HBase Advanced - Lars George
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The document presents advanced HBase architecture and schema design principles, emphasizing the importance of region-based data storage and management. It covers essential components such as region servers, memory stores, compactions, and key design strategies to optimize read and write performance. Key recommendations include using few column families, employing intelligent key design, and considering the use of denormalization and duplication to overcome architectural limitations for better scalability and efficiency.
![HBase Tables
• Tables are sorted by Row in lexicographical order
• Table schema only defines its column families
• Each family consists of any number of columns
• Each column consists of any number of versions
• Columns only exist when inserted, NULLs are free
• Columns within a family are sorted and stored
together
• Everything except table names are byte[]
(Table, Row, Family:Column, Timestamp) -> Value](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hbaseadvanced-jaxuk-oct2012-121022074900-phpapp02/85/HBase-Advanced-Lars-George-10-320.jpg)
HBase Advanced - Lars George
- 1. ADVANCED HBASE Architecture and Schema Design JAX UK, October 2012 Lars George Director EMEA Services
- 2. About Me • Director EMEA Services @ Cloudera • Consulting on Hadoop projects (everywhere) • Apache Committer • HBase and Whirr • O’Reilly Author • HBase – The Definitive Guide • Now in Japanese! • Contact • lars@cloudera.com 日本語版も出ました! • @larsgeorge
- 3. Agenda • HBase Architecture • Schema Design
- 5. HBase Tables
- 6. HBase Tables
- 7. HBase Tables
- 8. HBase Tables and Regions • Table is made up of any number if regions • Region is specified by its startKey and endKey • Empty table: (Table, NULL, NULL) • Two-region table: (Table, NULL, “com.cloudera.www”) and (Table, “com.cloudera.www”, NULL) • Each region may live on a different node and is made up of several HDFS files and blocks, each of which is replicated by Hadoop
- 9. Distribution
- 10. HBase Tables • Tables are sorted by Row in lexicographical order • Table schema only defines its column families • Each family consists of any number of columns • Each column consists of any number of versions • Columns only exist when inserted, NULLs are free • Columns within a family are sorted and stored together • Everything except table names are byte[] (Table, Row, Family:Column, Timestamp) -> Value
- 12. HBase Architecture (cont.) • HBase uses HDFS (or similar) as its reliable storage layer • Handles checksums, replication, failover • Native Java API, Gateway for REST, Thrift, Avro • Master manages cluster • RegionServer manage data • ZooKeeper is used the “neural network” • Crucial for HBase • Bootstraps and coordinates cluster
- 13. HBase Architecture (cont.) • Based on Log-Structured Merge-Trees (LSM-Trees) • Inserts are done in write-ahead log first • Data is stored in memory and flushed to disk on regular intervals or based on size • Small flushes are merged in the background to keep number of files small • Reads read memory stores first and then disk based files second • Deletes are handled with “tombstone” markers • Atomicity on row level no matter how many columns • keeps locking model easy
- 14. MemStores • After data is written to the WAL the RegionServer saves KeyValues in memory store • Flush to disk based on size, see hbase.hregion.memstore.flush.size • Default size is 64MB • Uses snapshot mechanism to write flush to disk while still serving from it and accepting new data at the same time • Snapshots are released when flush has succeeded
- 15. Compactions • General Concepts • Two types: Minor and Major Compactions • Asynchronous and transparent to client • Manage file bloat from MemStore flushes • Minor Compactions • Combine last “few” flushes • Triggered by number of storage files • Major Compactions • Rewrite all storage files • Drop deleted data and those values exceeding TTL and/or number of versions • Triggered by time threshold • Cannot be scheduled automatically starting at a specific time (bummer!) • May (most definitely) tax overall HDFS IO performance Tip: Disable major compactions and schedule to run manually (e.g. cron) at off-peak times
- 16. Block Cache • Acts as very large, in-memory distributed cache • Assigned a large part of the JVM heap in the RegionServer process, see hfile.block.cache.size • Optimizes reads on subsequent columns and rows • Has priority to keep “in-memory” column families in cache if(inMemory) { this.priority = BlockPriority.MEMORY; } else { this.priority = BlockPriority.SINGLE; } • Cache needs to be used properly to get best read performance • Turn off block cache on operations that cause large churn • Store related data “close” to each other • Uses LRU cache with threaded (asynchronous) evictions based on priorities
- 17. Region Splits • Triggered by configured maximum file size of any store file • This is checked directly after the compaction call to ensure store files are actually approaching the threshold • Runs as asynchronous thread on RegionServer • Splits are fast and nearly instant • Reference files point to original region files and represent each half of the split • Compactions take care of splitting original files into new region directories
- 18. Auto Sharding
- 19. Auto Sharding and Distribution • Unit of scalability in HBase is the Region • Sorted, contiguous range of rows • Spread “randomly” across RegionServer • Moved around for load balancing and failover • Split automatically or manually to scale with growing data • Capacity is solely a factor of cluster nodes vs. regions per node
- 20. Column Family vs. Column • Use only a few column families • Causes many files that need to stay open per region plus class overhead per family • Best used when logical separation between data and meta columns • Sorting per family can be used to convey application logic or access pattern
- 21. Storage Separation • Column Families allow for separation of data • Used by Columnar Databases for fast analytical queries, but on column level only • Allows different or no compression depending on the content type • Segregate information based on access pattern • Data is stored in one or more storage file, called HFiles
- 22. Column Families
- 23. SCHEMA DESIGN
- 24. Key Cardinality
- 25. Key Cardinality • The best performance is gained from using row keys • Time range bound reads can skip store files • So can Bloom Filters • Selecting column families reduces the amount of data to be scanned • Pure value based filtering is a full table scan • Filters often are too, but reduce network traffic
- 26. Fold, Store, and Shift
- 27. Fold, Store, and Shift • Logical layout does not match physical one • All values are stored with the full coordinates, including: Row Key, Column Family, Column Qualifier, and Timestamp • Folds columns into “row per column” • NULLs are cost free as nothing is stored • Versions are multiple “rows” in folded table
- 28. Key/Table Design • Crucial to gain best performance • Why do I need to know? Well, you also need to know that RDBMS is only working well when columns are indexed and query plan is OK • Absence of secondary indexes forces use of row key or column name sorting • Transfer multiple indexes into one • Generate large table -> Good since fits architecture and spreads across cluster
- 29. DDI • Stands for Denormalization, Duplication and Intelligent Keys • Needed to overcome shortcomings of architecture • Denormalization -> Replacement for JOINs • Duplication -> Design for reads • Intelligent Keys -> Implement indexing and sorting, optimize reads
- 30. Pre-materialize Everything • Achieve one read per customer request if possible • Otherwise keep at lowest number • Reads between 10ms (cache miss) and 1ms (cache hit) • Use MapReduce to compute exacts in batch • Store and merge updates live • Use incrementColumnValue Motto: “Design for Reads”
- 31. Tall-Narrow vs. Flat-Wide Tables • Rows do not split • Might end up with one row per region • Same storage footprint • Put more details into the row key • Sometimes dummy column only • Make use of partial key scans • Tall with Scans, Wide with Gets • Atomicity only on row level • Example: Large graphs, stored as adjacency matrix
- 32. Example: Mail Inbox <userId> : <colfam> : <messageId> : <timestamp> : <email-message> 12345 : data : 5fc38314-e290-ae5da5fc375d : 1307097848 : "Hi Lars, ..." 12345 : data : 725aae5f-d72e-f90f3f070419 : 1307099848 : "Welcome, and ..." 12345 : data : cc6775b3-f249-c6dd2b1a7467 : 1307101848 : "To Whom It ..." 12345 : data : dcbee495-6d5e-6ed48124632c : 1307103848 : "Hi, how are ..." or 12345-5fc38314-e290-ae5da5fc375d : data : : 1307097848 : "Hi Lars, ..." 12345-725aae5f-d72e-f90f3f070419 : data : : 1307099848 : "Welcome, and ..." 12345-cc6775b3-f249-c6dd2b1a7467 : data : : 1307101848 : "To Whom It ..." 12345-dcbee495-6d5e-6ed48124632c : data : : 1307103848 : "Hi, how are ..." è Same Storage Requirements
- 33. Partial Key Scans Key Descrip+on <userId> Scan over all messages for a given user ID <userId>-<date> Scan over all messages on a given date for the given user ID <userId>-<date>-<messageId> Scan over all parts of a message for a given user ID and date <userId>-<date>-<messageId>-<attachmentId> Scan over all a8achments of a message for a given user ID and date
- 34. Sequential Keys <timestamp><more key>: {CF: {CQ: {TS : Val}}} • Hotspotting on Regions: bad! • Instead do one of the following: • Salting • Prefix <timestamp> with distributed value • Binning or bucketing rows across regions • Key field swap/promotion • Move <more key> before the timestamp (see OpenTSDB later) • Randomization • Move <timestamp> out of key
- 35. Salting • Prefix row keys to gain spread • Use well known or numbered prefixes • Use modulo to spread across servers • Enforce common data stay close to each other for subsequent scanning or MapReduce processing 0_rowkey1, 1_rowkey2, 2_rowkey3 0_rowkey4, 1_rowkey5, 2_rowkey6 • Sorted by prefix first 0_rowkey1 0_rowkey4 1_rowkey2 1_rowkey5 …
- 36. Hashing vs. Sequential Keys • Uses hashes for best spread • Use for example MD5 to be able to recreate key • Key = MD5(customerID) • Counter productive for range scans • Use sequential keys for locality • Makes use of block caches • May tax one server overly, may be avoided by salting or splitting regions while keeping them small
- 37. Key Design
- 38. Key Design Summary • Based on access pattern, either use sequential or random keys • Often a combination of both is needed • Overcome architectural limitations • Neither is necessarily bad • Use bulk import for sequential keys and reads • Random keys are good for random access patterns
- 39. Example: Facebook Insights • > 20B Events per Day • 1M Counter Updates per Second • 100 Nodes Cluster • 10K OPS per Node • ”Like” button triggers AJAX request • Event written to log file • 30mins current for website owner Web ➜ Scribe ➜ Ptail ➜ Puma ➜ HBase
- 40. HBase Counters • Store counters per Domain and per URL • Leverage HBase increment (atomic read-modify- write) feature • Each row is one specific Domain or URL • The columns are the counters for specific metrics • Column families are used to group counters by time range • Set time-to-live on CF level to auto-expire counters by age to save space, e.g., 2 weeks on “Daily Counters” family
- 41. Key Design • Reversed Domains • Examples: “com.cloudera.www”, “com.cloudera.blog” • Helps keeping pages per site close, as HBase efficiently scans blocks of sorted keys • Domain Row Key = MD5(Reversed Domain) + Reversed Domain • Leading MD5 hash spreads keys randomly across all regions for load balancing reasons • Only hashing the domain groups per site (and per subdomain if needed) • URL Row Key = MD5(Reversed Domain) + Reversed Domain + URL ID • Unique ID per URL already available, make use of it
- 42. Insights Schema
- 43. Summary • Design for Use-Case • Read, Write, or Both? • Avoid Hotspotting • Consider using IDs instead of full text • Leverage Column Family to HFile relation • Shift details to appropriate position • Composite Keys • Column Qualifiers
- 44. Summary (cont.) • Schema design is a combination of • Designing the keys (row and column) • Segregate data into column families • Choose compression and block sizes • Similar techniques are needed to scale most systems • Add indexes, partition data, consistent hashing • Denormalization, Duplication, and Intelligent Keys (DDI)
- 45. Ques+ons?