History and development of polymers
- 1. History and Development of Polymers Presented by Vincent Joseph M. Tech – 1st Semester School of Chemical Sciences MG University
- 2. POLYMERS Substance Composed of macromolecules. IUPAC Definition Includes substances from synthetic to natural bio- polymers Materials possess unique physical properties such as Flexibility Viscoelasticity 2
- 3. 1920 1833 Definition INSERT LOGO H Coined by Jons Jacob Berzelius Modern definition by Hermann Staudinger 3
- 4. THE HISTORY OF POLYMERS.... 1284 - 2010 +… 4
- 5. A. Payen identifies a compound extracted from wood which he names cellulose. Sample text The Horners Company of London recorded use of horn and tortoiseshell as the predominant early natural plastic British expoleres discovers Mayan Civilization to be among the first to find an application for polymers - playing with balls from rubber trees. Macintosh uses rubber gum to waterproof cotton 5
- 6. Sample text Celluloid by Hyatt Manufacturing Company Cellophane First chemically synthesized cellulose by Kobayashi and Shoda Celluolse Polymer structure of cellulose was determined by Hermann Staudinger 1844 1898 Charles Goodyear discovers vulcanization by combining natural rubber with sulphur and heating it in 270 degree Fahrenheit. Receives patent for vulcanization The Goodyear Tire & Rubber company was founded 6
- 7. Bewley designs extruder for gutta percha C. Schonbein prepares nitrocellulose, by esterification of cellulose First submarine telegraph cable in gutta percha 7
- 8. Sample text Discovery of polystyrene by M. Berthelot 1883 “Artificial silk” is obtained per H. de CHARDONNET (Father of Rayon), by spinning a concentrated nitrocellulose solution Thermoforming introduced and used to make babies rattles from cellulose nitrate Beginning of mass production of rpm gramophone records from shellac 8
- 9. Rossiter at British Cyanide develops urea thiourea formaldehyde resins, subsequently commercialized as the first water white transparent thermosetting molding powder. Sample text Krische and Spittler in Germany awarded patent for Casein Plastic from milk "...by the use of small amounts of bases, I have succeeded in preparing a solid initial condensation product, the properties of which simplify enormously all molding operations..." Leo Baekeland Stockings made of viscose (CA) begin to be manufactured in Germany 1910 1916 Industrial preparation of Bakelite begins Bakelite used in Rolls Royce 9
- 10. large scale production of vinyl chloride resins begins Confirmation of the macromolecular theory by Th. Svedberg; He succeeds in measuring the molar mass of a polymer by ultracentrifugation Eckert and Ziegler patent first commercial modern plastics injection moulding machine. 10
- 12. 1933 1938 1935 1937 Screw per-plasticisation in injection moulding patented 1932 1936 • British Plastic Federation founded • Fawcett and Gibson at ICI discover polyethylene • Crawford at ICI develops first commercial synthesis of PMMA • Troester produce first extruder designed for thermoplastics • Carothers and DuPont patent nylon Aircraft canopies made from ‘Perspex • Columbo and Pasquetti in Italy produce first twin screw extruder machine • First commercial production of polystyrene by IG Farben, Germany • The family of polyurethanes is discovered by O. Bayer • First synthetic polyamides (“nylons”) produced by W. Carothers • First commercial production of polyethylene in UK by ICI 12
- 13. Plastics in War 1940s 13
- 14. 1941 1943 1942 1940 • Use of polyethylene in radar • First production of PVC in UK • DuPont introduces polyacrylonitrile (PAN), Whinfield and Dickson, patent "polyethylene terephthalate" (PET); followed by the creation of Terylene. • ‘Super Glue’ (methyl cyanoacrylate) first discovered by Dr Harry Coover, Eastman Kodak • P. Flory and M. Huggins propose the first theory on the behavior of polymers in solution First pilot plant for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); to be marketed under trade mark ‘Teflon’ 14
- 15. 1949 1947 1945 1948 The production of LDPE the by Monsanto • Formica melamine faced decorative laminates introduced into the UK • T. Alfrey and C. Price propose the theory of chain. • Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) produced • Introduction of 12” long playing records made from polyvinyl chloride (pvc) • First Airfix self-assembly model initially made of cellulose acetate and later polystyrene • High impact polystyrene introduced as a commercial plastic • Launch in US of Tupperware made from low density polyethylene 15
- 16. Textiles, Fashion, Toys, Domestic uses 1950s 16
- 17. 1953 1955 1954 1950 Introduction of acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymers • Commercialization of polyester fibers introduces the concept of ‘drip dry’ and ‘non-iron’ • F. Crick and J. Watson propose the double helix structure of the DNA • K. Ziegler polymerize ethylene under low pressure. • Polystyrene foam (introduced by Dow Chemical Co.) • G. Natta discovers isotactic polypropene. • First production of high density polyethylene in UK • Establishment of a relation between the relaxation time of polymer chains and the variation at the glass transition temperature by M. Williams, R. Landel and J. Ferry 17
- 18. 1957 1956 1958 • Discovery of “living” polymerization by M. Szwarc • DuPont files patents for first acetals (POM) • First production of polypropylene by Montecatini using Ziegler-Natta catalysts • First polymeric monocrystals obtained by A. Keller. • Acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene polymer. • First production of polycarbonates (Bayer and General Electric) 18
- 19. Colour and Design 1960s & 1970s 19
- 20. 1962 1969 1965 1960 • Ethylene-vinyl acetate co-polymers launched by DuPont • Discovery of thermoplastic elastomers starting from block copolymers • DuPont launches polyimide films and varnishes • Silicone gel breast implants pioneered successfully . Kevlar is first developed by DuPont . Neil Armstrong plants a nylon flag on the moon. 20
- 21. 1971 1970 1974 James Economy develops high temperature polymers Ekonol (PTFE) Development of aromatic polyamides by the firm DuPont de Nemours. Polyaryletheretherketone (PEEK) was first prepared by ICI 1977 Kevlar was developed-para- aramid synthetic fiber 21
- 23. 1982 1986 1983 1980 W. Kaminsky and H. Sinn use the combination aluminoxanes/metallocenes for the polymerization of olefins. • T. Otsu introduces the concept of controlled radical polymerization • First artificial heart made mainly of polyurethane, introduced implanted in a human. ICI and Bayer launch PEEK, PPS (polyphenyene sulphide), and PES (polyether sulphone) The first dendrimers are synthesized by D. Tomalia 23
- 24. 1988 1987 1989 BASF in Germany produces a polyacetylene that has twice the electrical conductivity of copper. • First light-emitting polymers (poly- ethyne) discovered in Cambridge • The Gravimetric Batch Blender is invented by Steve Maguire revolutionising the industry and bringing affordable gravimetric blending to processors Introduction of triangular recycling symbols relating to plastics 24
- 25. 1990 1994 1998 ICI launches Biopol, the first commercially available biodegradable plastic • The controlled radical polymerization by atom transfer, is developed by Mr. Sawamoto and K Matyjaszewski • Smart car with lightweight flexible integrally coloured polycarbonate panels introduced Free standing Zanussi Oz fridge, with insulation and outer skins made in one process from polyurethane foam introduced 25
- 26. Nano-Technology applied to polymer and composit applications 2000 + 26
- 27. 2000 2001 2005 • H. Shirakawa, A.J. Heeger and A.G. McDiarmid obtain the Nobel Prize of Chemistry for their work on intrinsic conducting polymers • First commercial metallocene catalysed polyolefins introduced. iPod dreamed up by Tony Fadell, an independent inventor, developed by Apple Computers • NASA explores the advantages of a polyethylene based material RFX1, as the material for the spaceship that will send man to Mars • Poly-cond project established to look at the potential of conductive polymers 27
- 28. 2008 2009 2010 + Airbus 380, comprising 22% carbon-fibre reinforced plastics flies into Heathrow Boeing 787 comes into service, its skin is made up of 100% Plastic composites with plastic making up 50% of all materials in the plane. 28
- 29. Bullet Proof Polymer Plastics Blood Plastic Solar Cells 29
- 32. 1953 1962 1974 1991 Understanding of macromolecular chemistry. 2000 2002 2005 1963 DNA Structure Ziegler-Natta catalysis Theoretical polymer chemistry Theory of phase transitions Conductive polymers Biological macromolecules olefin metathesis Robert Grubbs Richard Schrock Yves Chauvin Nobel Prizes32
- 33. 33 References 1. Polymer Science by V.R Gowariker, N V Viswanathan, Jayadev Sreedhar 2. Polymer Science and technology by Robert O Ebewele 3. Principles of Polymer Chemistry by Paul J Flory 4. The Chemistry Of Polymers by John W Nicholson 5. www.bpf.com 6. www.wikipedia.org
- 34. THANK YOU.... 34