HCI-Presentation-Autosaved.pdf.reporting
- 2. The Human In 1983, Card, Moran and Newell described the Model Human Processor: a simplified view of the human processing involved in interacting with computer systems. MHP comprises 3 subsystems: the perceptual system, the motor system and the cognitive system. Each of them has a processor and memory. MHP also includes a number of Principles of operation which dictate the behavior of the system under certain conditions
- 3. Perceptual System The perceptual system is responsible for receiving and interpreting sensory information from the environment. It encompasses all the sensory organs and the neural pathways that carry sensory input to the brain, where it is processed and perceived. Sensory Reception • Detects the environment through senses such as vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. Information Processing • Converts sensory inputs into meaningful information that the brain can interpret. Perception Formation • Creates a coherent picture of the environment, allowing individuals to recognize objects, events, and other sensory experiences. Examples: • Seeing a red traffic light and recognizing it means "stop." • Hearing a ringtone and identifying it as a phone call.
- 4. Motor System The motor system is responsible for planning, controlling, and executing voluntary and involuntary movements. It includes the muscles, neurons, and brain regions involved in motor control and coordination. Motor Planning Formulates plans for movement based on sensory input and cognitive decisions. Motor Execution Carries out movements through muscle contractions. Coordination and Control Ensures smooth, coordinated movements and maintains balance and posture. Examples: •Typing on a keyboard. •Catching a ball.
- 5. Cognitive System The cognitive system is responsible for mental processes such as thinking, learning, memory, problem-solving, decision-making, and language comprehension. It involves higher-order brain functions that enable reasoning and understanding Information Processing Formulates plans for movement based on sensory input and cognitive decisions. Memory Storage and Retrieval Carries out movements through muscle contractions. Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Ensures smooth, coordinated movements and maintains balance and posture. Learning and Adaptation Acquires new knowledge and skills and adapts to new situations. Examples: •Solving a math problem. •Recalling a friend's phone number. •Planning a route to a destination.
- 6. Input –Output Channel In interaction with a computer, the human input is the data output by the computer vice versa. Input in humans occurs mainly through the senses and output through the motor controls of the effectors. Vision, hearing and touch are the most important senses in HCI. The fingers, voice, eyes, head and body position are the primary effectors.
- 7. Human Input Channels Human input channels are the sensory pathways through which humans receive information from the computer.
- 8. 1. Vision Role: The primary input channel for most computer interactions. Function: Allows users to perceive and interpret visual information displayed on screens, such as text, images, and videos. Examples: Reading text on a monitor, watching a video tutorial, recognizing icons and symbols
- 9. 2. Hearing Role: An important channel for receiving auditory information. Function: Enables users to process sounds, such as alerts, notifications, and spoken instructions. Examples: Listening to a notification sound, understanding spoken commands from a voice assistant, following an audio guide.
- 10. 3. Touch Role: feedback and interaction with physical devices. Function: Allows users to physically interact with input devices, such as keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and haptic feedback systems. Examples: Typing on a keyboard, swiping on a touchscreen, feeling vibrations from a haptic feedback device.
- 11. Human Output Channels Human output channels are the pathways through which humans send commands and responses to the computer
- 12. 1. Fingers and Hands Definition: The use of fingers and hands to perform tasks. Role in HCI: Used for precise control and manipulation of input devices. Examples: Typing on a keyboard, using a mouse, navigating a touchscreen interface.
- 13. 2. Voice Definition: The use of spoken language to communicate. Role in HCI: Enables hands-free interaction and control. Examples: Using a voice assistant, dictating text, voice- controlled gaming.
- 14. 3. Eyes •Definition: The use of gaze direction to interact. •Role in HCI: Enables gaze-based interaction and tracking. •Examples: Eye-tracking for cursor control, gaze- based selection in virtual reality environments.
- 15. 4. Head and Body Position •Definition: The movement and positioning of the head and body. •Role in HCI: Facilitates orientation and control in immersive environments. •Examples: Head movements to navigate in VR, adjusting the view in augmented reality.
- 16. Human memory Human memory is the mental capacity to store, retain, and recall information and experiences. It is a fundamental aspect of cognition, enabling individuals to learn from the past, navigate the present, and plan for the future. Human memory is typically divided into three main types:
- 17. 1. Sensory Memory Sensory memory is the briefest form of memory, lasting only a few seconds. It holds sensory information (such as sights, sounds, and textures) just long enough for it to be transferred to short-term memory. Examples: •The afterimage you see when you close your eyes after looking at a bright light. •The lingering sound of a bell after it has stopped ringing.
- 18. 2. Short-Term Memory (Working Memory) Definition: Short-term memory, also known as working memory, temporarily holds information that we are currently thinking about or processing. It has a limited capacity, typically holding around 7 items for about 20-30 seconds. Examples: •Recalling a phone number just long enough to enter it into your contacts. •Remembering the details of a conversation that just happened.
- 19. 3. Long-Term Memory Long-term memory stores information over extended periods, ranging from hours to a lifetime. It has a vast capacity and can retain a variety of information, including facts, experiences, and skills. Examples: •Recalling your first day at school. •Knowing how to ride a bicycle. •Remembering the capital of a country.
- 20. Laboratory Activity 1 Instruction: Choose a Website Theme: Decide on the theme or purpose of the website you will design. It could be a personal blog, an e-commerce site, a news portal, etc. Navigation Design: •Clearly indicate the navigation structure. Show how users will move from one page to another. Content and Features: •Add placeholders for different types of content, such as: • Text areas (headings, paragraphs) • Images or videos • Call-to-action buttons (e.g., Sign Up, Buy Now) • Forms or input fields (if applicable) Submission: •Submit your power point presentation with the website interface sketch Evaluation Criteria: •Clarity and completeness of the layout. -10points •Appropriateness of navigation and content organization. – 10points •Creativity and adherence to design principles. – 10points
- 21. The Computer The computer interaction process involves transferring information between humans and computers. This interaction can occur through various devices, reflecting the diversity of data types and users. In the past, computers processed large amounts of data all at once, a method known as batch processing. However, modern computers can respond almost instantly and are integrated into many different devices, allowing for more dynamic and immediate interactions
- 22. 1. Text Entry Devices • The alphanumeric keyboard • Chord keyboards • Phone pad and T9 entry • Handwriting recognition • Speech recognition
- 23. 2. Positioning, pointing and drawing • The mouse • Touchpad • Trackball and thumbwheel • Joystick and keyboard nipple • Touch-sensitive screens (touchscreens) • Stylus and lightpen • Digitizing tablet • Eyegaze • Cursor keys and discrete positioning
- 24. 3. Display Devices 3.1 Bitmap displays, resolution and color A bitmap-base means that the display is made of a fixed number of dots or pixels in a rectangular grid. The color or intensity at each pixel is held by the computer’s video card. The more bits per pixel, the more colors/intensities are possible. Also is the resolution of the screen: the total number of pixels (in a 4:3-ratio) and the density of the pixels.
- 25. 3. Display Devices 3.2 Technologies In a CRT-monitor(Cathode-ray tube) a stream of electrons is emitted from an electron gun, which is than focused and directed by magnetic fields. As the beam hits the phosphor-coated screen, the phosphor is excited by the electrons and glows. Flicker can be reduced by increasing the scanning rate or by interlacing, in which odd lines are scanned first, followed by even lines. In LCD’s(Liquid Crystal Display) a thin layer of liquid crystals is sandwiched between two glass plates. External light passes through the top plate and is polarized. This passes through the crystal and is reflected back to the user’s eye by the bottom plate.
- 26. 3. Display Devices 3.3 Large displays and situated displays There are several types of large displays. Some use gas-plasma technology and usually have a 16:9-ratio. Several smaller screens can also be places together in a video wall. Projectors are possible too, in two variants: projectors with 3 lenses (red, green and blue) can build a full-color image. LCD-projectors have a small screen, through which light is projected on a screen.
- 27. 3. Display Devices 3.4 Digital Paper Thin flexible material that can be written to electronically, but keeps it’s contents when removed from the power supply.
- 28. 4. Devices for virtual reality and 3D interaction 3D displays 3D can be displayed on normal screens using shadows, depth etc. It is also possible to generate the natural stereoscopic images for both eye positions and have them delivered to he eyes using a VR-helmed. Finally, users can enter a VR cave, where the VR world is projected around them. If the VR-system performances too slow, and there is a delay between movement and image, disorientation and sickness may occur.
- 29. 5. Physical controls, sensors and special devices Special displays Except for CRT and LCD, there are numerous other display devices, e.g. LED’s, gauges, dials and head-up displays.
- 30. 5. Physical controls, sensors and special devices Sound output We do not yet know how to utilize sound in a sensible way to achieve maximum effects and information transference in HCI. However, by having sounds confirm a right action, we can speed up interaction.
- 31. 5. Physical controls, sensors and special devices Touch,Feel and Smell Force feedback gives different amounts of resistance to an input device depending on the state of the virtual operation. Haptic devices are various forms of force, resistance and texture in‡uencing our physical senses.
- 32. 5. Physical controls, sensors and special devices Environment and bio-sensing There are many sensors in our environment monitoring our behavior. Their measurements range from temperature and movement to the user’s emotional state
- 33. 6. Paper: printing and scanning Printing The most common printers nowadays are dot-based. In order of increasing resolution, familiar types are dot- matrix printers, ink-jet printers and laser printers.
- 34. 6. Paper: printing and scanning Fonts and page description languages Some printers print ASCII- characters and bitmaps ’by itself’. Many more complex documents are translated into suitable bitmaps by the computer. More sophisticated printers can accept a page description language, e.g. PostScript.
- 35. 6. Paper: printing and scanning Screen and page There are many differences (e.g. size, color depth, resolution etc.) between a paper print and a computer monitor, which causes problems when designing. Especially the correct alignment of text (in different fonts) is difficult.
- 36. 6. Paper: printing and scanning Scanners and optical character recognition Scanners produce a bitmap image from a ’hard’original and can, using optical character recognition, transfer a page of text. There are 2 kinds of scanners: (as in a copies machine) and hand-held (as in a fax machine, however the scanner has to be manually pulled over the paper).
- 37. 7. Memory RAM and short-term memory (STM) Most current active information is held in the random access memory (RAM). RAM is volatile: contents are lost when the power is turned off. However, there are more expensive or low-power consuming memory techniques that can hold their contents when the power is off.
- 38. 7. Memory Disks and long-term memory (LTM) There are 2 main techniques used in disks: magnetic disks (Floppy, hard disk, tape) and optical disks. (CD- ROM/DVD). In comparison to RAM, the computers LTM is rather slow.
- 39. 7. Memory Understanding speed and capacity The capacity of RAM is limited and therefore multitask- systems tend to swap background-running programs from RAM to the hard disk. When the program is fully activated it has to be swapped back, which can cause delays (von Neumann bottleneck).
- 40. 7. Memory Compression Compression techniques can be used ti reduce the amount of storage required for text, bitmaps and video.
- 41. 8. Processing and networks Network computing Networked systems have an effect on interactivity, because the large distances may cause a noticeable delay in response from the system. The actions of other users may also infuence your own interaction with the connected computers.
- 42. The Interaction There are a number of ways in which the user can communicate with the system: input, direct manipulation, virtual reality etc.
- 43. The Terms of Interaction Terms of Interaction define the specific elements and processes involved in the interaction between a user and a system. They outline the fundamental components that need to be considered to create a meaningful and effective interaction
- 44. The Terms of Interaction User: The person who interacts with the system. Understanding the user's goals, skills, and needs is crucial for designing effective interactions.
- 45. The Terms of Interaction System: The technological component or interface with which the user interacts. This can be anything from a simple website to a complex software application.
- 46. The Terms of Interaction Input: The actions or commands that the user provides to the system. Input can be in the form of clicks, typing, gestures, voice commands, or other interactions.
- 47. The Terms of Interaction Output: The responses or feedback the system provides to the user based on their input. This can include visual changes on the screen, audio feedback, haptic responses, etc.
- 48. The Terms of Interaction Feedback: A specific type of output that informs the user about the result of their action. Good feedback is immediate and clear, helping the user understand what has happened as a result of their input.
- 49. The Terms of Interaction Context: The environment or situation in which the interaction takes place. Context can affect the user's behavior and expectations, so it’s important to consider factors like location, time, and device used.
- 50. The Terms of Interaction Task: The objective that the user is trying to achieve through the interaction. Understanding the task helps in designing a system that effectively supports the user's goals.
- 51. The Terms of Interaction Control: The degree of freedom the user has over the system. This includes how much the user can influence the system's behavior and how much the system guides or restricts the user’s actions.
- 52. Interaction design basics focus on the principles and methods used to create effective and meaningful interactions between users and products, systems, or services. It is a key aspect of user experience (UX) design, emphasizing how users interact with technology and ensuring that these interactions are as smooth, efficient, and enjoyable as possible
- 53. What is a Design? design refers to the process of creating and shaping the way humans interact with computers and digital systems. It involves understanding users, their needs, and their behaviors to create interfaces and interactions that are effective
- 54. During design, always concentrate on the user.
- 55. The process of design: • Requirements: Through observations and interviews, the features of the system to be designed are mapped. • Analysis: Through various methods, the gathered requirements are ordered to bring out key issues. • Design: Various design guidelines help you to move from what you want to how to do it. They are discussed in other chapters and sections. • Iteration and prototyping: Try out early versions of the system with real users. • Implementation and deployment: writing code, documentation and make
- 56. Once more: gather as much information as possible about the future users of the system. • Stakeholders: people affected directly or indirectly by a system • Participatory design: bringing a potential user fully into the design process • Persona: rich picture of an imaginary person who represents your core user group • Scenarios are stories for design: rich stories of interaction sometimes illustrated with storyboards.
- 57. Navigation design Local structure Much of interaction involves goal-seeking behavior, because users do not know the system entirely. Therefore, the interface should always make clear: • where you are • what you can do • where you are going/what will happen in terms of the interaction • or state of the system.
- 58. Navigation design Global structure - hierarchical organization Overall structure of an application: the way the various screens, pages or physical device states link to one another. This can be done using hierarchy: humans tend to be better at using this structure, as long as the hierarchy does not go to deep.
- 59. Navigation design Global structure - dialog Dialog: the pattern of non-hierarchical interaction occurring when the user performs a certain action, e.g. deleting a …le (Pop-up Are you sure to Delete this file?)
- 60. Screen design and layout Tools for layout Grouping and structure: if things logically belong together, then we should normally visually group them together. Order of groups and items: the order on the screen should follow the natural order for the user. Decoration: decorations can be used to emphasize grouping. Alignment: The proper use of alignment can help users find information in lists and columns quickly
- 61. Screen design and layout User actions and control For entering information, the same criteria dictate the layout. It is also very important that the interface gives a clear clue what to do. A uniform layout is then helpful.
- 62. Screen design and layout Appropriate appearance The way of presenting information on screen depends on the kind of information, the technologies available to present it and the purpose for which it is used.
- 63. What HCI is and Why It Is Important Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is a multidisciplinary field that focuses on the design, evaluation, and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use. It also studies the major phenomena surrounding these systems, such as how people interact with computers, how these interactions can be improved, and how technology can be designed to be more user-friendly
- 64. HCI Is Important Improves Usability: •HCI is crucial for designing interfaces that are easy to use and learn. Good usability reduces the time and effort required for users to complete tasks, leading to a more efficient interaction with technology.
- 65. HCI Is Important Enhances User Satisfaction: •By focusing on the needs and preferences of users, HCI helps create systems that users enjoy interacting with. Satisfied users are more likely to continue using a product, recommend it to others, and have a positive perception of the brand or service.
- 66. HCI Is Important Increases Accessibility: •HCI promotes the design of technology that is accessible to all users, including those with disabilities. This ensures that technology is inclusive and can be used by a diverse population.
- 67. HCI Is Important •Reduces Errors and Improves Safety: •Effective HCI design minimizes the likelihood of user errors, which can be especially critical in high-stakes environments like healthcare, aviation, and finance. By making systems more intuitive and responsive, HCI contributes to safer and more reliable technology.
- 68. HCI Is Important Aligns Technology with Human Needs: •HCI ensures that technology serves the real needs of people rather than forcing users to adapt to poorly designed systems. By aligning technology with human capabilities and limitations, HCI helps create tools that enhance human productivity and well-being.
- 69. HCI Is Important Economic Impact: •Products that are easier and more pleasant to use are more likely to succeed in the market. Investing in HCI can lead to better customer retention, fewer support calls, and lower development costs by catching usability issues early in the design process.