histology-master and its definitation in context
- 1. HISTOLOGY: Study of Tissues Four Types? Two components of tissue?
- 2. These four tissue types have a wide range of functions, as shown in the following table. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 3. 2 Components of Tissue Cells Extracellular matrix
- 5. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIUM: Epithelial tissues are anchored to a basement membrane, are made up of tightly packed cells containing little intercellular material, generally lack blood vessels, and are replaced frequently.
- 6. LOCATION Lining of body cavities Lining of digestive tract Lining of heart and blood vessels Lining of gland ducts Skin
- 7. FUNCTION OF EPITHELIUM Protection Absorption – one side of the tissue is always in contact w/ external opening (maintains homeostasis) Secretions – hormones, mucus, enzymes
- 8. How epithelial tissues are classified: SHAPE: Squamous – thin, think “squished” Cuboidal – cubed shape Columnar – rectangular think “column” LAYERS: Simple = single layer Stratified = more than one layer
- 9. Types of epithelium Simple squamous Simple cuboidal Simple columnar Stratified cuboidal
- 10. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
- 11. B. Simple Squamous Epithelium 1. Simple squamous epithelium is made up of a single layer of thin, flattened cells. 2. Because it is suited for diffusion, it functions in the exchange of gases in the lungs and lines blood and lymph vessels as well as body cavities. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 12. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Simple Cuboidal
- 13. C. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium 1. Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. 2. It functions in secretion and absorption in the kidneys, and in secretion in glands. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 14. Simple Columnar
- 15. D. Simple Columnar Epithelium 1. Simple columnar epithelium is made up of a row of elongated cells whose nuclei are all located near the basement membrane. It may be ciliated. 2. It lines the uterus, stomach, and intestines where it protects underlying tissues, secretes digestive fluids, and absorbs nutrients. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 16. 3. In the intestine, these cells possess microvilli that increase the surface area available for absorption. 4. Mucus-secreting goblet cells can be found among columnar cells. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 18. E. Stratified Squamous Epithelium 1. This type of tissue is made up of layers of flattened cells that are designed to protect underlying layers. 2. It makes up the outer layer of skin, and lines the mouth, throat, vagina, and anal canal. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 19. 3. In the skin, outer layers of cells undergo keratinization; however, this process does not occur where tissues remain moist in the throat, vagina, or anal canal. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 20. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL
- 21. F. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium 1. This tissue consists of two to three layers of cuboidal cells lining a lumen of the mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas. 2. Several layers of cells provide greater protection than one single layer. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 22. “special” types of epithelium Pseudostratified cuboidal or columnar – “false layers”, looks like there is more than one layer b/c nucleus alignment in cells Transitional epithelium – tissues that adjusts to various tensions (think bladder)
- 23. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 24. E. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 1. These cells appear layered due to the varying positions of their nuclei within the row of cells, but are not truly layered. 2. Cilia may be present, along with mucus-secreting globlet cells, that line and sweep debris from respiratory tubes. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 25. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 26. I. Transitional Epithelium 1. Transitional epithelium is designed to distend and return to its normal size, as it does in the lining of the urinary bladder. 2. This design provides distensibility and keeps urine from diffusing back into the internal cavity. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 27. Practice
- 28. Connective Tissue 3 TYPES Connective tissue proper Fluid connective tissue Supporting connective tissue
- 31. Connective tissue proper Many types of cells in a syrupy ground substance Ex of where found = tendons, surrounding organs, ligaments, surrounds respiratory passageway Two types of connective tissue – loose connective – dense connective
- 32. Connective tissue proper: CELLS Fibroblasts (slender and star-shaped cells)
- 33. Connective tissue proper: CELLS Macrophages
- 34. Connective tissue proper: CELLS Adipose cells (stores fat)
- 36. Connective tissue proper: CELLS Mast Cells
- 37. Connective tissue proper: CELLS Plasma Cells
- 38. Connective tissue proper: FIBERS Collagen – Found in tendons and ligaments
- 39. Connective tissue proper: FIBERS Elastic Fibers – Rare but important – Found between vertebrae and aorta
- 40. Connective tissue proper: FIBERS Reticular Fibers – holds blood vessels to surface of organs
- 41. Marfan Syndrome Genetic disorder that effects the production of connective tissue – Effects just about every system in the body – Especially dangerous for blood vessels: collapse and/or bursting of aorta
- 42. Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCE Loose (aka areolar) Dense Adipose
- 43. Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCE Loose connective (areolar) – “packing material” – Fills spaces between organs, supports epithelium – Forms a layer that separates skin from deeper structures like muscles – Highly vascularized, shots given in this tissue for quick transport of drugs
- 44. Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCE Adipose – Cushioning and energy storage – Found under skin of groin, buttocks, breasts and abdomen – Also fills bony sockets behind eyes – dominant connective tissue of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
- 45. Connective tissue proper: GROUND SUBSTANCE Dense Connective – Tightly packed collagen fibers make this tissue really strong – Found in tendons, ligaments, surrounding muscles, and surrounds blood vessels and respiratory passageways
- 46. Fluid Connective Tissue Blood and Lymph
- 47. Supporting Connective Tissue Cartilage – ground substance surrounding chondrocytes (cartilage cells) called matrix, matrix is firm gel Bone – matrix is rigid because of calcification and contains osteocytes (bone cells) (more next chapter)
- 48. Supporting Connective Tissue: CARTILAGE Hyaline – found between ribs and the sternum, along passageway of respiratory tract, opposing surfaces of bones with many joints (elbow and knee) Elastic – outer ear, epiglottis and tip of nose Fibrocartilage – between vertebrae, pubic bones of pelvis, some joints and tendons
- 49. Cartilage and Knee Injuries Cartilages are avascular so they heal poorly New research in growing and replacing cartilage has showed promise in dog studies
- 50. YOUR TURN Now practice your own microscope skills and identify the various types of epithelial and connective tissues Lab Book: Lab #8 and #9, pages 63-71
- 51. Rules for proper microscopic drawings 1. Don’t even think of starting your drawing unless you have a PENCIL! Drawings in PEN are UNACCEPTABLE! This is for two reasons: (a) You can erase pencil! (b) You can shade in areas more easily in pencil.
- 52. Drawing rules continued 2. Each Drawing must include clear, proper labels! Always include the name of the tissue, location and magnification (100x or 430x)
- 53. Drawing rules continued 3. Labels should start on the outside of the circle. The circle indicates the field of view as seen through the eyepiece. All arrows should end with the point touching the object to be labeled. 4. Epithelial cells should always include at least the following five labels: Cell membrane, Basement membrane, Nucleus, Chromatin, Cytoplasm.
- 54. 5. Connective tissues: label cell type and fibers
- 55. Histology Drawings RULES – Pencils ONLY – Maximize space for best details – LABELS!!
- 56. Tissue Drawing Example Simple Columnar Epithelium Small Intestine 430X Chromatin Nuclear membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane Basement membrane SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
- 57. PAGE 66 and PAGES 70-71 We must share – please take care of slides and put back properly for next person. Slots are numbered!! TWO SLIDE BOXES: LABELED – Epithelium = blue box – Connective tissues = black box
- 58. Epithelium Connective SIMPLE SQUAMOUS – Simple squamous – Squamous cheek cells SIMPLE CUBOIDAL – Simple cuboidal – Thyroid gland SIMPLE COLUMNAR – Stomach – Jejunum – Esophagus and stomach PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR – no slides available STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS – Skin hairy mammal – Stratified epithelium Colon – TRANSITIONAL – Mammal urinary bladder LOOSE CONNECTIVE Areolar ADIPOSE no slide available DENSE CONNECTIVE no slide available HYALINE CARTILAGE Hyaline cartilage ELASTIC CARTILAGE Elastic cartilage FIBROCARTILAGE – replace with INTRAMEMBRANOUS Intramembranous fetal skull BONE Femur Blood Blood human
- 59. 2. Match the epithelial tissue with the correct description. C D B A E F
- 60. 3. Match epithelium with correct location. E F A D C B
- 61. 4. Match epithelium tissue with the correct function. C D B A F E
- 62. 5. Basement membrane function? Holds epithelial cells to next layer of tissue
- 63. 6. Match description with the correct tissue type. B A C D D C B
- 64. 11. Identify each of the cells in the connective tissue. Cell #1
- 65. Cell #2 CELL #2
- 66. Cell #3
- 67. Cell #4
- 69. 12 ID connective tissue cell and description. P – Oval, dark nucleus Ms – Irreg shape A- Large round, cytoplasm pushed to side Ms –Oval to irreg., small nuclei F – large, flat branching F – most abundant F- production of fibers
- 70. Ma – active phagocytes Ma – big eaters Ma – engulf and destroy damaged cell A – synthesizes and stores fat Ms – heparin and histamine Ms – releases compound that prevents blood from clotting as it flows Ms- initiates allergic response P – produces antibodies P – fights infection
- 72. 26. ID the Connective Tissue Proper: Adipose, Loose or Dense Loose - reticular
- 73. Tissue #2 Loose - mesentary
- 75. Tissue #4 Dense
- 76. Tissue #5 DENSE
- 77. Tissue # 6 DENSE
- 78. Tissue #7 DENSE
- 80. TYPE OF CARTILAGE: Supporting Connective Tissue Tissue #9 hyaline
- 84. 28. Location of connective tissue Loose Loose Adipose Adipose Dense Dense
- 85. 29. ID cartilage function Hyaline – prevents bone of bone contact Elastic – tolerates slight distortion Hyaline Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic
- 86. Chapter 5 Tissue Test Review Epithelium Tissue and Connective Tissue
- 87. Test layout Part I = identification Part II and Part III = matching (refer to lab book Part IV = multiple choice
- 88. What to study Pictures of tissues (lab book, textbook, PPT and your flashcards) Use you notes to complete matching in lab book TGT review game played in class