Harvard referencing examples

Harvard Reference examples
The following list provides you with Harvard Reference formats for each item and gives you
both in-text and bibliography examples. Harvard formats have been based on the following texts
which can be found in the Library:

British Standards Institute. (1990). BS5605:1990. Recommendations for citing and referencing
published material. Milton Keynes: BSI.
Neville, C. (2007). The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism. Open UP Study Skills.
Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Pears, R & Shields, G. (2006) Cite Them Right: The Essential Guide to Referencing and Plagiarism.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Northumbria University Press.

Acts of Parliament (UK Statutes)
Format:
Country. Name of Act: Name of Sovereign. Chapter Number – in italics or underlined. (Year of
Publication – in brackets). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Bibliography example:
Great Britain. Human Rights Act 1998: Elizabeth ll. Chapter 42. (1998). London: The Stationery Office
In-text example:
The Human Rights Act 1998 indicated that……
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. –
followed by page number – in brackets)

Archive material/Special collections
Format:
Author - Surname, Initials (Year of publication - in brackets). Title-in italics or underlined [Material
type–in square brackets]. Collection, shelfmark. Archive/Library, City.
Turner, P.S. (1906). Image of an Artist [Manuscript]. Holden Collection. 600. Holden Library. London.
In-text example:
(Turner, 1906)

Atlas
Atlases can be referenced in the same format as a book. If no author is available then the title of the
Atlas can be used.
Format:
Atlas with Author:
Author/Originator - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication – in brackets). Title of Atlas in italics or
underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Atlas- no Author:
Title of Atlas – in italics or underlined. (Year of publication - in brackets). Series title and/or volume - if
available. Edition - if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.
Wagner, S A. (2004). Color Atlas of the Autopsy. Boca Raton: CRC Press
The Times Concise Atlas of the World. (2000). 8th Ed. London: Times Books
In-text example:
(Wagner, 2004)
As can be seen in The Times Concise Atlas of the World (2000)

Author: Contribution/Chapter in a Book
Harvard Referencing examples www.staffs.ac.uk/infoservices/library/find/references/Harvard
1

Format:
Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title of chapter/contribution. In: Author
or Editor of Publication - Surname, Initials with (ed.) or (eds.) – in brackets, if relevant. Book Title - in
italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Marshall, W A. (1975). The Child as a Mirror of his Brain’s Development. In: Sants, J & Butcher, H J.
(eds). Development Psychology. Aylesbury, Bucks: Hazell Watson & Viney Ltd.
In-text example:
If you refer to an author who has contributed/produced a chapter in an edited book you will need to
cite their name in the body of your work. The Bibliography must contain details of both the author
providing the contribution and the author/editor(s) of the book (see above bibliography example for
format)
(Marshall, 1975)
As noted by Marshall (1975)

Blogs (weblogs)
References from blogs will need to commence with the name of the blog owner and include the date
and title of the posting (see example):
Format:
Named owner of the Blog- Surname, Initials. (Year of posting - in brackets). Title of blog entry - in
italics or underlined. [Online –in square brackets]. Date the blog entry was written. Available from -
URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]
Batts, Shelly. (2007). Antioxidants in Berries Increased by Ethanol (but are daiquiris healthy). [Online]
April 24th 2007. Available from: Scienceblogs.com
http://scienceblogs.com/retrospectacle/2007/04/antioxidants_in_berries_increa_1.php . [Accessed:
2nd May 2008].
In-text example:
(Batts, 2007)
…As can be seen in Batts (2007) results.
followed by page number - in brackets)

Book (1 author)
Format:
Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.)-in brackets for editor(s). (Year of publication - in brackets).
Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place
of Publication: Publisher.
Neville, C. (2007). The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism. Maidenhead: Open
University Press.
In-text examples:
(Neville, 2007)
Neville (2007) commented that…

Book (2 authors)
Format:
Author - Surname, Initials. & Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.) - in brackets for editor(s).
(Year of publication - in brackets). Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if
available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Middleton, V. T. C. & Hawkins, R. (1998). Sustainable Tourism: A Marketing Perspective. Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann.
In-text examples:
(Middleton & Hawkins, 1998)
As stated by Middleton & Hawkins (1998)
“Direct quotation are placed in double quotations marks” (First Author’s Surname & Second Author’s
Surname. Year of Publication, p. – followed by page number – in brackets)
Book (3 authors)
2

Format:
Author - Surname, Initials. Author - Surname, Initials & Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication
- in brackets). Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not
the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Bradbury, I., Boyle, J. & Morse, A., (2002). Scientific Principles for Physical Geographers. Harlow:
Prentice Hall.
In-text example:
(Bradbury, Boyle & Morse, 2002)
As noted by Bradbury, Boyle & Morse (2002)
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (First Author’s Surname, Second Author’s
Surname & Third Author's Surname. Year of Publication, p. – followed by page number – in brackets)

Book (4 or more authors)
Format:
Author - Surname, Initials. Et al. (Year of publication - in brackets). Book Title - in italics or underlined.
Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Campbell, N. A. et al (2008). Biology. 8th Ed. London: Pearson.
In-text examples:
(Campbell et al, 2008)
As concluded by Campbell et al. (2008)…
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author’s Surname et al. Year of Publication,
p. – followed by page number – in brackets)

Book (Editor/s)
If the book has an editor then (ed.) or (eds.) – both in brackets, is added after the author’s name.
Format:
Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.) - in brackets for editor(s) (Year of publication - in brackets).
Fontana-Giusti, G. (ed.) (2008). Designing Cities for People: Social, Environmental and Psychological
Sustainability. London: Earthscan.
Brenner, N. and Keil, R. (eds.) (2006). The Global Cities Reader. London: Routledge.
In-text examples:
(ed. Fontana-Giusti, 2008)
(eds. Brenner & Keil, 2006)

Books (part of a series)
Format:
Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.) - in brackets for editor(s) (Year of publication - in brackets).
McIlroy, D. (2003). Studying @ University: How to be a Successful Student. Sage Essential Study
Skills. London: Sage.
In-text example:
(McIlroy 2003)
The evidence supports McIlroy’s (2003) theory that…..
“direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author’s Surname, Year of Publication, p. –
followed by page number)

Book (multiple works by an author in the same year)
3

If you refer to an author who has produced more than one work in the same year you will need to add
a lower case alphabetical letter after the year of publication i.e. 2000a, 2000b.
Format:
Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.) - in brackets for editor(s) (Year of publication and
alphabetical letter - in brackets). Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if
Carlson, N. R. (2007a). Foundations of Physiology and Psychology. 7th Ed. Boston, Mass: Pearson Allyn
& Bacon.
Carlson, N. R. (2007b). Physiology of Behaviour. London: Pearson Allyn & Bacon.
In-text example:
(Carlson, N. R. 2007a)
(Carlson, N. R. 2007b)
Carlson (2007a) commented that…
Carlson (2007b) indicated that…….
followed by page number)

Book (Electronic)
Format:
Author - Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication - in brackets). Title - in italics or underlined. [Online –
in square brackets] City of publication: Publisher. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date in
square brackets]
Sadler, P. (2003). Strategic management. [Online] Sterling. VA Kogan Page. Available from:
http://www.netlibrary.com/Reader/. [Accessed: 6/5/2008]
In-text example:
(Sadler, 2003)
As identified by Sadler (2003)

British Standards
The information you need to reference correctly can be found on the title page of the standard.
Format:
Author of Standard – Surname, Initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Standard Number: Year
Title of the standard in italics or underlined. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.
published material. Milton Keynes: BSI
In-text example:
(British Standards Institute, 1990)

CD-ROMS (accompanying books)
Many books now have a CD-ROM accompanying them. When using material from this source the
following information needs to be included in your reference
Format:
Author – Surname, initials or name of originator of item if no author present. (Year of publication - in
brackets). Title of the main publication. [CD-ROM – in square brackets]. Place of Publication: publisher
Barnes, C. (1997). Working with Technology. [CD-ROM] London: TechPress.
Who’s who 1897-1998. (1998) [CD-ROM] London: Oxford University Press.
In-text example:
(Who’s who 1998)
(Barnes. 1997)

Command Papers/Official Publications
4

Format:
Country. Name of Committee, Department or Royal Commission (Year of publication – in brackets)
Title of publication - in italics or underlined. Place of Publication: Publisher. (Paper number – if
available in brackets).
Bibliography examples:
Great Britain. Healthcare Commission, Audit Commission for Local Authorities in England and Wales.
National Audit Office. (2006). Tackling Child Obesity: First Steps. London: Stationery Office.
Great Britain. Department of Health. (1995). London’s Ambulance Service: Government response to
the Second Report from the Health Committee Session 1994-95. London: H.M.S.O. (Cm 3009)
In-text example:
(Great Britain. Healthcare Commission, Audit Commission for Local Authorities in England and Wales.
National Audit Office. 2006).
Statistics from the Great Britain Healthcare Commission, Audit Commission for Local Authorities in
England and Wales. National Audit Office. (2006) show that………
(Great Britain. Department of Health. 1995).
As indicated by the Great Britain Department of Health (1995)

Computer Games/Programs
Format:
Originator or Author. (year of publication - in brackets). Game or program title - in italics or
underlined. [Medium of item - in square brackets]. Series information and any dates or numeric
information - if necessary. Place of Publication: Publisher
Electronic Arts. (2003). The Sims. [DISC] PlayStation2. London: Electronic Arts Inc.
In-text example:
If you refer to a game or program in the body of your work, the title will need to be underlined or
placed in italics:
....as can be seen in The Sims (2003)

Conference Papers
Conference Papers are similar to authors who contribute chapters to books, i.e. the contribution
appears as part of a wider publication.
Format:
Author / Editor - Surname, Initials or Authoring body or group. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title
of Paper. In - Full Title of Conference - in italics or underlined. Series title and numbers if available.
Location and Date of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher. Page numbers of paper.
Fish, J. (2008). Managing changes in the workplace. In Professional Managers Conference. Blackpool,
Monday 18th to Wednesday 20th February 2008. Blackpool: PubM. pp. 42-45.
In-text example:
(Fish 2008)
Fish (2008) noted that…..

Conference Proceedings
Format:
Author / Editor - Surname, Initials or Authoring body or group. (Year of publication - in brackets). Full
Title of Conference Report - in italics or underlined. Series title and numbers - if available. Location and
Date of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher
Harris, C. and Murton, J. B. (2005). Cryospheric Systems: Glaciers and Permafrost: Selected
Contributions to a Conference of the same name. Geological Society Special Publication 242. The
Geological Society of London. January 2003. London: The Geological Society.
Management Centre International. (2002). Third European conference on knowledge management.
Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, 24-25 September 2002. Reading: MCIL.
In-text examples:
(Harris & Murton. 2005)
(Management Centre International. 2002)
Harris & Murton (2005) support this theory…..
As indicated by research from Management Centre International (2005)

5


Corporate authors (groups, committees, companies)
(Includes publications by groups, committees, government departments, companies, etc.)
Format:
Name of issuing body (Year of publication in brackets). Title of publication – in italics or underlined,
Place of publication: Publisher, (Report Number – if available in brackets)
Bibliography Example:
Great Britain. Department of Energy. (1977). Tidal Power Barrages in the Seven Trent Estuary: Recent
Evidence on their Feasibility. London: H. M.S. O. (Energy Papers 23)
Sport Industry Research Centre. (2005). Sport Market Forecasts 2005-2009. Sheffield: Sport Industry
Research Centre.
In-text example:
(Great Britain. Department of Energy. 1977)
The Great Britain Department of Energy (1977) concluded that…….
(Sport Industry Research Centre. 2005)
Figures from the Sport Industry Research Centre (2005) show that…….

Dance (live performance)
Format:
Choreographer – Surname, initials. (Premier date - in brackets). Title – in italics or underlined. [Venue,
place of performance and date seen – in square brackets]
Jones, R. (2007). Hungarian Folk Dance. [Victoria Hall, Stoke on Trent. 16th December 2007]
In-text Example:
(Hungarian Folk Dance, 2007)
Dance (DVD/ Video)
Format:
Director/producer – Surname, initials. (Year published or first transmission in brackets). Title of Video
or programme – in italics or underlined [Material type e.g.DVD/video – in square brackets], Production
company or publisher [further details to identify dance works]
Jones, L. (2005). Ballet Moves [DVD] Dance Mat Ltd. [clips of various ballets illustrating professional
techniques]
In-text example:
(Ballet Moves, 2005)

Dictionaries
In some cases Dictionaries may not have authors so your citation or reference can use the title of the
work.
Formats:
Dictionary Author/Editor present:
Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.)-in brackets for editor(s) (Year of publication - in brackets)
Dictionary Title – in italics or underlined. Series title and/or volume - if available. Edition - if not the
first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Dictionary- no Author:
Title of Dictionary – in italics or underlined. (Year of publication - in brackets). Series title and/or
volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Hawkins, J. M. (ed.) (1986). The Oxford Reference Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering. (2003). 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill
In-text examples:
(Hawkins 1986)
(McGraw-Hill 2003)
As noted by Hawkins (1986)
McGraw-Hill (2003) indicated that…..

Discussion List
6

References from a discussion list will need to commence with the name of the author of a posting to
the list.
Format:
Name/sender of discussion posting - Surname, Initials. (Year of posting - in brackets). Title of
discussion posting - in italics or underlined. [Online –in square brackets]. Date the entry was written.
Name of discussion list. Available from – discussion list address. [Accessed: followed by date in square
brackets]
Morgan, K. (2007). Teaching Referencing Skills. [Online] April 24th 2007. RefZone Discussion List
Available from: http://www.Staffs.ac.uk/RefZoneLISTS [Accessed: 2nd May 2008].
In-text example:
(Morgan. 2007)
…As can be seen in Morgan (2007) results.

E- Books
Format:
Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title - in italics or underlined. [Online –
in square brackets] Place of publication: Publisher. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date
in square brackets]
Sadler, P. (2003). Strategic management. [Online] Sterling. VA Kogan Page. Available from:
http://www.netlibrary.com/Reader/. [Accessed: 6/5/2008]
In-text example:
(Sadler, 2003)
As identified by Sadler (2003)

Email communication
If you use personal email communication to support your assignment please ensure that you have the
consent of those involved in the email.
Format:
Sender of email - Surname, Initials. (Year of communication – in brackets) Title of communication – in
italics or underlined. [Medium of communication – in square brackets] Receiver of Communication –
Surname, initials. Day and month of communication
Morgan, K. (2008). Refzone. [E-mail]. Message to: A.Hatton. 10 April 2008.
In-text example:
(Morgan 2008)

Encyclopaedia entry
Encyclopaedias often contain entries or articles by a collection of authors. Hence, when citing and
referencing from Encyclopaedias use the same format as you would when referencing an author’s
contributory chapter or article in a book.
Format:
Title of entry or article. In: Author or Editor of Publication - Surname, Initials with (ed.) or (eds.) - if
relevant. Title of Encyclopaedia - in italics or underlined. Series title and/or volume - if available.
Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Ghiselin, M. T. (2001). Darwin, Charles (Darwinism). In: Levin, S. A. (ed) Encyclopaedia of
Biodiversity. Volume 2 D-FI. London: Academic Press
In-text example:
(Ghiselin 2001)
As suggested by Ghiselin (2001)….

Exhibition catalogues

7

Cite and reference Exhibition Catalogues in the same format as a book. However, if the exhibition
catalogue has no author, use the title of the gallery or museum.
Format:
Author - Surname, Initials. or Gallery/Museum name. (ed.) or (eds.)-in brackets for editor(s) (Year of
publication - in brackets). Catalogue Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if
Reed, P. (2005). Groundswell: constructing the contemporary landscape: published on the occasion of
the exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, 25th February – 16 May 2005. New York:
Museum of Modern Art.
Museum of Modern Art. (2006). Edvard Munch: the modern life of the soul: published on the occasion
of the exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, New York 17 February – 8 May 2006 with an
introduction by Kynaston McShine. New York: Museum of Modern Art.
In-text examples:
(Reed, 2005)
(Museum of Modern Art. 2006)
As Reed (2005) suggests…….
As the Museum of Modern Art (2006) exhibition highlights……

Film on video/DVD
Format:
Title - in italics or underlined. (Year of distribution - in brackets). Format type i.e. film, animated film.
Directed by – name of directors. [Material type – in square brackets]. Place of distribution: Distribution
Company.
Requiem for a Dream. (2000). Film. Directed by Darren Aronofsky. [DVD]. UK: Momentum Pictures
Chicken Run. (2000). Animated Film. Directed by Peter Lord and Nick Park. [VHS] UK: Pathe
Distribution.
In-text example:
If you refer to a film in the body of your work, the title will need to be underlined or placed in italics:
(Chicken Run, 2000)
…this is highlighted by Harry’s character in the film Requiem for a Dream (2000).

Image in a book
Images, art work, graphs and charts from books are not referenced in the same way as book chapters.
In-text you need to mention the image or art work and the page number, but in the Bibliography you
will need to reference the source (book, etc.) where you found the image, art work, etc.
Bibliography format:
If you refer to an image in your work from a book, for example a photograph from the following book,
you will need to reference the source (book) where the item can be found:
Fish, J. (2004). Photographs and Art. London: Fish and Sons.
In-text:
In-text references to works of art, images, etc. in a book are highlighted in the text by italics or
underlining the title of the work and following it with the (surname of the author, Year of Publication, p.
– followed by page number where the image can be located – in brackets)
The photograph Night time by Bloggs in 2001 (Fish. 2004. p.67) shows.....
This was highlighted in Blogg’s Night time (Fish. 2004. p. 67).

Interview (you have conducted)
8

Format:
Name of person interviewed - Surname, Initials. (Year of interview – in brackets). Title of interview –
in italics or underlined. [Interview – medium of source]. Date the interview was conducted.
Hatton, A. (2008). Development of library support for early years students. [Interview] 24th April
2008.
In-text example:
(Hatton, 2008)
..as indicated by Hatton (2008)
Interview (recorded)
Format:
Name of person interviewed - Surname, Initials. (Year of interview – in brackets). Interview with
Author and Date – in italics of underlined.. Place of interview. [Cassette recording in possession of
author]
Hatton, A. (2008). Interview with A.Hatton on 15th April 2008. Stoke on Trent. [Cassette recording in
possession of author]
In-text example:
(Hatton, 2008)
….as noted by Hatton (2008)

Journal article (printed journal article)
Printed article format:
Author(s) - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication – in brackets). Title of article. Title of journal - in
italics or underlined. Volume number. (Part number/month – in brackets). P. followed by page
numbers.
Trefts, K. & Blaksee, S. (2000). Did you hear the one about Boolean operators? Incorporating comedy
into library instruction. Reference Services Review. 28 (4) p. 369-378.
In-text example:
(Trefts & Blaksee 2000)
This supports Trefts & Blaksee’s (2000) evidence that……

Journal article (online/electronic journal article)
Online article format:
italics or underlined. [Online – in square brackets] Volume number. (Part number/month – n brackets).
P followed by page numbers. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]
Wilson, J. (1995). Enter the cyberpunk librarian: future directions in cyberspace. Library Review
[Online] 44 (8) p.63-72. Available from: http://www.emeraldinsight.com [Accessed 30/01/2008]
In-text example:
(Wilson, J. 1995)
According to Wilson (1995)….
“direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author’s Surname. Year of Publication, p. –

Law Reports
When referencing Law Reports, square brackets are used for the year of publication when the date is
essential for finding the report. Round brackets are used when the date is an assistance to when a case
was reported in law reports which also have continuous volume numbers.
Format:
Names of parties – in italics. [Year – in square brackets or round brackets – see above]. Date and/or
volume – if available and abbreviated name of the report and number of first page.
Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech AHA. [1986]. A.C. 112
Parkinson v Axon. (1951). 2 K.B. 678
In-text example:
As highlighted in Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech AHA [1986]
Parkinson v Axon [1951] indicated that….
9

Lecture
Format:
Name of Lecturer – Surname, Initials. (Year of lecture – in brackets). Title of lecture – in italics or
underlined. [Lecture]. Title of Module. Name of teaching organisation, Department, the location and
date.
Fish, J. (2007). Future of Information, [Lecture] Academic Futures. Information Management Module.
Staffordshire University, Library, Room OX33, 18th July.
In-text examples
(Fish, J. 2007)
As indicated by Fish (2007)

Lecture Notes
Provide as much detail as possible if you are referencing from Lecture notes and/or handouts.
Format:
Name of Lecturer - Surname, Initials. (Year of Lecture – in brackets). Title of Lecture, Module Code -
capitalised, [Lecture notes or handouts in square brackets] Title of Lecture notes distributed – in italics
or underlined. Title of Module. Name of teaching organisation, Department, the location, date.
Fish, J. (2007). Future of Information, CC-FOINFOY2. [Lecture notes] Academic Futures. Information
Management Module. Staffordshire University, Library, Room OX33, 18th July.
In-text examples
(Fish, J. 2007)
As indicated by Fish (2007)

Maps
Format:
Author/Originator/cartographer of map - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication – in brackets). Title of
map in italics or underlined. Sheet number – if available. Scale details. Series – if available. Place of
Publication: Publisher. Series – if available
Ordnance Survey. (1956). Map of Roman Britain, Scale sixteen miles to one inch. Southampton:
Ordnance Survey.
In-text example:
(Ordnance Survey, 1956)
As can be seen in the Map of Roman Britain (Ordnance Survey, 1956)

Market Survey report (printed)
Format:
Author - Surname, Initials. or corporate author/research group. (Year of publication - in brackets)
Report Title including dates and series if available - in italics or underlined. Edition - if not the first.
Place of Publication: Publisher.
Mintel (2008). Pizza and Pasta Restaurants - UK. London: Mintel
In-text example:
(Mintel 2002)
The trends highlighted by Mintel (2002)
Market Survey Report (online /electronic)
Online format:
Author - Surname, Initials. or corporate author/research group. (Year of publication - in brackets)
Report Title including dates and series if available - in italics or underlined [Online – in square
brackets]. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher. Available from - URL. [Accessed:
followed by the date – in square brackets]
Mintel (2007). Leisure Venue Catering UK March 2007 [online]. London: Mintel. Available from
http://academic.mintel.com/ [Accessed: 25/04/2008]
In-text format:
10

(Mintel 2007)
As highlighted by Mintel (2007)

Microform (microfiche or microfilm)
Books, journals and newspapers are sometime stored in a microform format i.e. microfilm or
microfiche. If you are referencing from a microform you should reference the item as per the original,
i.e. as a book, journal or newspaper, but indicate that the medium is microfilm or microfiche after the
title of the item.
Format:
Book on microfilm/microfiche:
Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.)-in brackets for editor(s). (Year of publication - in brackets)
Book Title - in italics or underlined. [Microfiche or Microfilm – in square brackets]. Series title and
volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Journal of microfilm/microfiche:
italics or underlined.
Obnli[Microfiche or Microfilm – in square brackets] Volume number. (Part number/month – in
brackets). Page numbers.
Newspaper on microfilm/microfiche:
Author (Surname, Initials). (Year of publication - in brackets). Title of Article. Title of Newspaper (in
italics or underlined). [Microfilm or Microfiche – in square brackets] Day and month of article. Page
number – if available.
Fictional Bibliography examples:
Chanel, G. B. (1967). Coco Chanel designs. [Microfilm]. Paris: Chanel
Fred, B. (1967). The Designs of Coco Chanel. Journal of Design. [Microfiche]. Vol.1. (2). pp. 24-29.
Jones, G. (1967). The Designs of Coco Chanel. The Paris Daily. [Microfilm] 26th May. p. 10.
In-text example:
(Chanel 1967)
(Fred 1967)
(Jones 1967)
As indicated by Chanel (1967)
“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author’s Surname. Year of Publication, p. –

Music scores
Musical scores are treated the same as referencing a book.
Format:
Originator of score – Surname, Initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title of score – in italics or
underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Nyman, M. (2003). Pieces from the Piano (Pocket Manual) (Sheet Music). UK: Music Sales Ltd
In-text example:
(Nyman 2003)

Newspaper article (printed article)
Format:
Author of the article - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title of Article. Title of
Newspaper - in italics or underlined. Day and month of article. Page number of article - if available.
Randerson, J. (2008). Researchers find fish that can count up to four. The Guardian. 26th February.
p.14
In-text Example:
(Randerson, 2008)
Randerson’s (2008) article indicates that….

Newspaper article (online / electronic article)
Format:

11

Author of the article - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title of Article. Title of
Newspaper - in italics or underlined. [Online]. Day and month of article. Page number of article - if
available. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]
Randerson, J. (2008). Researchers find fish that can count up to four. The Guardian. 26th February.
p.14. Available from: http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk. [Accessed: 22nd May 2008]
In-text example:
(Randerson, 2008)
Randerson’s (2008) article indicates that….

Newspaper article (no author)
If there is no author present, use the title of the newspaper – in italics of underlined to start your
reference.
Format:
Title of Newspaper – in italics of underlined. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title of Article. Day and
month of article. Page number of article - if available.
The Guardian. (1987). Exploration of the Coast. Nov 24th.
In-text example:
(The Guardian, 1987)
The Guardian (1987) article indicates that….

Newspaper Cartoon
Format:
Name of Cartoonist. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title of Cartoon. [Cartoon] Title of Newspaper -
in italics or underlined. Day and month of cartoon. Page number of cartoon - if available.
Bateman, A. (2008). What a Political battle. [Cartoon] East Coast Independent. 14th April 2008. p6
In-text example:
(Bateman 2008)
…as depicted in Bateman’s (2008) cartoon.
No Author/Anonymous
For publications without individual authors use Anon instead of the author’s name. However, if you are
referring to a newspaper article without an author, replace anon with the title of the Newspaper.
Format:
Anon. (Year of publication - in brackets). Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume -
if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Anon. (2002). Atlas of Anatomy. Cobham, Surrey: Taj Books.
In-text example:
Human anatomy can be seen in this way (Anon 2002)

No publication date
Format:
If the item you are referencing has no publication date or only an approximate or dubious date, use
the following information to best describe the item:
• If there is no date available use the abbreviation (n.d.) in brackets
• If there is only an approximate date available precede the approximate date with a lowercase c. (for
circa). in brackets, for example (c.1903).
Dundee City Art Gallery and Museum. (n.d.) Dundee Tiles 1880-1930. Dundee: Dundee City Art Gallery
and Museum.
Roosevelt, T. (c.1886). Thomas Hart Benton. Boston and New York: Houghton-Mifflin and Company.
In-text example:
(Dundee City Art Gallery and Museum. n.d.)
This was shown at the exhibition hosted at the Dundee City Art Gallery and Museum (n.d.)

Official publications
12

Format:
Country. Name of Committee, Department or Royal Commission (Year of publication – in brackets)
Title of publication - in italics or underlined. Place of Publication: Publisher. (Paper number – if
available in brackets).
Great Britain. Healthcare Commission, Audit Commission for Local Authorities in England and Wales.
National Audit Office. (2006). Tackling Child Obesity: First Steps. London: Stationery Office.
Great Britain. Department of Health. (1995). London’s Ambulance Service: Government response to
the Second Report from the Health Committee Session 1994-95. London: H.M.S.O (Cm 3009)
In-text example:
(Great Britain. Healthcare Commission, Audit Commission for Local Authorities in England and Wales.
National Audit Office. 2006).
Statistics from the Great Britain Healthcare Commission, Audit Commission for Local Authorities in
England and Wales. National Audit Office. (2006) show that………
(Great Britain. Department of Health. 1995).
As indicated by the Great Britain Department of Health (1995)

Online video
Online video citation should commence with the name of the originator (screen name) or organisation
which produced the online video.
Format:
Originator or Screen name of the online video. – Surname, initials or organisation if no named person
is available. (Year of distribution - in brackets). Title of Online Video – in italics or underlined. If
available indicate the Number and/ or title if part of a series. [Online video –in square brackets]. Date
of the online video. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]
Berkeley University of California Events, Ucberkeleyevents. (2007). Building Academic Library 2.0.
[Online Video]. November 19th. Available from:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_uOKFhoznI. [Accessed: May 19th 2008]
In-text
If you refer to an online video in the body of your work, the title will need to be underlined or placed in
italics:
…as can be seen in Berkeley’s presentation Building Academic Library 2.0 (2007)

Original works of Art
Material types can include: paintings, photographs, illustrations, ceramics, cartoons, drawing, etchings,
sculptures, woodcut, etc. Your reference should state the artist’s name, its title and where the item can
be located or viewed. If no name is available, use the title of the piece – in italics or underlined as the
first element of the reference.
Format:
Artist – surname, initials. (Year – in brackets). Title of artwork – in italics or underlined, [Material type
– in square brackets]. Title of Art Gallery, Museum etc, Location or City
Broom, S. (2002). Daylight. [Photograph]. Manor Art Gallery, Manchester.
Cedar, M. (1938). Mars at Night. [Sculpture]. Manor Art Gallery, Manchester.
In-text example:
(Broom. 2002)
…highlighted by Cedar’s Mars at Night (1938)

Plays (published)
If you are referring to the printed publication/script of a play, emphasis is given to the author first and
the play is referenced as a book (see example):
Format:
Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title of Play- in italics or underlined.
[Play – in square brackets]. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Osborne, J. (1957). Look Back in Anger. [Play]. London: Faber and Faber
In-text example:
(Osborne, 1957)
…supported by Osborne’s (1957) play Look Back in Anger…

13

“Direct quotations from a play are placed in double quotations marks” (playwrights’ Surname, followed
by Year of Publication, Act, Scene and/or page number – in brackets)

Plays (performance)
If you refer to production and performance elements of a play that you have viewed within your
assignment, your reference will need to give emphasis to the title of the play first (see examples)
Format:
Title of Play- in italics or underlined. By Author. (Year of publication - in brackets). [Play – in square
brackets]. Production date, Theatre and Place of performance: Performers names. Director.
A Round of Applause. By Harry Green. (2006). [Play]. First Produced 18th June. Round Theatre, Burns
Wood. Performers: I. Bloggs & S. Jones. Director: Harry Green.

Podcast
Podcast citations should commence with the name of the originator or organisation which produced the
podcast.
Format:
Originator of podcast – Surname, initials or organisation if no named person is available. (Year of
distribution - in brackets). Title of Podcast – in italics or underlined. Number and/or title of the episode
– if needed. [Online – in square brackets]. Date of the Podcast. Available from - URL. [Accessed:
followed by date in square brackets]
BBC Radio 4. (2008). Material World: Severn Barrage & Palaeopathology introduced by Quentin
Cooper. [Online]. Thursday 15th May. Available from:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/thematerialworld.shtml. [Accessed: 19th May 2008]
In-text example:
If you refer to a podcast in the body of your work, the title will need to be underlined or placed in
italics:
…examined in BBC Radio 4’s podcast Material World: Severn Barrage & Palaeopathology (2008)

Poem (from an anthology)
Poems are not referenced in the same way as book chapters. In-text you need to mention the poem
and poet and page number, but in the Bibliography you will need to reference the source (book, etc.)
where you found the poem.
Format:
Fictitious Bibliography example:
If you refer to a poem in your work from a book, for example a poem from the following book, you will
need to reference the source (book) where the poem can be found:
Fish, J. (2004). The Art of Poetry. London: Fish and Sons.
In-text:
The poem Spring Time by Bloggs (Fish. 2004. p.67) shows.....
This was highlighted in Bloggs’ Spring Time (Fish. 2004. p.67).

Punctuation (when using Harvard)
Punctuation can vary when using Harvard. Hence you might find that some Harvard references will
have complete full stops after each part of the reference and some may not. The generally accepted
rule when using Harvard is to be consistent with your style and use of punctuation throughout your
assignment. For further information or assistance, please refer to:
published material. Milton Keynes: BSI
British Standards Institute. (2000). BS5261-1:2000. Copy Preparation and Proof Correction. Design
and Layout of Documents. Milton Keynes: BSI
Neville, C. (2007). The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism. Open UP Study Skills.
Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Pears, R & Shields, G. (2006). Cite Them Right: The Essential Guide to Referencing and Plagiarism.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Northumbria University Press.

14

Radio Broadcast
As Radio broadcasts are the production of a collection of individuals, they should be cited using the title
of the broadcast first. For programmes within a series, the episode should also be indicated after the
series title.
Format:
Title - in italics or underlined. Number and/or title of the episode – if needed. (Year of distribution - in
brackets). Name of broadcaster. Broadcast or transmission date
It’s Not Just about the Music. 1968 Season. (2008). BBC Radio 4. Thursday 10th April.
In-text example:
If you refer to a radio broadcast in the body of your work, the title will need to be underlined or placed
in italics:
…highlighted in It’s Not Just about the Music (2008)…

Secondary Referencing using Harvard
What is Secondary Referencing?
Secondary referencing occurs when you are reading a book or journal article whose author uses facts
or information from research done by someone else, and you want to use this to support your own
assignment.
How to Secondary Reference
There are 2 ways that you can approach a secondary reference:
1. You locate the original research so that you can read, use and cite directly from this original
source. This is often the preferred method as this shows that you have exercised and increased
your own research for your assignment.
2. In some instances this may not be possible as the original research may be difficult to find or
gain access to. If you are confident that this secondary source is reliable and accurate you can
refer to it in your own work using the Harvard rules for secondary referencing (see below for
examples)
In-text example:
If you have read the book ‘Modern Organisations’ by Bill Jones (2007) and he refers to another author,
Jean Smith and her ideas of ‘organisational devolution’ (1987) and you want to include Smith’s ideas,
using the Harvard system your citation must indicate that you have used a secondary source and not
the original work undertaken by Smith.
Jean Smith (1987), as summarized by Jones (2007) highlights the application of ‘organisational
devolution’ to result in……….
Or
Smith’s (1987) ‘organisational devolution’ indicates this possibility (in Jones 2007, p. 45)
When using the Harvard system in terms of secondary referencing your Bibliography only needs to give
the details of the source that you have read for the assignment. Using the example above, you would
refer to the main text (Jones 2007)
Jones, B (2007). Modern Organisations. London: Routledge

Sound recording – audio CD, Cassette, Vinyl Records
Format:
Artist/Originator of recording – Surname, initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title-in italics or
underlined [Material type–in square brackets]. Place of Distribution: Distribution Company.
Dylan, Bob. (2001). Love and Theft [CD] UK. Columbia Recordings.
In-text example:
If you refer to the title of a recording in the body of your work, the title will need to be underlined or
placed in italics:
(Dylan, 2001)
…as influenced by Dylan’s Love and Theft (2001)…

Statutes (Acts of Parliament) - UK
15

Format:
Country. Name of Act: Name of Sovereign. Chapter Number – in italics or underlined. (Year of
Publication – in brackets). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Great Britain. Human Rights Act 1998: Elizabeth ll. Chapter 42. (1998). London: The Stationery Office
In-text example:
The Human Rights Act 1998 indicated that……
Statutory Instruments - UK
Format:
Name and date of Statutory Instrument – in italics or underlined. (SI number – in brackets)
The Rural Development (Enforcement) (England) Regulations 2007. (SI 2007/75)
The Air Quality Standards Regulations 2007. (SI 2007/64)
In-text example:
The Air Quality Standards Regulations 2007 indicated that……
(The Rural Development (Enforcement) (England) Regulations 2007)

Television broadcast
As Television broadcasts are the production of a collection of individuals, they should be cited using the
title of the broadcast first. For programmes within a series, the episode should also be indicated after
the series title.
Format:
Series title – in italics or underlined. Number and/or title of the episode – if needed. (Year of
distribution - in brackets). Transmitting organisation and channel, full date and time of transmission.
Panorama. The Challenge of the Sixties. (2008). BBC4. Thursday 15th May.
In-text example:
If you refer to a television broadcast in the body of your work, the title will need to be underlined or
placed in italics:
(Panorama. The Challenge of the Sixties 2008)
…examined in Panorama’s The Challenge of the Sixties (2008)

Thesis
Format:
Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of submission - in brackets) Title of Thesis - in italics or underlined.
Degree statement. Degree Awarding Body. Location: Name of University.
Barnes, D. L. (2000). An Investigation into the Process of Formation of Operations Strategy in Small
Manufacturing Companies. A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the Requirements of Staffordshire
University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Stoke-on-Trent: Staffordshire University.
In-text example:
(Barnes 2000)
…indicated by Barnes (2000)

Unpublished Work
Format:
Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Item title – in italics or underlined.
Unpublished.
Brick, C. (2002). The Local. Unpublished.
In-text example:
(Brick, C. 2002)
This was the conclusion supported by Brick (2002)

UK Bills (House of Commons or House of Lords)
16

Format:
Name and year of Bill. House of Parliament from which the bill originated in abbreviation format i.e.
House of Lords = HL or House of Commons = HC, any relevant section numbers, if available, (number
of the Bill – in brackets)
Climate Change Bill 2007-08. HL Bill (9)
In-text example:
As can be seen in the Climate Change Bill 2007-08….

Website
Format:
Author – Surname, initials or name of website if no author is available. (Year - in brackets). Title of
website – in italics or underlined. Any numbers if website is part of a series – if needed. [Online –in
square brackets]. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]
BBC News (2008) Factory Gloom worst since 1980 [Online]. Available from:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7681569.stm [Accessed: 21 October 2008]
In-text example:
(BBC News 2008)
…as reported on BBC News (2008)

Website – Web document
Format:
Author of web document – Surname, initials or name of website if no author is available. (Year - in
brackets). Title of web document – in italics or underlined. Any numbers as indicated on the web
document, i.e. if part of a series - if needed. [Online –in square brackets]. Date of document – if
specified. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]
English Heritage. (2005). Wind Energy and the Historic Environment. [Online]. October 2005. Available
from: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/upload/pdf/Wind_Energy_(final).pdf. [Accessed: 20th May
2008
In-text example:
(English Heritage. 2008)
…as indicated by English Heritage in their report Wind Energy and the Historic Environment (2005)

Wikis
Format:
Name of Wiki. (Year - in brackets). Title of Wiki – in italics or underlined. [Online –in square brackets].
Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]
Subject Wiki for Geography Library Resources - Staffordshire University. (2007). [Online]. Available
from: http://crwnwiki1.staffs.ac.uk/subjectwiki/index.php/Geography. [Accessed: 19th May 2008]
In-text example:
If you refer to a Wiki in the body of your work, the title will need to be underlined or placed in italics:
(Subject Wiki for Geography Library Resources – Staffordshire University. 2007)

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share
Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License. To view a copy of this license, visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

17

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