History Of Computer By Ian Fred Caballero
- 2. A BRIEF COMPUTER HISTORY The computer as we know it today had its beginning with a 19th century English mathematics professor name Charles Babbage.He designed the Analytical Engine and it was this design that the basic framework of the computers of today are based on. Charles Babbage KH FRS was an English polymath. A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable computer.
- 3. Three Generations Of Computer Generally speaking, computers can be classified into three generations. Each generation lasted for a certain period of time , and each gave us either a new and improved computer or an improvement to the existing computer.
- 4. First Generation Computers Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956) These early computers used vacuum tubes as circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. As a result they were enormous, literally taking up entire rooms and costing a fortune to run. These were inefficient materials which generated a lot of heat, sucked huge electricity and subsequently generated a lot of heat which caused ongoing breakdowns. These first generation computers relied on ‘machine language’ (which is the most basic programming language that can be understood by computers). These computers were limited to solving one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape. Output came out on print-outs. The two notable machines of this era were the UNIVAC and ENIAC machines – the UNIVAC is the first every commercial computer which was purchased in 1951 by a business – the US Census Bureau.
- 5. Second Generation Computers Transistor (1956-1963) The replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors saw the advent of the second generation of computing. Although first invented in 1947, transistors weren’t used significantly in computers until the end of the 1950s. They were a big improvement over the vacuum tube, despite still subjecting computers to damaging levels of heat. However they were hugely superior to the vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, faster, cheaper and less heavy on electricity use. They still relied on punched card for input/printouts. The language evolved from cryptic binary language to symbolic (‘assembly’) languages. This meant programmers could create instructions in words. About the same time high level programming languages were being developed (early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN). Transistor- driven machines were the first computers to store instructions into their memories – moving from magnetic drum to magnetic core ‘technology’. The early versions of these machines were developed for the atomic energy industry.
- 6. Third Generation Computers Integrated Circuits (1964-1971) By this phase, transistors were now being miniaturised and put on silicon chips (called semiconductors). This led to a massive increase in speed and efficiency of these machines. These were the first computers where users interacted using keyboards and monitors which interfaced with an operating system, a significant leap up from the punch cards and printouts. This enabled these machines to run several applications at once using a central program which functioned to monitor memory. As a result of these advances which again made machines cheaper and smaller, a new mass market of users emerged during the ‘60s.
- 7. Fourth Generation Computers Microprocessors (1972-2010) This revolution can be summed in one word: Intel. The chip-maker developed the Intel 4004 chip in 1971, which positioned all computer components (CPU, memory, input/output controls) onto a single chip. What filled a room in the 1940s now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel chip housed thousands of integrated circuits. The year 1981 saw the first ever computer (IBM) specifically designed for home use and 1984 saw the MacIntosh introduced by Apple.Microprocessors even moved beyond the realm of computers and into an increasing number of everyday products. The increased power of these small computers meant they could be linked, creating networks. Which ultimately led to the development, birth and rapid evolution of the Internet. Other major advances during this period have been the Graphical user interface (GUI), the mouse and more recently the astounding advances in lap-top capability and hand-held devices.
- 8. Fifth Generation Computer Artificial Intelligence (2010) Computer devices with artificial intelligence are still in development, but some of these technologies are beginning to emerge and be used such as voice recognition. AI is a reality made possible by using parallel processing and superconductors. Leaning to the future, computers will be radically transformed again by quantum computation, molecular and nano technology. The essence of fifth generation will be using these technologies to ultimately create machines which can process and respond to natural language, and have capability to learn and organise themselves.
- 10. Apple Incorporation Headquartered in Cupertino, California, Apple Inc. (NASDAQ: AAPL) has been at the forefront of the computer hardware industry since its founding in 1976 by Steve Jobs , Steve Wozniak and Gerald Wayne. Its hardware products include Mac personal computers, iPod portable media players, iPad tablet computers, iPhone smartphones and Apple Watch smartwatches. Apple sells its products through retail and online stores, direct sales and third-party network carriers, wholesalers, retailers and value-added resellers. As one of the most recognizable and popular brands in the world, Apple has sales of $199.4 billion and assets of $261.9 billion, and is the most valuable company in the world with a market capitalization of $621.6 billion as of December 2015.
- 11. Samsung Electronics Corporation Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. is a South Korean electronics company focusing on producing mobile electronic devices. Since introducing its first flagship Android phone, the Galaxy S, and the Galaxy Tab , the first mainstream Android tablet, Samsung has been one of the most successful tech companies in the world. Samsung makes more smartphones than any other company in the world. It is also one of the leading producers of HDTVs and home theater equipment. As of December 2015, Samsung has sales of $195.9 billion, assets of $209.6 billion and a market capitalization of $187.8 billion.
- 12. International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) Founded in 1911, New York-based International Business Machines Corp. (NYSE: IBM) started as a producer of punch-card tabulating machines. IBM launched its first personal computer in 1981 called the IBM PC, which quickly became the industry standard. IBM’s failure to compete effectively in the rapidly changing personal computer industry led to financial problems in the 1980s, but its focus on business solutions and networking has helped the company remain a major force in the hardware industry. As of December 2015, IBM has sales of $93.4 billion, assets of $177.5 billion and a market capitalization of $130.8 billion.
- 13. Foxconn Technology Group Foxconn Technology Group is a Taiwanese electronics contract manufacturing company headquartered in Tucheng, New Taipei, Taiwan. With over 1 million employees, it is one of the world's largest electronics contractor manufacturers and the largest producer of Apple products. While Foxconn continues to benefit from the success of surging sales of iPhones, the company plans to diversify its production. Rising competition for Apple contracts and improving Chinese labor standards have cut into company profits. As of December 2015, Foxconn has a market capitalization of $40.3 billion.
- 14. Hewlett-Packard Incorporated (HP Inc.) The Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HPQ), also known as HP Inc., is one of the two companies resulting from the split of HP. in 2015. The company, headquartered in Palo Alto, California, produces personal computers and printers. Facing a decline in the personal computer market, HP decided to streamline operations by creating two smaller companies. The other company, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, focuses on server and other hardware sales to businesses. By splitting, HP hopes to have more resources to allocate toward research and development, leading to more innovative products. As of the split in 2015, HP Inc. has a market capitalization of $21.9 billion.
- 15. Thanks For Watching Ian Fred Caballero Gr. 10 SSC Bato National High School Bato Toledo City Cebu