History of Global Positioning System (GPS)

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
Presented by-
SOMENATH GOSWAMI
M.Sc in Geo-Informatics and M.Tech in IT
Date: 09-08-2024

1
Contents
 Introduction
Three Components of GPS
 History of GPS
 IRNSS or NavIC
 Navstar
 Galileo
 GLONASS
 QZSS
BeiDou
 How to Works GPS
 Sources of GPS Errors
Advantages and Disadvantages of GPS
Applications of GPS
 Reference

2
Introduction
 A space-based satellite navigation system provides location and time
information in all weather.
 GPS stands for Global Positioning System which measures 3 - D
locations on Earth surface with the aid of satellites.
 System as a whole consists of three segments:
1. Satellites ( space segment )
2. Receivers ( user segment )
3. Ground stations ( control segment )

3
Three Components of GPS
Space Segment-
The satellites orbiting the
earth and transmitting timing
and ranging messages
Control Segment-
Monitors the health
and position of the
satellites in the
space segment and
transmits correction
. information back up
to the satellites
User Segment –
The handheld or
other receivers
used to interpret
the messages
broadcast from the
satellites

History of GPS
 1960 - Feasibility studies begun of GPS .
 1973 - Pentagon appropriates funding of GPS .
 1975 - System declared fully operational in April .
 1978 - First of many GPS satellites launched into space .
 1983 - President Ronald Reagan orders the GPS to be made public for
civilian use .
 1994 - Constellation of 24 satellites completed .
 2000 - Full GPS signal quality becomes available open to all.
 2005 - First of several second - generation satellites launched .
 2017 - First of several third-generation satellites to be launched .
 2020 - The U.S. Space Force announces that due to the COVID-19
pandemic, the SpaceX launch of the GPS III-3 satellite in delayed.
4

Indian GPS (IRNSS or NavIC)
The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System, with an operational name
of NavIC, is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system that
provides accurate real-time positioning and timing services. It covers India
and a region extending 1,500 km around it, with plans for further
extension.
 Country : India
 Operator: ISRO
 Type: Military, Commercial
 Status: Operational
Coverage: Regional (up to 1,600 km or 990 mi from borders)
Accuracy:1 m or 3 ft 3 inch (public)[citation needed];10 cm or 3.9 inch
(encrypted)[citation needed]
Total satellites: 8
Satellites in orbit: 7
First launch:1 July 2013
Last launch:12 April 2018
Total launches: 9
Orbit: Geosynchronous orbit
Orbital height: 35,786 km
Signals: L5,S
5

American GPS (Navstar)
The Global Positioning System, originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based
radio-navigation system owned by the United States government and
operated by the United States Space Force.
 Country : United States
 Operator(s): US Space Force
 Type: Military, Civilian
Coverage: Global
Accuracy: 500-30 cm
First launch: 22 Feb1978
Orbit: 6 MEO planes
6

European GPS (Galileo)
Galileo is a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that went live in 2016,
created by the European Union through the European Space Agency (ESA),
operated by the European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA),
headquartered in Prague, Czech Republic, with two ground operations
centres in Fucino, Italy, and Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany.
Country : European Union
 Operator: EUSPA, ESA
 Type: Civilian, Commercial
 Status: Initial Services
Coverage: Global
Accuracy:1 m (public);1 cm (encrypted)
Total satellites: 30 (24 Active + 6 Spares)
Satellites in orbit: 23 usable, 1 not available, 3 not usable and 1 under
commissioning (06/2022)
First launch: 2011
Orbit: 3× MEO planes
Signals: E1,E5a,E5b,E5(E5a+E5b),E6
7

Russian GPS (GLONASS)
Global Navigation Satellite System is a Russian satellite navigationsystem
operating as part of a radionavigation-satellite service. It provides an alternative to
Global Positioning System(GPS) and is the second navigational system in
operation with global coverage and of comparable precision.
 Country : Rassia
 Operator(s): Roscosmos (Rassia)
 Type: Military, Civilian
Coverage: Global
Accuracy: 2.8-7.38 m
Total satellites: 26 (operational 22)
First launch: 12 Oct 1982
Last launch: 7 July 2022
Orbit: 3× MEO planes
Signals: G1,G2,G3
8

Japanese GPS (QZSS)
9
The Quasi-Zenith Satellite System, also known as Michibiki, is a four-satellite
regional time transfer system and a satellite-based augmentation system
developed by the Japanese government to enhance the United States-
operated Global Positioning System in the Asia-Oceania regions, with a focus
on Japan.
 Country : Japan
 Operator(s): JAXA
 Type: Civilian
Coverage: Regional
Accuracy: PNT<10m(public); SLAS<1m(public); CLAS <10 cm (public)
Total satellites: 5 (7 in the Future)
First launch: 11 Sept 2010
Last launch: 26 Oct 2021
Orbit: 3× GSO

Chinese GPS (BeiDou)
The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System is a Chinese satellite navigation
system. It consists of two separate satellite constellations.
Country : China
 Operator(s): CNSA
 Type: Military, Commercial
Coverage: Global
Accuracy: 3.6m(global, public);2.6m(Asia Pacific, public);10cm(encrypted)
First launch: 31 Oct 2000
Last launch: 23 June 2020
Orbit: GEO, IGSO, MEO
10

How to Works GPS
 GPS receivers ( e.g. your cell phone ) take this information and use
trilateration to determine your exact location.
 Step 1 : GPS Satellite transmits radio signal providing their exact location
and time ( t )
₁
 Step 2 : Radio Signal Travels through space at the speed of light ( s )
 Step 3 : GPS Receiver takes the time the signal is received ( t ) and
₂
calculates the distance ( D )
D = S * ( t - t ) [Distance = Speed * ( Satellite Time -
₂ ₁
ReceiverTime )]
 Once a GPS device knows the distance between you and those 4
Satellites , it can use geometry to pinpoint exactly where you are.
11

Sources of GPS Errors
12
Source Amount of Error
Satellite clocks : 1.5 to 3.6 meters
Orbital errors : < 1 meter
Ionosphere : 5.0 to 7.0 meters
Troposphere : 0.5 to 0.7 meters
Receiver noise : 0.3 to 1.5 meters
Multipath : 1 to 10 meters
User error : Up to a kilometer or more

Advantages and Disadvantages of GPS
13
Advantages :
Fast speed
Easy navigation system
Work in all weather
 Nearby Area Search
 Updated regularly
Disadvantages :
Need good care and handling
Need external power
Inaccuracy
Potential failures
Privacy concerns

Applications of GPS
14
Public Safety
Environmental resource agents
 Aviation
Military
Local planning
 Surveying
Recreation
Business
Banking
Mobile Phone operations
Auto toll GPS service
GPS watch
Google Map
 Navigation

Reference
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System
Bhatta, B., Remote sensing and GIS, (2020), 3rd Edition, Oxford University
Press, 1-732, ISBN: 9780199496648
Leick,Alfred_Rapoport, Lev_Tatarnikov, Dmitry - GPS Satellite Surveying
(2015,Wiley)
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeiDou
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System
15

History of Global Positioning System (GPS)

History of Global Positioning System (GPS)

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