Health considerations done
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The document discusses several poultry diseases including parasitic, bacterial, and viral diseases. It provides details on the causes, signs, treatments, and preventions for diseases like coccidiosis, aspergillosis, fowl cholera, fowl pox, tuberculosis, and more. For each disease, it outlines the infectious agent, how birds become infected, common signs and symptoms, potential post-mortem lesions, diagnosis methods, and prevention strategies. The overall document serves as an informative guide covering many important health considerations for poultry.
Health considerations done
- 2. HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS GROUP: JOEL MANNING, TEVON MORRISON ,CRISTAL CHAPLIN AND TYRESE CHRISTIE
- 3. INTRODUCTION Prevention is by far the best and most economical method of disease control. Prevention is mainly achieved by the implementation of effective bio- security and vaccination programs, proper husbandry practices, and an in-depth knowledge of disease management. The health status of the bird is of utmost importance and can be greatly affected by flock management and production. This includes growth rate, feed conversion efficiency, livability, and condemnation. These are factors that determine the profitability of the business.
- 4. OVERVEIW One has to be vigilant, keen and knowledgeable of diseases to effectively detect illness early. Illness can be detected and treated in a timely manner by: • Consistently monitoring flock health and production parameters. • Seeking veterinary intervention.
- 6. PARASITE DISEASE Parasitic diseases are infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. A parasite cannot live independently.
- 7. COCCIDIOSIS Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease of the internal intestinal tract of which the causative agent is protozoa. A warm environment and high humidity (wet litter) is perfect for the organism to multiply.
- 8. CONTINUE Coccidia oocyst (developing eggs) are ever present in used litter contaminated by the droppings of previous flocks. Birds are infected by ingesting the sporulated oocyst in feed, water, litter and soil. The organism can be transported on dust, shoes, baby chick boxes and can survive for months in the litter.
- 9. SIGNS Bloody feaces Ruffled feathers Reduced head size and somnolence Droopiness and listlessness Loss of appetite Loss of yellow color in shanks Pale combs and wattles
- 10. CAUSE The disease is caused by (9) nine different species of coccidia of which the most important are: Elmeria (E)) acervulina, E. necatrix, E. tenella, E. maxima and E. brunetti, each affecting a different part of the intestine.
- 11. TREATMENT Amprolium, Celmanax, and some sulphonamides are the drugs of choice
- 12. PREVENTION • Use feed containing appropriate coccidiostats such as Hi-Pro Feeds • Practice proper litter management to eliminate wet areas in the house • Maintain and use the footbath as a method of preventing house to house contamination • Keep your coop dry; coccidia proliferate in wet conditions.
- 13. POST MORTEM LESION Petechiae. Thickening, ecchymoses, of caecal mucosa. Accumulation of varying quantities of blood and caseous necrotic material in the caecum.
- 14. DIAGNOSIS Signs, lesions, microscopic examination of scrapings. Differentiate from ulcerative enteritis, histomonosis.
- 15. ASPERGILLOSIS A fungal infectious disease, caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, in which the typical sign is gasping for breath, especially in young chicks. Sometimes the same organism causes eye lesions or chronic lesions in older birds. The fungus can infect plant material and many species of animals including birds and man. Occasionally similar lesions are produced by other species of Aspergillus or even other fungi such as Penicillium, Absidia.
- 16. SIGNS • Lack of Appetite • Weakness • Silent gasping • Rapid breathing • Thirst • Drowsiness • Nervous signs (rare
- 17. TREATMENT Usually none; Environmental spraying with effective antifungal antiseptic may help reduce challenge. Copper Sulphate can be given in drinking water, however the efficacy is low.
- 18. PREVENTION • Store feed in a dry place to avoid growth of mould • Dry, good quality litter and proper sanitation Chronic Form: • Ocular discharge (ocular form only). • Weight loss (Wasting).
- 19. BACTERIAL DISEASE Bacterial diseases include any type of illness caused by bacteria. Bacterial diseases occur when pathogenic bacteria get into the body and begin to reproduce and crowd out healthy bacteria, or to grow in tissues that are normally sterile. Harmful bacteria may also emit toxins that damage the body.
- 20. FOWL CHOLERA Fowl cholera is a contagious, bacterial disease that affects domestic and wild birds worldwide, caused by Pasteurella multocida type A. It usually occurs as a septicemia of sudden onset with high morbidity and mortality, but chronic and asymptomatic infections also occur. Older chickens are more susceptible than young ones.
- 21. SIGNS In acute fowl cholera 1. Sudden surges in mortality, without previous signs. 2. Fever. 3. Loss of appetite. 4. Ruffled feathers. 5. Mucous discharge from the mouth. 6. Green watery diarrhea. 7. Respiratory difficulty. 8. Blue or purple coloration of skin and swelling of comb and wattles.
- 23. CONTINUE Chronic fowl cholera 1. Signs and lesions are generally related to localized infections of wattles, joints, tendon sheaths, and footpads, which often are swollen because of accumulated fibrinosuppurative exudate. 2. There may be exudative conjunctivitis and pharyngitis. 3. Torticollis (abnormal, asymmetrical head or neck position) may result when the meninges, middle ear, or cranial bones are infected.
- 24. POST MORTEM In per acute and acute forms; 1. The disease shows primarily vascular disturbances. 2. General passive hyperemia and congestion throughout the carcass. 3. Petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages are common, particularly in subepicardial and subserosal locations. 4. Enlargement of the liver and spleen. 5. Increased amounts of peritoneal and pericardial fluids are frequently seen
- 26. DIAGNOSIS This is usually based on the signs and lesions and microscopic examination for the fungus, preferably after digestion in 10% potassium hydroxide. It may be confirmed by isolation of the fungus, typically by putting small pieces of affected tissue on Sabouraud agar. Growth occurs in 24-48 hours and colonies are powdery green/blue in appearance. Differentiate from excessive exposure to formalin or vaccinal reactions in day old and from heat stress in older birds.
- 27. TREATMENT A number of drugs will lower mortality from fowl cholera; however, deaths may resume when treatment is discontinued, showing that treatment does not eliminate P multocida from a flock.
- 28. PREVENTION Eradication of infection requires: 1. Depopulation, cleaning and disinfection of buildings and equipment. 2. The premise should then be kept free of poultry for few weeks. 3. High level of biosecurity. 4. Rodents, wild birds, pets, and other animals that may be carriers of P multocida and must be excluded from poultry houses
- 29. POST-MORTEM LESIONS Yellow to grey nodules or plaques in lungs, air sacs, trachea, plaques in peritoneal cavity, may have greenish surface. Conjunctivitis/keratitis. Brain lesions may be seen in some birds with nervous signs.
- 31. FOWL POX (YAWS) Fowlpox is contagious viral disease. Bird of all age is affected by this disease. Chicken and turkeys are mainly affected by this disease. Some viral type may also affect pigeon, geese and poultry birds. 1-2% mortality rate. Incubation period 2-3 weeks. Fowl pox is seen worldwide.
- 32. SIGN Cutaneous form (Dry form) Diphtheritic form (wet form) Oculonasal form
- 33. POST MORTEM The diphtheritic form is recognized by the presence of nodular hyperplasia of the mucosa of the pharynx and trachea. Chickens which die of diphtheritic pox may show a plug of desquamated epithelium which lodge in the glottis resulting in asphyxiation.
- 34. DIAGNOSIS Diagnosis Cutaneous lesions are characteristic. Histological examination of affected tissue will confirm the presence of intracytoplasmic inclusions (Bollinger bodies) in the respiratory mucosa and skin.
- 35. PREVENTION & CONTROLS Using a mild-attenuated avipox, chickenstrain virus vaccine administered at approximately 8 weeks of age. In some areas, broilers are routinely vaccinated against avian pox by subcutaneous injection at day-old. All in all out program. Control mosquito. (anti mosquito spray) Biosecurity
- 36. TREATMENT Oxytetracyclin 300mg per gallon water for three days. Treat scabs with dilute iodine solution. Apply ointment to soften the scab. Mix 2 tablespoon of sulfur powder with ½ cup Vaseline. Apply daily until lesion heal. Mix diluted iodine solute on in flock drinking water. 1teaspoon of 1% iodine solution per gallon of drinking water. Sanitize drinking water.
- 37. TUBERCULOSIS Morbidity and mortality are high. Transmission is via faecal excretion, ingestion, inhalation, offal and fomites. The disease has a slow course through a flock. The bacterium resists heat, cold, water, dryness, pH changes
- 38. SIGNS Severe loss of weight with no loss of appetite. Pale comb. Diarrhoea. Lameness. Sporadic deaths.
- 39. POST-MORTEM LESIONS Emaciation. Grey to yellow nodules attached to intestine. Granulomas in liver, spleen and many other tissues, even bone marrow.
- 40. DIAGNOSIS Isolation, acid-fast stain in tissues, TB test. Differentiate from Lymphoid leukosis.
- 42. PREVENTION Market after one season, hygiene, cages, elimination of faeces etc.
- 43. VIRAL DISEASE
- 44. VIRAL DISEASE A viral disease occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles attach to and enter susceptible cells.
- 45. FOWL POX Fowl pox is a slow-spreading viral infection of chickens and turkeys characterized by proliferative lesions in the skin that progress to thick scabs and by lesions in the upper GI and respiratory tracts. Virulent strains may cause lesions in the internal organs.
- 46. SIGNS Warty, spreading eruptions and scabs on comb and wattles. Caseous deposits in mouth, throat and sometimes trachea. Depression. Inappetence. Poor growth. Poor egg production.
- 47. POST-MORTEM LESIONS Papules progressing to vesicles then pustules and scabs with distribution described above. Less commonly there may, in the diphtheritic form, be caseous plaques in mouth, pharynx, trachea and/or nasal cavities. Microscopically - intra-cytoplasmic inclusions with elementary bodies .
- 48. DIAGNOSIS OF FOWL POX Cutaneous infections usually produce characteristic gross and microscopic lesions. When only small cutaneous lesions are present, it is often difficult to distinguish them from abrasions caused by fighting. Microscopic examination of affected tissues stained with H&E reveals eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies.
- 49. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF FOWL POX Where fowl pox is prevalent, chickens should be vaccinated with a live-embryo or cell-culture-propagated virus vaccine. The most widely used vaccines are attenuated fowl pox virus and pigeon pox virus isolates of high immunogenicity and low pathogenicity. In high-risk areas, vaccination with an attenuated vaccine of cell- culture origin in the first few weeks of life and revaccination at 12– 16 weeks is often sufficient. Health of birds, extent of exposure, and type of operation determine the timing of vaccinations.
- 50. SIGNS Warty, spreading eruptions and scabs on comb and wattles Caseous deposits in mouth, throat and sometimes trachea Depression Inappetence Poor growth Poor egg production
- 51. CAUSE Fowl pox is caused by an avian DNA pox virus. There are five or six closely related viruses that primarily affect different species of birds but there is some cross-infection. Infection occurs through skin abrasions or bites, through the respiratory route and possibly through ingestion of infective scabs
- 52. FOWL CHOLERA Fowl Cholera is a serious, highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida in a range of avian species including chickens, turkeys, and water fowl, (increasing order of susceptibility). It is seen worldwide and was one of the first infectious diseases to be recognized, by Louis Pasteur in 1880.
- 53. SIGNS Dejection. Ruffled feathers. Loss of appetite. Coughing. Nasal, ocular and oral discharge. Swollen and cyanotic wattles and face. Swollen joints Lameness
- 54. POST-MORTEM LESIONS Sometimes none, or limited to haemorrhages at few sites. Enteritis Yolk peritonitis Focal hepatitis Purulent pneumonia Cellulitis of face and wattles Purulent arthritis Lungs with a consolidated pink 'cooked' appearance in broilers.
- 55. DIAGONSIS Impression smears, isolation (aerobic culture on trypticase soy or blood agar yields colonies up to 3mm in 24 hours - no growth on MacConkey), confirmed with biochemical tests.
- 56. TREATMENT Sulphonamides, tetracyclines, erythromycin, streptomycin, penicillin. The disease often recurs after medication is stopped, necessitating long-term or periodic medication.
- 57. PREVENTION Biosecurity, good rodent control, hygiene, bacterins at 8 and 12 weeks, live oral vaccine at 6 weeks.
- 58. REFERENCES JM Luginbuhl; Kevin Anderson (September 29, 2015). Coccidiosis, the Most Common Cause of Diarrhoea . content.ces.ncsu.edu. NC State Extension Publications. Retrieved 2018-12-24. Intestinal Parasites - Coccidia. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014. Jump up to Ettinger, S. J.; Feldman, E. C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine(4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 978-0-7216-6795-9. Protozoal enteritis poultry disease. Retrieved 24 July 2014. White, G.; et al. Sulfachinoxalin 4-amino-N-quinoxalin-2-yl- benzenesulfonamide. WikiGenes. Retrieved 19 July 2013. Sulfaquinoxaline. www.lookfordiagnosis.com. Retrieved 19 July 2013.