles underpinning an effective code of behaviour

1. Providing clarity The code of behaviour describes the school’s expectations about how each member of the school community (students, staff and parents) will help to make the school a good place for teaching and learning. The code also describes how the school will respond to behaviour that interrupts, diminishes or prevents teaching and learning in the school. An effective code makes clear that an orderly, harmonious school requires students to behave in accordance with that code.

2. Affirming that everyone’s behaviour matters. The school climate and atmosphere are created by the actions and behaviour of everyone in the school. The behaviour of the adults in a child’s life, including parents and teachers, is a significant influence on how a child acts.

3. Focusing on promoting good behaviour The code gives priority to promoting good behaviour. The tone and emphasis of the code should be on setting high expectations and affirming good behaviour.

4. Balancing needs The code makes clear that the educational needs of a student whose behaviour is unacceptable will be balanced with the educational needs of other students in the school.

5. Recognising that relationships are crucial The quality of relationships between teachers and students is a powerful influence on behaviour in a school. The school code fosters relationships of trust between students and teachers. Adults have more responsibility than students for building these relationships.

6. Focusing on personal responsibility The code helps young people to experience the value of being responsible, participating members of the school community.

7. Ensuring fairness and equity The code is informed by the principle of fairness. It respects the principles of natural justice, and ensures a consistent approach to behaviour on the part of all school personnel.

8. Promoting equality The code promotes equality for all members of the school community. The code prevents discrimination and allows for appropriate accommodation of difference, in accordance with Equal Status legislation.

9. Recognising educational vulnerability The code of behaviour reflects the school’s commitment to provide positive support, including active teaching of relevant skills, for those students who are more vulnerable to behaviour problems.

10. Attending to the welfare of students The code of behaviour is based on a commitment to the welfare of every student, including the right to participate in, and benefit from, education.

11. Attending to the welfare of staff The code helps to promote a positive and safe working environment for all staff, including a positive and safe classroom environment for teachers.

12. Promoting safety and freedom from threat The code promotes the conditions for learning and teaching, dignity and freedom from threat of violence for both staff and students.

Key Requirements: Understanding behaviour Applying the Guidelines means: Providing opportunities for staff to deepen their understanding of the factors that affect behaviour and that help students to change behaviour Having ways of helping parents to understand how they can help students to behave well at school Having ways of helping students to understand their own behaviour, the reasons for it and how to take responsibility for their behaviour and relationships

Aspects of school life that may impact on behaviour • Approaches to addressing educational disadvantage • Making adjustments for, and valuing, diversity; and preventing any form of discrimination • Availability of pastoral care teams and programmes • Relationships among teachers and students • Students’ sense of belonging to the school community • School and classroom environment • Relevance of curriculum to students’ lives • Classroom management • Ability grouping • Timetabling • Break-time management • Extra-curricular and co-curricular activities • Student participation • Parental involvement

Key Requirements: A whole-school approach to the code of behaviour Applying the Guidelines means: Using all of the policies and practices in the school to create an ethos that supports good behaviour Identifying the aspects of school life most likely to affect behaviour in the school and ensuring that those aspects are working to promote good behaviour Providing opportunities for staff to work as a team on whole-school approaches to behaviour Reviewing the involvement of students and parents in the life of the school and ensuring they have opportunities to contribute to policy and practice.

Setting standards of behaviour The school’s standards of behaviour express the kinds of behaviour and relationships that will create a positive environment for teaching and learning. They describe the behaviour expected of all members of the school community.

Key Requirements: Setting standards of behaviour Applying the Guidelines means: Developing a set of standards for behaviour in the school Involving the school community in discussions about standards Involving the students in developing school and classroom rules Modelling the standards Teaching students about the standards and how to live up to them Having ways of ensuring that students with special needs understand what is expected of them

Promoting good behaviour Promoting good behaviour is the goal of the code.

Use of rewards Reward systems are more likely to motivate students when: • they are meaningful to the individual student or group • the student understands what the reward is given for • they acknowledge behaviour that is valued and wanted • they are closely linked in time to that specific behaviour • they are based on a knowledge of the individual and are sensitive to personal, developmental and cultural factors (for example, teenagers may prefer private acknowledgement to public praise) • they are given for effort and not only for achievement • they are used consistently and by all staff • they are used in an inclusive way. Rewards must not be used in a way that discriminate against any student or group of students, for example, students from a particular background, gender or ethnic group.

Care is needed to ensure that rewards do not: • become the goal of learning • result in unhelpful competition • repeatedly reward the same students • seem unattainable to some students and, as a result, de-motivate them.

Key Requirements: Promoting good behaviour Applying the Guidelines means: Having a whole-school plan for promoting good behaviour Having a plan and strategies for strengthening student and parental involvement Having explicit ways of communicating high expectations for students Having a way of reviewing the quality of relationships between staff and students

Levels of intervention Support for all Most students behave appropriately, with the help of consistent and clear rules and routines in class and in school. Occasional, minor misbehaviour should be attended to routinely and effectively through the skill of the classroom teacher.

Additional support for some students Some students need more active intervention to help them to manage their behaviour. Without additional help, they may be at risk of failing, behaviourally, socially and educationally. Additional inputs or interventions might include: • referral to another teacher or adult who can work with the student • involving the Pastoral Care team • setting targets for behaviour and monitoring them with the student in a supportive way • behaviour contracts.

Specialised support for a small minority of students A small minority of students may show particularly challenging behaviour. They may have great difficulty in learning new behaviour and may not respond to low-level interventions. These students will need a sustained and systematic response involving the important adults in their lives, in school and at home. The Principal and staff should build good links with any local support services that may be able to assist in responding to the needs of a student with behavioural difficulties. Sources of support may include the National Educational Psychological Service, HSE Community Psychology Services, the National Behavioural Support Service, the National Council for Special Education, Child Guidance Services or Adolescent Mental Health Services. Schools must be cognisant of their obligations under the Equal Status Acts 2000 to 2004 with regard to making reasonable accommodation for students with disabilities.

The purpose of sanctions The purpose of a sanction is to bring about a change in behaviour by: • helping students to learn that their behaviour is unacceptable • helping them to recognise the effect of their actions and behaviour on others • helping students (in ways appropriate to their age and development) to understand that they have choices about their own behaviour and that all choices have consequences • helping them to learn to take responsibility for their behaviour. A sanction may also: • reinforce the boundaries set out in the code of behaviour • signal to other students and to staff that their wellbeing is being protected. In instances of more serious breaches of school standards, sanctions may be needed to: • prevent serious disruption of teaching and learning • keep the student, or other students or adults, safe.

Good practice in the use of sanctions Sanctions are part of a plan to change behaviour Sanctions are used consistently Students and parents know what sanctions are used in the school Sanctions are proportionate Sanctions are appropriate

Inappropriate sanctions include: • physical punishment or the threat of physical punishment: physical chastisement of a student is illegal under section 24 of the Non-Fatal Offences against the Person Act 1997 • ridicule, sarcasm or remarks likely to undermine a student’s self confidence • public or private humiliation • applying sanctions to whole groups or classes in cases of individual or small-group wrongdoing • leaving a student in an unsupervised situation (e.g. a corridor) while in the care of the school • persistent isolation of, or ignoring, a student in class • sanctions that are used in a discriminatory way: the Equal Status Acts 2000 to 2004 require that schools do not discriminate in the use of sanctions.

Students with special educational needs Sanctions may be needed to help a student with special educational needs to learn about appropriate behaviour and skills, as in the case of any student. However, teachers should take particular care that they help the student with special needs to understand clearly the purpose of the sanction and the reason why their behaviour is unacceptable. The school and classroom practices that support good learning behaviour are valid for all students, including those with identified special educational needs.

Key Requirements: Responding to inappropriate behaviour Applying the Guidelines means: Developing a policy on how sanctions will be used to help students change inappropriate behaviour Having an agreed set of strategies for intervening positively to help students to change inappropriate behaviour Having clearly defined roles and responsibilities for members of staff in relation to behaviour and communicating these roles widely Agreeing a standardised way of recording matters to do with students’ behaviour

Key Requirements: Implementing the code of behaviour Applying the Guidelines means: Having an effective programme for communicating the code of behaviour Having a written code Ensuring that the written code is part of a programme to help parents to support the code Developing lesson plans and programmes to teach the skills and knowledge students need in order to behave well Paying particular attention to students who may be vulnerable Monitoring and analysing patterns of behaviour in the school Having procedures for notifying a child’s absence from school

Suspensions and expulsions: 10.1 The legal context The entitlement to education is protected in a range of constitutional and legal provisions and in human rights Conventions. These legal protections for the individual student’s right to education mean that decisions to suspend or expel a student are open to appeal and may be subject to judicial review by the High Court. Schools are required , under section 23(2) of the Education (Welfare) Act 2000, to include their procedures for suspension and expulsion in their code of behaviour.

The Board of Management should: • ensure that the school has a policy on, and procedures for, the use of suspension and expulsion that are in line with these Guidelines and with any additional requirements set down by the Patron • ensure that all students and parents are advised about, and aware of, the school’s policy for suspension and expulsion • ensure that fair procedures are used for suspension and expulsion and that all staff are aware of those procedures • take special care to ensure that the fair procedures are accessible to people with disabilities or those from different language or cultural backgrounds • ensure that the Board of Management and the Principal are equipped for their roles in relation to the use of suspension and expulsion.

Time and timeliness The Board of Management and Principal have a duty to ensure that there are no undue delays in an investigation and in making decisions about the imposition of suspension or expulsion. Confidentiality Great care should be taken to ensure that all matters to do with an investigation of alleged misbehaviour are dealt with in confidence.

Fair procedures based on the principles of natural justice Schools are required by law to follow fair procedures when proposing to suspend or expel a student. The requirement for fair procedures derives from the Constitution of Ireland, international Conventions and case law. Fair procedures have two essential parts: • the right to be heard • the right to impartiality.

The right to be heard means: • the right to know that the alleged misbehaviour is being investigated • the right to know the details of the allegations being made and any other information that will be taken into account • the right to know how the issue will be decided • the right to respond to the allegations • where the possible sanction is of a serious nature, the right to be heard by the decision-making body • where the possible sanction is of a serious nature, the right to ask questions of the other party or witnesses where there is a dispute about the facts.

The right to impartiality means: • the right to an absence of bias in the decision-maker • the right to impartiality in the investigation and the decision-making. Freedom from bias entails ensuring that a person with an interest in the matter is not involved in the investigation or decision-making. If a person has pre-conceived opinions, a vested interest or personal involvement in the matter, they should not attempt to settle that matter. An impartial process is one that allows a decision to be made based on an unbiased evaluation of information and evidence. Generally, impartiality requires that the investigation is separated from the process of making a decision so that the decision-maker comes to the task with an open mind.

10.5 Students aged eighteen years or more The provisions of the Guidelines relating to parents apply to the student, where the student has reached eighteen years ( Age of Majority Act 1985). Occasions may therefore arise when an adult student requests the school to restrict or limit communication with their parents or to limit parental involvement in matters relating to their education. In such circumstances, schools are advised, particularly in relation to suspension and expulsion matters, to inform the parents of the student about the change in practice and the reasons.

10.6 Involving the Gardaí Where allegations of criminal behaviour are made about a student, these will usually be referred to the Gardai who have responsibility for investigating criminal matters. The Juvenile Liaison Officer can be a significant source of support and advice for the school and the student.

11.1 Authority to suspend The Board of Management of a recognised school has the authority to suspend a student. Where this authority is delegated to the Principal, the delegation should be done formally and in writing. The authority delegated to the Principal in respect of suspension should state any limits on that authority, and specify how the Principal is accountable to the Board of Management for his or her use of that authority. The delegation of authority should reflect the provisions of these Guidelines, any relevant legal requirements and Articles of Management, where appropriate.

Schools and colleges established or maintained by a VEC In the case of schools and colleges established or maintained by a VEC, the VEC holds the authority to suspend a student. That authority may be devolved under section 31 of the Vocational Education (Amendment) Act 2001 by the VEC to the Board of Management of a school. The VEC should ensure that the scope of the authority given is in line with the provisions of these Guidelines, Articles of Management or Model Agreement and any relevant legal requirements. Where a Board of Management proposes to delegate this authority to the Principal, the Board should make a formal delegation arrangement taking due account of the provisions of the Vocational Education (Amendment) Act 2001.

Suspension should be a proportionate response to the behaviour that is causing concern.

Suspension should be a proportionate response to the behaviour that is causing concern. Normally, other interventions will have been tried before suspension, and school staff will have reviewed the reasons why these have not worked. The decision to suspend a student requires serious grounds such as that: • the student’s behaviour has had a seriously detrimental effect on the education of other students • the student’s continued presence in the school at this time constitutes a threat to safety • the student is responsible for serious damage to property. A single incident of serious misconduct may be grounds for suspension.

Factors to consider before suspending a student The nature and seriousness of the behaviour • What is the precise description of the behaviour? • How persistent has the unacceptable behaviour been? • Has the problem behaviour escalated, in spite of the interventions tried?

The context of the behaviour • What are the circumstances of the incidents of serious misbehaviour (e.g. in class, in a particular teacher’s class, in the yard, in a group)? • What factors may have triggered incidents of serious misbehaviour (e.g. bullying, cultural or family factors)? • What is the age, stage of development and cognitive ability of the student? • Are there any factors that may be associated with the behaviour (e.g. particular home circumstances, special educational needs)?

The impact of the behaviour • How are other students and staff affected by the student’s behaviour? • What is the impact of the behaviour on the teaching and learning of the class? • Does the behaviour have a particular or greater impact on some students or teachers? • Does the student understand the impact of their behaviour on others?

The interventions tried to date • What interventions have been tried? Over what period? • How have the interventions been recorded and monitored? • What has been the result of those interventions? • Have the parents been involved in finding a solution to the problem behaviour? • Has the intervention of NEPS or other psychological assessment or counselling been sought, where appropriate? • Are any other interventions such as peer mediation, restorative justice approaches or family conferencing available? • Is the student or parent involved with any support service and has this agency or support service been asked for help in solving this problem? • Has any other agency been asked for assistance (e.g. Child Guidance Clinic, Child and Adolescent services)?

Whether suspension is a proportionate response • Does the student’s behaviour warrant suspension? • Is the standard being applied to judging the behaviour the same as the standard applied to the behaviour of any other student?

The possible impact of suspension • Will suspension allow additional or alternative interventions to be made? • Will suspension help the student to change the inappropriate behaviour? • How will suspension help teachers or other students affected by the behaviour? • Will suspension exacerbate any educational vulnerability of the student?

Suspension as part of a behaviour management plan Suspension should be part of an agreed plan to address the student’s behaviour. The suspension should : • enable the school to set behavioural goals with the student and their parents • give school staff an opportunity to plan other interventions • impress on a student and their parents the seriousness of the behaviour.

Forms of suspension Immediate suspension In exceptional circumstances, the Principal may consider an immediate suspension to be necessary where the continued presence of the student in the school at the time would represent a serious threat to the safety of students or staff of the school, or any other person. Fair procedures must still be applied.

Suspension during a State examination This sanction should normally be approved by the Board of Management and should only be used where there is: • a threat to good order in the conduct of the examination • a threat to the safety of other students and personnel • a threat to the right of other students to do their examination in a calm atmosphere. The sanction should be a proportionate response to the behaviour. For example, it would rarely be appropriate for a first offence, unless there is a threat to the good order of the conduct of the examination. This sanction should be treated like any other suspension, and the principles and fair procedures governing suspensions should be applied. The DES Best Practice Guidelines concerning Certificate Examinations offer guidance to schools.

‘ Automatic’ suspension A Board of Management may decide, as part of the school’s policy on sanctions, and following the consultation process with the Principal, parents, teachers and students, that particular named behaviours incur suspension as a sanction. However, a general decision to impose suspension for named behaviours does not remove the duty to follow due process and fair procedures in each case.

Inappropriate use of suspension Students should not usually be suspended for: • poor academic performance • poor attendance or lateness • minor breaches of the code of behaviour. However, any behaviour that is persistently disruptive to learning or potentially dangerous can be a serious matter. Behaviour must be examined in context to understand both the behaviour itself and the response or sanction that is most appropriate.

Rolling suspension A student should not be suspended again shortly after they return to school unless: • they engage in serious misbehaviour that warrants suspension and • fair procedures are observed in full and • the standard applied to judging the behaviour is the same as the standard applied to the behaviour of any other student.

Informal or unacknowledged suspension Exclusion of a student for part of the school day, as a sanction, or asking parents to keep a child from school, as a sanction, is a suspension. Any exclusion imposed by the school is a suspension, and should follow the Guidelines relating to suspension.

Open-ended suspension Students should not be suspended for an indefinite period. Any such suspension would be regarded as a de-facto expulsion and would be treated as such under section 29 of the Education Act 1998.

Procedures in respect of suspension Schools are required by law to follow fair procedures when proposing to suspend a student (see 10.3 and 10.4 for more detail). Where a preliminary assessment of the facts confirms serious misbehaviour that could warrant suspension, the school should observe the following procedures: • inform the student and their parents about the complaint • give parents and student an opportunity to respond.

Inform the student and parents Let the student and their parents know about the complaint, how it will be investigated, and that it could result in suspension. Parents may be informed by phone or in writing, depending on the seriousness of the matter. Informing parents in writing has the benefit of ensuring that there is a formal and permanent record of having let parents know. It also ensures that parents are clear about what their son or daughter is alleged to have done. It serves the important function of underlining to parents the seriousness with which the school views the alleged misbehaviour.

Give an opportunity to respond Parents and student should be given an opportunity to respond before a decision is made and before any sanction is imposed. A meeting with the student and their parents provides an opportunity for them to give their side of the story and to ask questions about the evidence of serious misbehaviour, especially where there is a dispute about the facts. It may also be an opportunity for parents to make their case for lessening the sanction, and for the school to explore with parents how best to address the student’s behaviour. If a student and their parents fail to attend a meeting, the Principal should write advising of the gravity of the matter, the importance of attending a re-scheduled meeting and, failing that, the duty of the school authorities to make a decision to respond to the negative behaviour. The school should record the invitations made to parents and their response.

Procedures in relation to immediate suspension Where an immediate suspension is considered by the Principal to be warranted for reasons of the safety of the student, other students, staff or others, a preliminary investigation should be conducted to establish the case for the imposition of the suspension. The formal investigation should immediately follow the imposition of the suspension. All of the conditions for suspension apply to immediate suspension. No suspension, including an immediate suspension, should be open-ended. In the case of an immediate suspension, parents must be notified, and arrangements made with them for the student to be collected. The school must have regard to its duty of care for the student. In no circumstances should a student be sent home from school without first notifying parents.

The period of suspension A student should not be suspended for more than three days, except in exceptional circumstances where the Principal considers that a period of suspension longer than three days is needed in order to achieve a particular objective. Each Board of Management should provide guidance to the Principal concerning the kinds of circumstances under which suspensions of longer than three days might be approved.

If a suspension longer than three days is being proposed by the Principal, the matter should be referred to the Board of Management for consideration and approval, giving the circumstances and the expected outcomes.

However, a Board of Management may wish to authorise the Principal, with the approval of the Chairperson of the Board, to impose a suspension of up to five days in circumstances where a meeting of the Board cannot be convened in a timely fashion, subject to the guidance concerning such suspensions.

The Board of Management should normally place a ceiling of ten days on any one period of suspension imposed by it.

The Board should formally review any proposal to suspend a student, where the suspension would bring the number of days for which the student has been suspended in the current school year to twenty days or more. Any such suspension is subject to appeal under section 29 of the Education Act 1998 (see 11.7 Appeals).

Appeals The Board of Management should offer an opportunity to appeal a Principal’s decision to suspend a student. In the case of decisions to suspend made by the Board of Management (see 11.6), an appeals process may be provided by the Patron.

Section 29 Appeal Where the total number of days for which the student has been suspended in the current school year reaches twenty days, the parents, or a student aged over eighteen years, may appeal the suspension under section 29 of the Education Act 1998, as amended by the Education (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2007. At the time when parents are being formally notified of such a suspension, they and the student should be told about their right to appeal to the Secretary General of the Department of Education and Science under section 29 of the Education Act 1998, and should be given information about how to appeal. If the student is attending a school under the management of a VEC, the appeal must be made in the first instance to the VEC. Where an appeal to the VEC is concluded, parents, or a student aged over eighteen years, may appeal to the Secretary General of the Department of Education and Science.

Implementing the suspension The Principal should notify the parents and the student in writing of the decision to suspend. The letter should confirm: • the period of the suspension and the dates on which the suspension will begin and end • the reasons for the suspension • any study programme to be followed

• the arrangements for returning to school, including any commitments to be entered into by the student and the parents (for example, parents might be asked to reaffirm their commitment to the code of behaviour) • the provision for an appeal to the Board of Management • the provision for an appeal to the VEC, if appropriate • the right to appeal to the Secretary General of the Department of Education and Science ( Education Act 1998, section 29).

The letter should be clear and easy to understand. Particular care should be taken in communicating with parents who may have reading difficulties, or whose first language is not the language of the school.

Re-integrating the student The school should have a plan to help the student to take responsibility for catching up on work missed. This plan will help to avoid the possibility that suspension starts or amplifies a cycle of academic failure. Successful re-integration goes beyond academic work. A suspended student may feel angry or resentful about their suspension, and these feelings can trigger problems with reintegration which, in turn, may lead to further problem behaviour. Where possible, the school should arrange for a member of staff to provide support to the student during the re-integration process.

Clean slate When any sanction, including suspension, is completed, a student should be given the opportunity and support for a fresh start. Although a record is kept of the behaviour and any sanction imposed, once the sanction has been completed the school should expect the same behaviour of this student as of all other students.

Records and reports Records of investigation and decision-making Formal written records should be kept of: • the investigation (including notes of all interviews held) • the decision-making process • the decision and the rationale for the decision • the duration of the suspension and any conditions attached to the suspension.

Report to the Board of Management The Principal should report all suspensions to the Board of Management, with the reasons for and the duration of each suspension.

Review of use of suspension The Board of Management should review the use of suspension in the school at regular intervals to ensure that its use is consistent with school policies, that patterns of use are examined to identify factors that may be influencing behaviour in the school and to ensure that use of suspension is appropriate and effective.

Key Requirements: Suspension Applying the Guidelines means: Ensuring that the school has a policy on, and procedures for, the use of suspension that are approved by the Board of Management and in line with these Guidelines and any additional requirements set down by the Patron Ensuring the policy is widely communicated Developing and documenting good practice in relation to the use of suspension Having fair procedures for investigation and decision-making Having procedures for informing parents and students about their right to appeal Having a system for regular review by the Board of Management of the use of suspension in the school

Expulsion A student is expelled from a school when a Board of Management makes a decision to permanently exclude him or her from the school, having complied with the provisions of section 24 of the Education Welfare) Act 2000. As part of the code of behaviour, the Board of Management should ensure that the school has a policy on, and procedures for, expulsion which are in line with these Guidelines and with any additional requirements set down by the Patron.

Expulsion should be a proportionate response to the student’s behaviour. Expulsion of a student is a very serious step, and one that should only be taken by the Board of Management in extreme cases of unacceptable behaviour.

A proposal to expel a student requires serious grounds such as that: • the student’s behaviour is a persistent cause of significant disruption to the learning of others or to the teaching process • the student’s continued presence in the school constitutes a real and significant threat to safety • the student is responsible for serious damage to property.

‘ Automatic’ expulsion A Board of Management may decide, as part of the school’s policy on sanctions, and following the consultation process with the Principal, parents, teachers and students, that particular named behaviours incur expulsion as a sanction. However, a general decision to impose expulsion for named behaviours does not remove the duty to follow due process and fair procedures.

Expulsion for a first offence There may be exceptional circumstances where the Board of Management forms the opinion that a student should be expelled for a first offence. The kinds of behaviour that might result in a proposal to expel on the basis of a single breach of the code could include: • a serious threat of violence against another student or member of staff • actual violence or physical assault • supplying illegal drugs to other students in the school • sexual assault.

Determining the appropriateness of expelling a student • What is the precise description of the behaviour? • How persistent has the unacceptable behaviour been and over what period of time? • Has the problem behaviour escalated, in spite of the interventions tried?

The context of the behaviour • What are the circumstances of the incidents of serious misbehaviour (e.g. in class, in a particular teacher’s class, in the yard, in a group)? • What factors may have triggered or provoked incidents of serious misbehaviour (e.g. bullying, cultural or family factors)? • Are there any factors that may be associated with the behaviour (e.g. particular home circumstances, special educational needs)?

The impact of the behaviour • How are other students and staff affected by the student’s behaviour? • What is the impact of the behaviour on the teaching and learning of the class?

The interventions tried to date • What interventions have been tried? Over what period? • How have the interventions been recorded and monitored? • What has been the result of these interventions? • Have the parents been involved in finding a solution to the problem behaviour? • Has the intervention of NEPS or other psychological assessment or counselling been sought, where appropriate? • Is the student or parent involved with any support service and has this agency or support service been asked for help in solving this problem? • Has any other agency been asked for assistance (e.g. Child Guidance Clinic, Child and Adolescent Mental Health services)? • Is the Board satisfied that no other intervention can be tried or is likely to help the student to change their behaviour?

Whether expulsion is a proportionate response • Is the student’s behaviour sufficiently serious to warrant expulsion? • Is the standard being applied to judging the behaviour the same as the standard applied to the behaviour of any other student?

The possible impact of expulsion • To what extent may expulsion exacerbate any social or educational vulnerability of the student? • Will the student be able to take part in, and benefit from, education with their peers? • In the case of a student who is in care, what might be the implications of expulsion for the care arrangements?

Inappropriate use of expulsion Expulsion should not be proposed for: • poor academic performance • poor attendance or lateness • minor breaches of the code of behaviour. However, any behaviour that is persistently disruptive to learning or dangerous can be a serious matter. Behaviour must be examined in context to understand both the behaviour itself and the response or sanction that is most appropriate.

Procedures in respect of expulsion Schools are required by law to follow fair procedures as well as procedures prescribed under the Education (Welfare) Act 2000, when proposing to expel a student (see 10.3 and 10.4 for information about fair procedures). Where a preliminary assessment of the facts confirms serious misbehaviour that could warrant expulsion, the procedural steps will include: 1. A detailed investigation carried out under the direction of the Principal. 2. A recommendation to the Board of Management by the Principal. 3. Consideration by the Board of Management of the Principal’s recommendation; and the holding of a hearing. 4. Board of Management deliberations and actions following the hearing. 5. Consultations arranged by the Educational Welfare Officer. 6. Confirmation of the decision to expel.

These procedures assume that the Board of Management is the decision-making body in relation to expulsions. It is a matter for each Board of Management to decide which of the tasks involved in these procedural steps requires separate meetings and which tasks can be accomplished together in a single meeting, consistent with giving parents due notice of meetings and a fair and reasonable time to prepare for a Board hearing.

Appeals A parent, or a student aged over eighteen years, may appeal a decision to expel to the Secretary General of the Department of Education and Science (Education Act 1998 section 29). An appeal may also be brought by the National Educational Welfare Board on behalf of a student. If the student is attending a school established or maintained by a VEC, the appeal must be made in the first instance to the VEC. Where an appeal to the VEC has been concluded, parents, or a student aged over eighteen years, may go on to appeal to the Secretary General of the Department of Education and Science.

The appeals process The appeals process under section 29 of the Education Act 1998 begins with the provision of mediation by a mediator nominated by the Appeals Committee (Department of Education and Science). For further details about the Appeals process, including requirements for documentation, and the steps in the process, refer to current DES guidance.

Review of use of expulsion The Board of Management should review the use of expulsion in the school at regular intervals to ensure that its use is consistent with school policies, that patterns of use are examined to identify factors that may be influencing behaviour in the school, and to ensure that expulsion is used appropriately.

Key Requirements: Expulsion Applying the Guidelines means: Having a policy on, and procedures for, expulsion that are approved by the Board of Management, and in line with these Guidelines, and with any additional requirements set down by the Patron Ensuring the policy is widely communicated Developing and documenting good practice in the use of expulsion Having fair procedures for investigation and decision-making Having procedures for informing parents and students about their right to appeal Having a system for regular review by the Board of Management of the use of expulsion in the school

Challenges and Opportunities for students with ADHD Fair and reasonable in general No specific guidelines for children with ADHD All decision making policy delegated to BoM and Principal Parent Power Questions Asked, Answers Questioned

National Education Welfare Board www.newb.ie Special Education Support Service www.sess.ie National Council on Special Education www.ncse.ie

David J. Carey, Psy.D. www.davidjcarey.com www.counsellor.ie

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