Hk is global introduction presentation_web version
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This document summarizes a presentation on integrating health considerations into transport planning and policy. It discusses how health is not always explicitly included in transport agendas. It also examines challenges such as rapid car-centered urbanization, the influence of the car lobby, and lack of public awareness of health impacts. The presentation calls for more cross-sector dialogue and collaboration to better address these issues and influence transport decisions.
Hk is global introduction presentation_web version
- 1. Reflections on Health in Transport Planning and Policy Haneen Khreis Institute forTransport Studies, University of Leeds, UK Barcelona Institute forGlobal Health, Barcelona, Spain
- 2. Health in transport planning and policy and what we’re doing about it • Health and other objectives in the transport agenda • Including health in other high priority policy agenda e.g. climate change • Synergies between transport and health (pathways/ linkages, impacts, scale, specific policies) • Including health in transport planning tools • Promoting cross-disciplinary dialogue, collaboration and knowledge transfer • Other initiatives: ICTH,WCTRS SIG onTransport and Health, book on Urban development, Environment Exposures, and Health • Thinking solutions – over to you!
- 3. Sustainability • 1962 – Silent Spring • 1987 – Brundtland Report • The concept of SustainableTransport has from the broader notion of sustainable development • The roots of the SustainableTransport can be traced to the 1972 Stockholm and 1992 and 2012 Rio conferences
- 4. Sustainable Transport • Sustainable transportation satisfies “current transport and mobility needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet these needs” (Black 1996, p. 151).
- 5. Sustainable Urban Mobility Planning • The European Commission’s Action Plan on Urban Mobility (EC, 2009) recommends and encourages SUMP • White Paper on transport (EC, 2011) proposed SUMP to become mandatory (GHG focus) • The allocation of regional and cohesion funds might be made conditional on the submission and auditing of a SUMP • Placed environmental issues firmly on the political agenda
- 6. SUMP’s Key Objectives Ensure all citizens are offered transport options that enable access to key destinations and services Improve safety and security Reduce air and noise pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption Improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the transportation of persons and goods Contribute to enhancing the attractiveness and quality of the urban environment and urban design for the benefits of citizens, the economy and society as a whole
- 7. “At the same time, the scandal should bring to light the limitations in the current narrow framing of issues in transport planning and policy: despite the elaborate discourse around the sustainability agenda since the 1970s (Hall et al., 2014), the focus was effectively reduced to CO2 reduction and engine design, without concretely considering and addressing the larger impacts of transport planning choices”.
- 11. 100 MAJOR SCHEMES FUNDED BY £15.2 BILLION OF PUBLIC MONEY
- 12. Economic Growth TravelTime Savings Cost Effectiveness Land-use Accessibility Noise Reductions Equality Providing for Cars Efficiency Safety Policy Integration Connectivity Economic Growth TravelTime Savings Cost Effectiveness Land-use Accessibility Carbon ReductionsNoise Reductions Equality Providing for Cars Efficiency Safety Policy Integration Connectivity Sustainability
- 13. Public policy favouring car mobility “For national and local policy makers, I suggest the following ranking of priorities in transport policy: (1) stimulate the economy by facilitating the smooth flow of goods and people, (2) ensure social equity by facilitating access to mobility for disadvantaged groups (especially via public transport), and (3) addressing negative externalities in the following order of importance: (a) congestion, because it has negative social and economic implications, (b) local ‘quality of life’ problems such as air pollution, parking and spatial problems, (c) safety (traffic deaths and injuries), and (d) environmental sustainability such as climate change. This externality ranking explains why most transport policy programs address congestion (via congestion charging, dynamic traffic management, and demand management)” (Geels 2012)
- 14. “ … supported bus services were cut by a further 11% compared to 2015/16, taking the total reduction to 33% since 2010 …”
- 17. Why is the discrepancy between policy and practice? … and what can we do about it?
- 18. The State of the Practice of Transport Appraisal
- 19. The State of the Practice of Transport Appraisal “Would it be the solution to conduct an overall appraisal/evaluation of a plan/intervention. Not just health or economic benefits, but as wide as possible? I guess that is the main problem at the moment that evaluations/appraisals are mostly done by domain”
- 20. The State of the Practice of Transport Appraisal “The notion of sustainability is never really translated into proper policy indicators (do we need to focus on kilometres per vehicle, car-share in modal split, levels of pollution?) and no alternative to cost benefit analysis has been developed, so we always have valued/appraised transport projects as usual.”
- 21. Health not explicit in the transport agenda • Not in the transport curriculum • Increasing focus by local (transport) authorities • That’s all very well if they have any control over public transport and the budget to put it right • National policy still focus on functionality of system, road safety and GHG (problematic bigger pots of investment money)
- 22. Rapid and car- centred urbanization • Advanced a car-centred planning approach dominated urban and transport planning since post-SecondWorldWar • Increased spatial separation of activities lowers urbanised population densities, and results in lower commuter numbers needed to support a meaningful public transport system and a gradual abandonment of these urbanised areas • Reinforces policy focus on ‘economic centres of agglomeration’
- 23. “The transport sector is susceptible to long term effect on design decisions. Urban form does not change as rapidly (or even at all) as building or roads are built or demolished, for example many roman road still exist in the landscape or still serve as roads” In regard to transport policy measures : “Why land use policy measures seem to receive the least attention whilst they could be most effective?” – “I agree with you! Is true, there are the most effective because there are the cause of the cause. But at the same time is the harder to be changed from a politician perspective, is a change of model. But is the most important and effective intervention”
- 24. Mass Motorization and Ethical Positions Towards Human Life • Manifested most clearly in the substantial deaths due to MVC, and less clearly in the rise of chronic diseases related to traffic exposure and practices over the same periods that car traffic undergone large changes • Systems approach; such as theVision Zero initiated by Sweden and Sustainable Safety in the Netherlands based on an ethical position in which it is unacceptable to have people seriously injured or killed on the network • Transport infrastructure design is inherently conceived to drastically reduce crash risk • This clarity in policy and guidance may have led to a substantive influence for human life in the transport design agenda
- 25. The Car Lobby • Acknowledge car industry as a powerful and diffuse force in advocating for mass motorization through marketing strategies to increase uptake and maintenance of driving • Opposing measures that may reduce car use, e.g. fuel duty increases, reduction in parking supply, proposals for car-free zones, improvements in traffic safety and delayed EU emissions regulations • Little public support for measures to rectify the impact
- 28. Public perceptions and awareness Lack of public awareness of these impacts, even those which have been receiving increasing media coverage such as air pollution; reinforce the lack of political commitment and initiative to address these problems
- 33. 64 transport policy measures • Many, but not all urban transport policy measures, can have a positive impact on health • Health professional and health impact assessors can benefit from this summary to identify and get acquainted with feasible policy measures at the urban scale • Transport planners can have a better idea of the potential health impacts of their policy measures
- 35. Health
- 36. More dialogue across the sectors
- 37. More dialogue across the sectors The SIG will serve as a forum to facilitate discussion, communication, dissemination of evidence, co-production of future directions and various other activities related to Transport and Health research and practice, within the society and beyond – part of the UPEH initiative
- 38. Gaining more (academic) attention… but how to REALLY impact policy? “The one major lesson learnt is that although health has made significant advances in demonstrating effects from car- oriented planning (which I was not aware of), such work has yet to contribute to a more evidence- based approach to urban policy and practice”
- 39. Over to you! • Strong leaders • Strong statements (e.g. tobacco messages) • Focus on risk rather than uncertainty • Work with practioners • Give them health impacts and cost assessment tools • Develop indicators • Collaborate across sectors and share knowledge and practice • Educate, empower and engage communities • Impact public opinion enough, stir social movement
- 40. Compliance, effectiveness Atmospheric transport, chemical transformation, and deposition Human time-activity in relation to indoor and outdoor air quality; Uptake, deposition, clearance, retention Susceptibility factors; mechanisms of damage and repair, health outcomes Transport policy Emissions Ambient air quality Exposure/ dose Human healthHealth Effects Institute, 2003 21st April 2017 – 9:30 AM Full-Chain Quantitative Health Impact Assessment ofTraffic-Related Air Pollution and Childhood Asthma in Bradford, UK