Hardware & softwares
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The document discusses computer hardware components, types of computer systems, and software. It describes the roles of the central processing unit, memory, and secondary storage devices. It explains how operating systems manage hardware resources and provide interfaces for application software. The document outlines the evolution of programming languages from machine code to visual languages and object-oriented languages. It also categorizes systems software, application software, and different types of each.
Hardware & softwares
- 1. Hardware and Software Chapter 2
- 2. Learning Objectives Identify and discuss the role of the essential hardware components of a computer system. List and describe popular classes of computer systems and discuss the role of each. Outline the role of the operating system and discuss how operating systems have evolved over time. Identify and briefly describe the functions of the two basic kinds of software.
- 3. Computer System Components Math calculations Access, decode, coordinate instructions Hold program instructions and data
- 4. Hardware Components in Action Instruction phase Step 1: Fetch instruction Step 2: Decode instruction Execution phase Step 3: Execute the instruction Step 4: Store the results
- 5. Execution of an Instruction
- 6. Processing and Memory Devices
- 7. Processing Characteristics and Functions Machine cycle time: Time to execute the instruction phase Clock speed: Rate at which electronic pulses are produces. Measured in MHz Wordlength Bit (Binary digiT): 0 or 1 Unit for moving data Wordlength: The number of bits a CPU can process in a unit time 32-64 bit processors
- 8. Moore’s Law Number of transistors doubles every 18 months
- 10. Types of Memory (1) Random access memory (RAM) Volatile Extended Data Out (EDO) RAM Dynamic Ram (DRAM) Synchronous DRAM: Faster transfer speed between memory and processor
- 11. Types of Memory (2) Read-only memory (ROM) Non-volatile Permanent data and instructions from manufacturer Types PROM: Programmable EPROM: Erasable programmable
- 12. Basic Types of Memory Chips
- 13. Secondary Storage and Output Devices
- 14. Cost Comparisons for Various Forms of Data Storage
- 15. Secondary Storage Access Methods Sequential access Access in the same order it was written Ex: Need to access memory location 5. Then, you need to go through 1, 2, 3, and 4 first. Direct access Directly access the location Faster than sequential access Sequential access storage devices (SASD) Direct access storage devices (DASD)
- 16. Secondary Storage Devices (1) Magnetic tapes: Similar to audio tapes, SASD Magnetic discs: Hard disk, DASD RAID: Redundant array of independent inexpensive disks Data stored more than once in one of the disks Even if one disk fails, data can still be retrieved SAN: Storage area network Consist of many storage devices Optical discs, DASD CD-ROM
- 17. Secondary Storage Devices (2) Magneto-optical discs Digital versatile discs (DVD): Up to 17 GB storage Memory cards Installed in a slot Portable Expandable storage: Removable disk cartridges Portable Zip drives
- 18. Types of Secondary Storage
- 19. Hard Disc
- 21. Digital Versatile Disc Player
- 23. Comparison of Secondary Storage Devices
- 24. Input Devices Personal computer input devices Keyboard Mouse Voice-recognition devices Microphone Software to convert voice into bits Digital computer cameras Record images and video Terminals Connects to a powerful server for computations Scanning devices Page Handheld Touch-sensitive Screens
- 25. A PC Equipped with a Computer Camera
- 26. Output Devices Display Monitors Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Wide Lights up pixels Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) Flat panel Printers and Plotters Speed measured in pages (page printed per minute) Music Devices MP3 Players
- 27. Laser Printer
- 28. Types of Computer Systems
- 30. Overview of Software Computer programs: Sequences of instructions Documentation: Describe program functions Systems software: Coordinate the activities of the hardware Computer system platform: Hardware configuration + systems software Application software: Programs that help users with certain tasks
- 31. Classifying Software by Type and Sphere of Influence
- 32. Systems Software
- 33. Operating Systems Perform common computer hardware functions Ex: Get input from keyboard Provide a user interface Command-based user interface (ms-dos) Graphical-user interface (windows) Provide a degree of hardware independence Application program interface Manage system memory Convert logical view to physical view
- 34. Operating Systems Manage processing tasks Allocate computer resources Multitasking (run more than once application at a time) Time-sharing (allow multiple access to a system) Provide networking capability Enable connection to the Internet Control access to system resources Authentication Manage files Access to files
- 35. Role of the Operating System
- 37. An Example of the Operating System Controlling Physical Access to Data
- 39. Workgroup Operating Systems Windows 2000 Server Unix Netware Red Hat Linux Mac OS X Server
- 40. Consumer Appliance Operating Systems Windows CE .NET Windows XP Embedded Handheld PC Pocket PC Palm OS
- 43. Proprietary and Off-the-Shelf Software
- 44. Examples of Personal Productivity Software
- 45. TurboTax
- 46. Quicken
- 49. Database Program
- 50. Graphics Program
- 51. Software Suites
- 53. Use of Integrated Supply Chain Management Software
- 54. Selected Enterprise Resource Planning Vendors
- 55. Summary of Programming Languages First: Computer interactions written in machine code Machine language Second: Abbreviations for common operations Assembler converts code to machine language Assembly language Third Instructions are English-like Compliers convert code to machine language Fortran: Good for scientific computing Cobol: Good file handling Java: Good for Web applications
- 56. Summary of Programming Languages Fourth Even easy for non-programmers Tell what to do, not how to do it Focus, Powerhouse Visual Programming Languages Point-and-click Drag-and-drop Useful for user interfaces Visual Basic, Visual C++ Object-oriented Languages Objects contain data, methods to operate data C++, Java
- 57. Summary Hardware devices work together to perform input, processing, data storage, and output. There are two main categories of software: systems software and application software. An operating system (OS) is a set of computer programs that controls the computer hardware to support users’ computing needs. Application software may be proprietary or off-the-shelf. There are five generations of programming languages, plus object-oriented programming languages.