History of Metabolic engineering
- 1. METABOLIC ENGINEERING PRESENTED BY SYED MOIN
- 2. INTRODUCTION ✓ Metabolic engineering is the alteration of the genetic components or flux of an organism in order to achieve a desired phenotype or product. ✓ where directed improvement of cellular properties through the modification of specific biochemical reactions or the introduction of new pathways, by using the recombinant DNA technology. ✓ Metabolic engineering is basically meant for the production of chemicals, fuels, pharmaceuticals and medicine by altering the metabolic pathways
- 3. history In 1999 Stephanopoulos defined metabolic engineering as We define metabolic engineering as the directed improvement of product formation or cellular properties through the modification of specific biochemical reactions or introduction of new ones with the use of recombinant DNA technology The definition of metabolic engineering was first composed in the 1991 by Bailey he defined metabolic engineering as. Application if recombinant DNA methods to restructure metabolic networks that improves production of metabolite and protein products by altering pathway distributions and rates.
- 4. In the past, to increase the productivity of a desired metabolite, a microorganism was genetically modified by chemically induced mutation, and the mutant strain that overexpressed the desired metabolite was then chosen. However, one of the main problems with this technique was that the metabolic pathway for the production of that metabolite was not analyzed, and as a result, the constraints to production and relevant pathway enzymes to be modified were unknown. Practically, metabolic engineering was first used in the late 1980s, and pioneering work carried on into the early 1990s. Stephanopoulos states that in these early years, five main areas of metabolic engineering emerged.
- 5. Peoples and Sinkskey in 1990, they characterised the pathways of the production of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) in multiple bacteria. In 1991-->use of analytical techniques in order to identify the role of Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH) in glutamate formation in bacteria, C.glutamicum.with the incorporation of the lactose operon into C.glutamicum meaning they were able to grow on lactose as well as natural substrates. Zymomonas mobilis, which was modified to include xylose, a sugar derived from wood, into a pathway that produces ethanol in anaerobic conditions. metabolic engineering was carried out on the bacteria C.Glutamicum. Examples of this include genetic modification to create tyrosine or phenylalanine rather than tryptophan in 1992. This showed early use of plasmids and genetic manipulation. Khosla and Bailey developed, again via recombination, a way to improve the growth of E.coli in low-oxygen conditions by the induction of an improved haemoglobin protein.
- 6. . Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a melt-processable, semi-crystalline thermoplastic produced from microorganisms by fermentation of renewable carbohydrate feedstocks. PHB is a truly biodegradable and biocompatible plastic and an attractive environmental-friendly alternative to fossil-based thermoplastics such as PE and PP. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-Granules-of-PHB-accumulated-in-the-cell-of-the-bacterium-Azobacter-chroococcum-2_fig1_321234065
- 7. history development of metobolic engineering https://57cbe93f-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/metaboliceng1/history/timeline.png?attachauth=ANoY7cpNry5-rxI1FCC- _r0zqpsY166ba6OiHXSWG_7NNKR2E3r0JkViB3irKk4Fqw24Xfa5rcbGFoEp7jIt65IBHR4yJ6VjxC9nUmFBap94nM7wFnOrrdjoT0Tv24YbklwF1V8ana8t- e9ViwFtaqy3YCBn6hXgyX468sVfyJLKeYIpdtnUFW9waSi9R9mOiZ8GXRuipVYhpHKjkdyRNXe1ZUIwMpnXlfY531UXxuhaR7u3uo5o4ZwM%3D&attredirects=
- 8. Global transcription machinery engineering is a technique used to enable random, multiple modifications of several genes simultaneously using a synthetic enzyme. Multiplex automated genome engineering programming can also produce genetic diversity, using similar gene modification methods Trackable multiplex recombineering technology uses a library of synthetic DNA that is inserted into the genome.This is a powerful novel technique that can be particularly useful for strain improvement. Promoter engineering is another tool used for applying genetic control.to optimise flux. Isotope tracers have been used to detect metabolites of model origin and also identify underlying structures of metabolic pathways. The use of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, fluxomic and interactomics techniques have introduced approaches to assess the complete cell state with all interactions involved Advancements in Metabolic Engineering Approaches
- 10. .REFERENCES Toward a science of metabolic engineering. Bailey, JE. s.l. : Science, 1991, Vol. 252. 2. Network Rigidity and Metabolic ngineering in Metabolite Production. G Stephanopoulos, JJ Vallino. s.l. : Science, 1991, Vol. 252. 3. Metabolic Fluxes and Metabolic Engineering. Stephanopoulos, Gregory. s.l. : Metabolic Engineering, 1999, Vol. 1. 4. Metabolic Engineering To Produce Tyrosine or Phenylalanine in a Tryptophan-Producing Corynebacterium glutamicum Strain. Katsumata, Masato Ikeda and Ryoichi. s.l. : Applied Environmental Microbiology, 1992, Vol. 58. 5. Glutamate Dehydrogenase Is Not Essential for Glutamate Formation by Corynebacterium glutamicum. Elke R. Börmann-El Kholy, Bernhard J. Eikmanns, Marcella Gutmann, and Hermann Sahm. s.l. : Applied Environmental Microbiology, 1993, Vol. 59. 6. Studies on the utilization of lactose by Corynebacterium glutamicum, bearing the lactose operon of Escherichia coli. W. Brabetz, W. Liebl, K.-H. Schleifer. s.l. : Microbiology, 1991, Vol. 155. 7. Metabolic Engineering of a Pentose Metabolism Pathway in Ethanologenic Zymomonas mobilis. Min Zhang, Christina Eddy, Kristine Deanda, Mark Finkelstein, Stephen Picataggio. s.l. : Science, 1995, Vol. 267. 8. Metabolic Engineering of Klebsiella oxytoca M5A1 for Ethanol Production from Xylose and Glucose. Kazuyoshi Ohta, D.S.Beall, J.P. Mejia, K.T. Shanmugamand L.O. Ingram. s.l. : Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1991, Vol. 57. 9. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB): A Model System for Biopolymer Engineering: II. Oliver P. Peoples, Anthony J. Sinskey. s.l. : Novel Biodegradable Microbial Polymers, 1990, Vol. 186. 10. Heterologous expression of a bacterial haemoglobin improves the growth properties of recombinant Escherichia coli. Bailey, Chaitan Khosla & James E. s.l. : Nature, 1988, Vol. 331.
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