Social Cognitive Theory, Observational Learning
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Albert Bandura was a Canadian-American psychologist who developed social learning theory. Some key points about Bandura: - He was born in 1925 in Canada and obtained his graduate degrees from the University of British Columbia and Iowa State University. - Bandura's social learning theory posits that people can learn through observation of others, called observational learning. - He conducted famous Bobo doll experiments in the 1960s which showed that children's behavior could be influenced by observing aggressive behavior modeled by adults. - Bandura outlined a four step process of observational learning: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. His theory emphasized how both cognitive and behavioral factors influence learning.
Social Cognitive Theory, Observational Learning
- 1. Albert Bandura:Albert Bandura: Social Cognitive TheorySocial Cognitive Theory oror Social Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory oror Observational LearningObservational Learning Ed 501 BABYLEN ARIT-SONERBABYLEN ARIT-SONER
- 2. Ed 501 Early Life •Born in 1925 in a rural community in Alberta, Canada •Parents were immigrants (Poland and Ukraine) •Attended school in an eight room school house with modest resources Theorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises •Comm Media Application
- 3. Ed 501 Theorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises Academic Career •Undergraduate studies at University of British Columbia in Vancouver •Masters (1951) and Phd (1952) at Iowa State University •Completed Masters and PhD in three years •Professor at Stanford University since 1953 •Author of over 300 scholarly publications
- 4. Ed 501 Social Learning theory also known as observational learning, , occurs when an observer’s behavior changes after viewing the behavior of a model. An observer’s behavior can be affected by the positive or negative consequences – called vicarious reinforcement or vicarious punishment – of a model’s behavior. (Bandura 1986) Social Learning theory also known as observational learning, , occurs when an observer’s behavior changes after viewing the behavior of a model. An observer’s behavior can be affected by the positive or negative consequences – called vicarious reinforcement or vicarious punishment – of a model’s behavior. (Bandura 1986) Social Learning TheoryTheorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises
- 5. Ed 501 The social learning theory of Bandura emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Bandura (1977) states: “Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do.” Theorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises
- 6. Ed 501 Most behavior is learned through observation of other individuals where an idea is formed and new behaviors are demonstrated. This information is then recalled and serves as a guide in our actions. Theorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises
- 7. Ed 501 Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Theorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks. (Bandura 1973)
- 8. Ed 501 Bobo Doll ExperimentsTheorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises •Comm Media Application
- 9. Ed 501 Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Theorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises The Bobo Doll Experiment Albert Bandura is most famous for the Bobo Doll Experiments. Bandura believes aggression must explain three aspects: How aggressive patterns of behavior are developed. What provokes people to behave aggressively. What determines whether they are going to continue to resort to an aggressive behavior pattern on future occasions. (Evans, 1989: p.22)
- 10. Ed 501 Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Theorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises The Bobo Doll Experiment Bandura showed that children will alter their behavior by simply watching others. In one set of the bobo doll experiments Bandura used three groups of children. Each group watched a film of a model behaving aggressively towards a “bobo doll.” But, each of the three films had a different ending:
- 11. Ed 501 Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Theorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises The Bobo Doll Experiment Group 1 Film Ending - The model in the film was praised for his aggressive behavior. Group 2 Film Ending - The model was sent to the corner and not allowed to play with toys. Group 3 Film Ending - The model simply walked out of the room.
- 12. s Ed 501 Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Theorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises The Bobo Doll Experiment When each group finished watching their film the children were allowed into a playroom which included a bobo doll. Acts of aggression were noted. The results showed the group of children who saw the model punished for his aggressive behavior had the lowest percent of aggression. The other two groups had comparably higher aggression percentages.
- 13. Ed 501 Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Theorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises Guiding Principles There are several guiding principles behind observational learning: 1.The observer will imitate the model’s behavior if the model possess characteristics that the observer finds attractive or desirable. 2. When the model is rewarded the observer will mimic. When the model is punished the observer is less likely to display the behavior.
- 14. Ed 501 Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Theorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises Guiding Principles 3. The observer may learn a behavior without performing it immediately. The behavior may be recalled later and then displayed. 4. There are four-step processes (attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation). 5. Human development reflects the complex interaction of the person, the person’s behavior, and the environment. (Bandura 1986)
- 15. Ed 501 Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Theorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises Positive vs. Negative Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement Observer is likely to repeat a behavior a model demonstrates. Behavior doesn’t matter, reinforcement received matters.
- 16. Ed 501 Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Theorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises Positive vs. Negative Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Observer is less likely to repeat a behavior a model demonstrates. Behavior doesn’t matter, reinforcement received matters.
- 17. Ed 501 Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Theorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises Four-step Pattern Bandura formulated his findings in a four-step pattern which combines a cognitive view and an operant view of learning. Step 1 – Attention Something is noticed in the environment. Observers must pay attention to learn. Process influenced by characteristics of the model.
- 18. Ed 501 Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Theorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises Four-step Pattern Bandura formulated his findings in a four-step pattern which combines a cognitive view and an operant view of learning. Step 2 – Retention Observer must recognize and remember the behavior. Process depends on observers ability to code information. the ability to store information is an important part of the learning process. Observers must not only recognize the observed behavior but also remember it at some later time
- 19. Ed 501 Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Theorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises Four-step Pattern Bandura formulated his findings in a four-step pattern which combines a cognitive view and an operant view of learning. Step 3 – Motor Reproduction Process once that one paid attention to the model and retained the information; it is time to actually perform the behavior observed. Observer must be physically and intellectually capable of producing action.
- 20. Ed 501 Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Theorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises Four-step Pattern Bandura formulated his findings in a four-step pattern which combines a cognitive view and an operant view of learning. Step 4 – Motivational Process Observer performs act. Presence of reinforcement or punishment. - in order for observational learning to be successful, you have to be motivated to imitate the behavior that has been modeled. The presence of reinforcement or punishment, either to the model or directly to the observer, becomes most important in this process
- 21. Ed 501 Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Theorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises Four-step Pattern Bandura formulated his findings in a four-step pattern which combines a cognitive view and an operant view of learning. Step 4 – Motivational Process Observer performs act. Presence of reinforcement or punishment.
- 22. Ed 501 Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation, social learning theory spans both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.(Bandura 1973) Theorist •Early Life •Academic Career Theory •Major Premises Classification of Model Real Life Symbolic Representational