HISTORY: Gothic Architecture
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This document provides an overview of Gothic architecture and cathedrals. It discusses how Gothic style began in France in the 12th century under Abbot Suger and was characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. Gothic cathedrals featured large stained glass windows and were constructed out of stone, wood, iron, and stained glass. Famous Gothic cathedrals included Notre Dame, Chartres, Reims, and Westminster Abbey. The document also examines the religious, cultural, and historical context of the Gothic period in medieval Europe.
HISTORY: Gothic Architecture
- 2. OBJECTIVES • TO KNOW HOW GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE STARTED • TO KNOW THE DIFFERENT GOTHIC CATHEDRALS • TO BE ABLE TO DIFFERENTIATE GOTHIC AND ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE • TO KNOW THE CIVILIZATION/CULTURE/RELIGION/MATERIALS USED
- 3. FORGET THE ASSOCIATION OF THE WORD "GOTHIC" TO DARK, HAUNTED HOUSES, WUTHERING HEIGHTS, OR GHOSTLY PALE PEOPLE WEARING BLACK NAIL POLISH AND RIPPED FISHNETS. THE ORIGINAL GOTHIC STYLE WAS ACTUALLY DEVELOPED TO BRING SUNSHINE INTO PEOPLE'S LIVES, AND ESPECIALLYINTO THEIR CHURCHES.
- 4. MUSIC IN ARCHITECTURE •WHEN MUSIC AND ARCHITECTURE USE SUCH NATURAL AND CONVENTIONAL MEANINGS IN SO SIMPLIFIED A FORM THEY RAISE EMOTIONS TO A HIGH PITCH. THE GOTHIC CATHEDRAL PROVES THE POINT, ESPECIALLY WHILE MUSIC IS BEING PERFORMED ON THE INSIDE. Notre Dame nave, the canonic view experienced as a whole. Its spatial proportions of width to height - 1/2.7 - enhance its spiritual meaning. Music is experienced over time, whereas architecture is grasped as a spatial whole
- 5. Notre Dame interior, bay rhythm and its three superimposed levels. Each of these horizontal areas can be seen as a different choral voice. At the time, 1240, the composer Pérotin was superimposing one plainsong chant on top of another: musical and architectural harmony developed in parallel through notation systems. The notebooks of Villard de Honnecourt, circa 1240, show the nave elevation of Reims cathedral, and reveal that he appreciated its rhythmical subtleties MUSIC IN ARCHITECTURE
- 6. HISTORY •THE HISTORY OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE DATES BACK TO THE 12TH CENTURY AND LASTING THROUGH INTO 16TH. THIS WAS AN EXCITING TIME IN MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN HISTORY •A NEW, GOTHIC STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DECORATION EMERGED IN FRANCE • GREW THROUGHOUT THE HIGH AND LATE MIDDLE AGES PERIOD •IT IS A STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE DEVELOPED BETWEEN THE ROMANESQUE AND THE RENAISSANCE STYLES OF ARCHITECTURE
- 7. HISTORY •BACK IN THE 1100S-1200S, BUILDING SKILLSWERE EXTREMELY LIMITED. STONE CASTLES WERE RUDIMENTARY - DARK, COLD, AND DAMP. DUE TO THIS, THEY MADE GOTHIC ACHITECURE, THE ARCHITECT WHO LEAD THIS ON IS ABBOT SUGER •FUNDAMENTALLY,GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE TRANSFORMED CASTLES, CHURCHES, CATHEDRALSAND PRETTY MUCH THE WHOLE OF EUROPE!
- 8. FUN FACT GOTHIC STYLE WAS UNDERSTOOD DURING THE PERIOD AS OPUS FRANCIGENUM ("FRENCH WORKS")
- 9. SETTING AND CLIMATE The climate in France during the 10th to 14th century is referred as the “Medieval Warm Period” since the weather was milder than the preceding and the following periods.
- 10. MAP OF FRANCE IN THE 12TH-16TH CENTURY
- 11. CIVILIZATION •FAMOUS FOR HARASSING AND SACKING THE CITY OF ROME IN A.D. 410. •FOR THIS, THEY WERE ACTUALLY CONSIDERED THE ONES WHOM PRESERVED THE CULTURE OF ROME. •“ THEY ARE EITHER TRADITIONALLY BLAMED FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF THE CIVILIZATION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE THAT PLUNGED WESTERN CULTURE INTO A "DARK AGE" OR AS HEROES WHO REFUSED TO BEAR THE YOKE OF ROME SUBMISSIVELY.”
- 12. •“AT THAT TIME, THEY WERE DISTINGUISHED BY THEIR ROUND SHIELDS, SHORT SWORDS AND OBEDIENCE TO THEIR KING.” •THEY WORE WOLF AND OTHER ANIMAL SKINS AND WERE CALLED WOLVES AMONG THE SHEEP AS MORE AND MORE GOTHS JOINED THE ROMAN EMPIRE THEY WERE QUESTIONED OF THEIR LOYALTY. CIVILIZATION
- 13. CIVILIZATION FUN FACT •THE STATE OF ROME (ESPECIALLY THE MISERABLE PEASANTS) ACTUALLY PRAYED THAT THEY WOULD NEVER HAVE TO BE UNDER THE ROMAN JURISDICTION BECAUSE THE GOTHS DID NOT CLAIM TAXES FROM THE PEOPLE AND HAD RATHER FAVORABLE TREATMENT TO THE POOR.
- 14. CULTURE • PRIMARILY A PUBLIC FORM OF CHRISTIAN ART, IT FLOURISHED INITIALLY IN THE ILE DE FRANCE AND SURROUNDING REGION IN THE PERIOD 1150-1250, AND THEN SPREAD THROUGHOUT NORTHERN EUROPE. • GOTHIC DEVELOPED IN EUROPE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES. IT WAS MAINLY A METHOD OF BUILDING: GOTHIC CHARACTERISTICS APPEARED FIRST IN ARCHITECTURE. • ITS MAIN FORM OF EXPRESSION WAS ARCHITECTURE EX: GREAT GOTHIC CATHEDRALS
- 15. RELIGION BEGINNING WITH CONSTANTINE IN 326, CHRISTIANITY BECAME THE OFFICIAL RELIGION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
- 16. GOTHIC CATHEDRALS - “CATHEDRAL CAME FROM THE WORD “CATHEDRA” WHICH MEANS THE CHAIR OR THE SEAT OF THE BISHOP OF THAT TOWN OR REGION.
- 17. LARGE WINDOWS DECORATED WITH STAINED GLASS: THIS DEPICTS STORIES FROM THE BIBLE , FROM THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH AND THE COMMUNITY.
- 18. MANY GOTHIC CATHEDRALS HAD A FLOOR PLAN IN THE SHAPE OF A CROSS WHICH WAS A REMINDER OF THE CRUCIFIXION OF CHRIST
- 19. FAMOUS GOTHIC CATHEDRALS LONDON’S WESTMINSTER ABBEY
- 20. NOTRE DAME IN FRANCE FAMOUS GOTHIC CATHEDRALS
- 21. MATERIALS STONE - THE STONE NEEDS TO BE HARD ENOUGH TO STAND UP, AND TO LAST A THOUSAND OR TWO YEARS, AND EASY ENOUGH FOR A MEDIEVAL CRAFTSMAN TO WORK WITH RATHER PRIMITIVE TOOLS.
- 22. WOOD - UNTIL VERY RECENT TIMES, THE ROOFS OF THE GREAT CATHEDRALS WERE FRAMED IN MASSIVE AND COMPLEX STRUCTURES OF WOOD, OFTEN KNOWN AS ‘THE FOREST’. the forest supportingSoissonscathedral roof credit: Ministère de la Culture (France)
- 23. IRON - IN THE DAYS WHEN THESE CATHEDRALS WERE BUILT, IRON WAS A VERY EXPENSIVE MATERIAL, PROBABLY IMPORTED FROM SPAIN. A CATHEDRAL HAS SOME RELATIONSHIP TO A PLAYING CARD CONSTRUCTION, WITH VARIOUS PARTS OF THE STRUCTURE LEANING AGAINST OTHER PARTS.
- 24. STAINED GLASS - DURING THE GOTHIC PERIOD AND THE RENAISSANCE (1100S– 1500S) STAINED GLASS WAS ONE OF THE FOREMOST TECHNIQUES OF PAINTING PRACTICED IN EUROPE. The Virgin and Child, Master of Klosterneuberg, Austrian, active about 1335, pot-metal and clear glass, black vitreous paint, and silver stain (J. Paul Getty Museum, 2003.32) Saint John (from a Crucifixion), possibly South German, c. 1420 (J. Paul Getty Museum, 2003.35.2)
- 25. PITCHER- THE FIRST TOOL USED FOR ROUGHING OUT A SHAPE FROM A STONE SLAB... PUNCH - FOR 'PUNCHINGDOWN' THE STONE TO A DESIRED HEIGHT OR DIMENSION, THE POINT,OR PUNCH WAS A QUICK WAY TO ELIMINATEUNNECESSARY STONE. CLAW CHISEL - THISTOOL WAS USED TO BRING THE SURFACE DOWN TO THE DESIRED DEPTH, BEFORE THE FINAL STEP... STRAIGHT CHISEL - THE FINAL TOOL USED FOR SMOOTHINGTHE SURFACE, WAS ALSO USED TO ETCH MASON'S MARKS TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUALS SO THEY COULD BE PAID FOR WORK COMPLETED.
- 26. LUMP HAMMER - WAS USED FOR THE INITIAL, HEAVY WORK INVOLVED IN PITCHINGAND PUNCHING. MALLET - MADE OF HICKORY, BEECH, OR OTHER HARDWOOD, WAS USED WITH A LIGHTER TOUCH TO FINISHTHE STONE WITH A STRAIGHT CHISEL. COMPASS, OR DIVIDERS - MEDIEVAL ICONOGRAPHY SHOWS ONLY ONE MATHEMATICALINSTRUMENT IN THE HANDS OF THE STONECUTTER- A COMPASS - USED FOR CONFIGURINGARCS AND INTRICATEMOLDINGS. ADZE OR AXE - IN DEPICTIONSOF GOTHICCATHEDRAL CONSTRUCTION,THE AXE IS SEEN WIELDED BY FRENCH MEDIEVAL STONECUTTERSWITH THE BROAD SIDE DOWN, USED AS A ROUGHING OUT TOOL, OR WITH POINTED SIDE DOWN FOR FINER CUTS.
- 27. SET SQUARE - THE SIMPLETOOL THAT ENSURED THAT THE WALLS OF GOTHIC CATHEDRALS REMAINED SQUARE AND TRUE AT 90 DEGREE ANGLES. STRAIGHT EDGE - ON COMPLETION OF A FLAT STONE,SUCCESS OR FAILURE MASON TECHNIQUE DEPENDED UPON THE STRAIGHT EDGE LAYING PERFECTLY FLAT ACROSS THE FACE OF THE STONE. SO THE USE OF THISTOOL WAS A LITMUSTEST OF THE STONECUTTER'S SKILL.IF SPACES APPEARED BETWEEN THE STRAIGHT EDGE AND THE STONE,IT WAS EVIDENT THE STONECUTTERHAD CUT TOO DEEP. IF THE STRAIGHT EDGE 'SEE-SAWED,' MORE CUTTINGWAS REQUIRED.
- 28. ARCHITECTURE •GOTHIC ARCHITECTURALSTYLE IS CHARACTERIZED AND DRIVEN BY THREE MAIN FEATURES WHICH WERE BASICALLY STRUCTURAL IN NATURE: THE POINTED ARCH, THE RIBBED VAULT AND THE FLYING BUTTRESS.
- 29. POINTED ARCHES The pointed arch distributed the vault's weight in a more vertical direction rather than horizontal
- 30. STRESS LINES Pressure above Distributes more horizontally Distributes more vertically
- 31. RIBBED VAULT A web of strong arches of ribs. It helps spread the weight/force/pressure from the ceiling. The arch also provided the impression of height and magnificence, giving the vaulted ceiling a feeling of grandeur and elegance.
- 32. RIBBED VAULT CEILING PLAN **The ribs of the vaults work as structural members in transferring the loads, and the spacesbetween them could be filled with lighter, non-structural material, making the overall structure lighter.
- 33. FLYING BUTTRESSES SUPPORTS THE PIERS OF GOTHIC CATHEDRALS FROM OUTSIDE OF THE BUILDING RIGHT AT THE POINT WHERE THE STRESS LINES PUSH OUT
- 34. GARGOYLES • GARGOYLES ARE FRIGHTENING AND INTIMIDATING SCULPTURES - PERFECT FOR THE LIKES OF GREAT LORDS WHO BUILT ELABORATE FORTRESSES AND CASTLES IN ORDER TO CRUSH AND INTIMIDATE THE INDIGENOUS POPULATION. GARGOYLES PROVIDED A METHOD OF DRAINAGE WHICH PROTECTED THE STONES AND THE MORTAR OF CHURCHES, CATHEDRALS AND CASTLES FROM EROSION • THE SECOND PURPOSE OF GARGOYLES WAS AS 'GUARDIANS' OF THE BUILDINGS IN THE FORM OF ABSTRACT SYMBOLS DESIGNED TO REPRESENT, AND TO WARD OFF EVIL. • THE SECOND PURPOSE OF GARGOYLES WAS AS 'GUARDIANS' OF THE BUILDINGS IN THE FORM OF ABSTRACT SYMBOLS DESIGNED TO REPRESENT, AND TO WARD OFF EVIL. • IT IS THOUGHT THAT THEY WERE USED TO SCARE PEOPLE INTO COMING TO CHURCH, REMINDING THEM THAT THE END OF DAYS IS NEAR. IT IS ALSO THOUGHT THAT THEIR PRESENCE ASSURED CONGREGANTS THAT EVIL IS KEPT OUTSIDE OF THE CHURCH’S WALLS.
- 35. LARGE WINDOWS • ARE A DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE AND DEVELOPED FROM SIMPLE OPENINGS TO IMMENSELY RICH AND DECORATIVE STAINED GLASS DESIGNS.
- 36. ARCHITECTURE (OTHER NOTES) • THE GOTHIC STYLE EMPHASIZED VERTICALITY AND LIGHTNESS. THIS WAS ACHIEVED BY A SKELETAL STRUCTURAL DESIGN • THE VERTICALITY AND LOFTINESS SUGGESTED AN ASPIRATION TO HEAVEN AND SYMBOLIZED THE GREAT GLORY OF GOD THEOLOGICALLY. TOWERS AND SPIRES ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF GOTHIC CHURCHES. • GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IS CHARACTERIZED BY STAINED-GLASS WINDOWS, FLYING BUTTRESSES, TALL SPIRES, THE GOTHIC ARCH OR POINTED ARCH AND GOTHIC GARGOYLES.
- 37. EXAMPLES
- 38. • GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL • CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF ST PETER AND THE HOLY AND INDIVISIBLE TRINITY • GLOUCESTER, ENGLAND
- 39. • LA SAINTE CHAPELLE • THE HOLY CHAPEL • IN THE HEART OF PARIS, FRANCE
- 40. • STRASBOURG CATHEDRAL (1015-1439) • 142 METRES IN HEIGHT IT MADE THE CATHEDRAL THE TALLEST BUILDING IN THE WORLD FROM 1647 TO 1874. IT IS ALSO FAMOUS FOR ITS PINK COLOUR, WHICH COMES FROM THE PARTICULAR TYPE OF VOSGES SANDSTONE USED IN ITS CONSTRUCTION.HOWEVER, THE CATHEDRAL IS BEST KNOWN FOR THE COLOURFUL HUE OF ITS INTERIOR, CAUSED BY SUNLIGHT POURING THROUGH ITSHUGE STAINED GLASS WINDOWS.
- 41. • BASILICA OF SAINT-DENIS (BEGUN 1135) (CATHEDRAL 1966) • CONSIDERED TO BE THE FIRST GOTHIC CHURCH • THE BASILICA BECAME THE BURIAL PLACE OF ALMOST EVERY FRENCH KING FROM THE 10TH TO THE 18TH CENTURY
- 42. • LAON CATHEDRAL (1160-1235) • ONE OF THE MOST OUTSTANDINGEXAMPLES OF EARLY GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE 12TH AND 13THCENTURIES
- 43. • TOURS CATHEDRAL (1170-1547) • SAINT GATIEN'S CATHEDRAL IN TOURS EXEMPLIFIESTHE 15TH CENTURY FLAMBOYANT STYLE OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE, ALTHOUGHIT INCLUDES ELEMENTS OF THREE SCHOOLS OF ARCHITECTURE - GOTHIC,ROMANESQUE AND RENAISSANCE.
- 44. •NOTRE-DAME CATHEDRAL, PARIS (1163-1345) • ONE OF THE WORLD'S MOST FAMOUS GOTHIC CATHEDRALS • NOTRE-DAME WAS ADDED TO THE UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST IN 1991.
- 45. QUESTIONS
- 46. WHO WAS THE ARCHITECT THAT STARTED THE GOTHIC STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE? ABBOT SUGER
- 47. WHAT DOES OPUS FRANCIGENUM MEAN? FRENCH WORKS
- 48. WHAT IS THEIR RELIGION? CHRISTIAN
- 49. WHAT ARE THE 3 MAIN GOTHIC ARCHITECTURAL STYLE? POINTEDARCH, RIBBEDVAULT, FLYINGBUTTRESS
- 50. GIVE AT LEAST 2 EXAMPLE OF A GOTHIC CATHEDRAL
- 51. SOURCES • HTTP://WWW.VISUAL-ARTS-CORK.COM/ARCHITECTURE/GOTHIC-CATHEDRALS.HTM • HTTP://WWW.MEDIEVAL-LIFE-AND-TIMES.INFO/MEDIEVAL-ART/GARGOYLES.HTM • HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=01UNQFAKPC8 • HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=T8G1E-JLRHM • HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=2BSHPWSH_U4 • HTTPS://WWW.KHANACADEMY.ORG/HUMANITIES/MEDIEVAL-WORLD/LATIN-WESTERN-EUROPE/GOTHIC1/A/GOTHIC-ARCHITECTURE-AN-INTRODUCTION • HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/GOTHIC_ARCHITECTURE • HTTP://WWW.VISUAL-ARTS-CORK.COM/HISTORY-OF-ART/GOTHIC-ARCHITECTURE.HTM • HTTP://WWW.MEDIEVAL-LIFE-AND-TIMES.INFO/MEDIEVAL-ART/HISTORY-OF-GOTHIC-ARCHITECTURE.HTM
- 52. • HTTP://WWW.EXPLORING-CASTLES.COM/CHARACTERISTICS_OF_GOTHIC_ARCHITECTURE_2.HTML • HTTPS://WWW.GOOGLE.COM.PH/SEARCH?Q=HISTORY+OF+GOTHIC+ARCHITECTURE&ESPV=2&BIW=1366&BIH=659&SOURCE=LNMS&TBM=ISCH&SA=X&VED=0AHUKEWIG2FEOZRTKAHUSBY4KHZ GYAEOQ_AUIBIGB#IMGRC=_ • HTTP://WWW.LIVESCIENCE.COM/45948-ANCIENT-GOTHS.HTML • HTTP://WWW.ANCIENT.EU/GOTHS/ • HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/GOTHIC_ARCHITECTURE • HTTP://WWW.BRITANNICA.COM/TOPIC/GOTH • HTTP://WWW.ABELARD.ORG/FRANCE/CATHEDRAL-CONSTRUCTION.PHP • HTTP://WWW.NEWYORKCARVER.COM/MASONTOOL.HTM • HTTPS://WWW.KHANACADEMY.ORG/HUMANITIES/MEDIEVAL-WORLD/LATIN-WESTERN-EUROPE/GOTHIC1/A/STAINED-GLASS-HISTORY-AND-TECHNIQUE • HTTP://WWW.CATHEDRALQUEST.COM/GOTHIC_ARCHITECTURE.HTM • HTTP://WWW.ARCHITECTURAL-REVIEW.COM/RETHINK/VIEWPOINTS/ARCHITECTURE-BECOMES-MUSIC/8647050.FULLARTICLE • HTTPS://WWW.QUORA.COM/WHAT-SHOULD-EVERYONE-KNOW-ABOUT-GOTHIC-ARCHITECTURE