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- 1. HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week 2 Assignment Evidence-Based Research Interview For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com Evidence-Based Research Interview Details: Identify, analyze, and discuss the components that comprise a valid evidence-based research study. Based on the information compiled above, interview a health care leader about his/her experiences related to using evidence-based research to drive changes in practices in his/her facility. Write a report (1,000-1,250 words) of your findings. Include the following in your report: 1) The changes that the health care leader has been involved in implementing. 2) How strong did the leader feel the research on the topic was? Why? 3) Have they ever rejected research findings? Why or why not? 4) Include any concerns they have had or resistance they have experienced when implementing changes based on research.
- 2. 5) Analyze your findings as they apply to the components of evidence-based research. Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment. ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week 6 Discussion 2 For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com What are the indicators for using a t-test? Create a research scenario in which it would be correct to use a t-test, including the research question, sample size, and dependent and independent variables. ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week 7 Discussion 1 For more classes visit
- 3. www.snaptutorial.com What are the indicators for using an ANOVA? Create a research scenario in which it would be correct to use an ANOVA, including the research question, sample size, and dependent and independent variables. ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Grand Canyon Week 7 Discussion 2 For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com What are the indicators for using a regression analysis? Create a research scenario in which it would be correct to use a regression analysis, including the research question, sample size, and dependent and independent variables? ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 1 Discussion 1 For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com
- 4. Why do you think many healthcare practitioners are often unwilling to change practice patterns, based on research findings? Some practitioners criticize evidence-based practice as “cookbook care.” Considering these perceptions, how would you utilize your education and experiences in planning the implementation of a major change? ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 1 Discussion 2 For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com Consider the question: “Why do physicians and nurses kill more people than airline pilots?” Apply your critical thinking skills to this argument and critique the statement. First, do you think it’s true? If it is, what do you think about their rationale? How would you address it if the question were posed to you in a forum? ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 2 Discussion 1 For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com What kinds of extraneous variables (not cited in the studies) do you think could have affected the relationships between the independent
- 5. variables and the dependent variables in both the Messina et al. and Coyne et al. studies? ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 2 Discussion 2 For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com How effectively do you think the Coyne et al. study and the Messina et al. study both used their review of literature to help the reader understand why the research question was asked? How could they have done it more effectively? ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 3 Assignment 1 Coyne and Messina Articles, Part 1 Analysis For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com Coyne and Messina Articles, Part 1 Analysis Details:
- 6. 1) In a paper (1,000-1,250 words), compare and contrast the major elements of the reports by Coyne et al. and Messina et al., listed in the Module 2 Readings. 2) Complete the “Coyne and Messina Articles Analysis.” Study the information in the right-side column related to the Coyne, et al. study, which identifies the required elements as found in the reading. Complete the information for the Messina et al. article by identifying the required elements from the article. 3) Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. 4) This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment. Coyne and Messina Articles Analysis As an example guideline, review the study components in the left-side column of the table below. Read the study by Messina et al., and build the data in the right-side column with the key components in that study. Research Question: Coyne: Do size and ownership type make a difference in the efficiency and cost results of hospitals in Washington state? (Highlight p.164, second column, starting 15 lines from bottom to seven lines from bottom.) Messina: How did the research question emerge from the review of literature in the article?
- 7. Coyne: Built on an earlier study by Coyne on performance differences between multi-facility systems and independent hospitals using two cost measures. Cited studies that used a range of variables to measure differences in hospital performance, and noted that prior findings have been inconclusive in regard to hospital size, although economies of scale were found. Messina: Independent Variables Type: Coyne: Hospital size and hospital ownership structure. Categorical Messina: Dependent Variables Type: Coyne: Efficiency measures – continuous variables. Cost measures – continuous variables. Messina: Design Elements
- 8. Quantitative vs. Qualitative Sample Size Method of sample selection Experimental vs. control group? Reliable and valid data instruments? Coyne: Quantitative 96 Picked all hospitals in state, except investor owned hospitals. No Used data that are commonly used to measure hospital efficiency and performance with high degrees of accuracy (reliable), and data that are historically used and make sense to other hospital users (valid). Messina: Describe analysis. What statistics were used? Coyne: Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Messina: Did the researchers’ conclusions make sense, did they answer the research question, and did they appear to flow from the review of the literature?
- 9. Did they explore control of extraneous variables? Coyne: They concluded that size and ownership type make a difference in reported levels of efficiency. Not for profits seem to achieve higher performance levels, and medium and large not for profits operate more efficiently than industry average. The same results were found for cost levels, in that size and ownership type do make a difference, with medium sized hospitals reporting lower costs than large or small hospitals. Yes, when they called for national studies that controlled for case mix, scope of services, and payer mix, all of which could have affected the results in this study in an unmeasured way. ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 3 Assignment 2 Assessing a Research Study For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com Assessing a Research Study Details: 1) Choose a research study article of interest to you.
- 10. 2) Refer to the study you choose and complete “Assessing a Research Study.” 3) Identify an article that directly references your chosen study and compare it to your findings. Does this article refute or confirm the study’s findings? 4) Write a paper (750-1,000 words) that analyzes and summarizes your findings. 5) Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. 6) This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment. Assessing a Research Study Review the study components in the left-side column of the form below. Refer to the study you chose, and complete the data in the right-side column with the key components in that study. Research Question: How did the research question emerge from the review of literature in the article? Independent Variables Type: Dependent Variables
- 11. Type: Identify and Define the Study Design Elements: Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Sample Size Method of sample selection: Explanation. Identify and define the experimental and control groups? Reliable and valid data instruments? Explain. Describe analysis. What statistics were used? Did the researchers’ conclusions make sense, did they answer the research question, and did they appear to flow from the review of the literature? Did they explore control of extraneous variables? ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 3 Discussion 1 For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com Given that there is a documented advantage to the use of an experimental and control group design, discuss why other designs are frequently used, and the situations that may prompt the use of one.
- 12. ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 3 Discussion 2 For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com Discuss your understanding of the concept of internal validity in a research study, and the impacts of several errors or biases that can reduce the study’s validity. ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 4 Assignment Coyne and Messina Articles Part 2 Statistical Assessment For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com Coyne and Messina Articles Part 2 Statistical Assessment Details: 1) Write a paper of 1,000-1,250 words regarding the statistical significance of outcomes as presented in Messina’s, et al. article “The
- 13. Relationship between Patient Satisfaction and Inpatient Admissions Across Teaching and Nonteaching Hospitals.” 2) Assess the appropriateness of the statistics used by referring to the chart presented in the Module 4 lecture and the resource “Statistical Assessment.” 3) Discuss the value of statistical significance vs. pragmatic usefulness. 4) Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. 5) This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 4 Discussion 1 For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com Why do you think so many people have problems with using, interpreting, or applying statistics in making business decisions? ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 4 Discussion 2
- 14. For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com As you have learned to evaluate different research studies, what elements seem the most important to you for evaluation of the research’s quality? Why? ******************************************************* ************************ HLT 540 Week 5 Assignment 1 Broyles Textbook Practice Exercise For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com Broyles Textbook Practice Exercise Details: Complete “Practice Exercise 1” (page 157) and “Practice Exercise 11” (page 180) in the textbook. For the data set listed, use Excel to extract the mean and standard deviation for the sample of lengths of stay for cardiac patients. Use the following Excel steps: 1) Enter the data set into Excel.
- 15. 2) Click on the Data tab at the top. 3) Highlight your data set with your mouse. 4) Click on the Data Analysis tab at the top right. 5) Click on Descriptive Statistics in the analysis tool list. 6) Find the mean and standard deviation of the data sets. 7) Send the results to instructor via e-mail, along with your analysis of the description of the data set. APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected. ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 5 Assignment 2 Coyne and Messina Articles Part 3 Spearman Coefficient Review For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com Coyne and Messina Articles Part 3 Spearman Coefficient Review Details: 1) Write a paper (750-1,000 words) regarding the use of the Spearman rank correlation coefficient by Messina, et al. in “The Relationship between Patient Satisfaction and Inpatient Admissions Across Teaching and Nonteaching Hospitals,” listed in the module readings.
- 16. 2) Comment on what variables were used; whether it answered the research question; and whether the Spearman rank correlation coefficient is appropriately used, given the requirements of the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. 3) Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 5 Discussion 1 For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com Discuss the concept of the normal distribution, why it is important, and what you think it means. ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 5 Discussion 2 For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com When students talk about “grading on the curve,” how does that apply to the normal distribution?
- 17. ******************************************************* ************************ HLT 540 Week 6 Assignment 1Yeung Analysis For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com Yeung Analysis Details: 1) Refer to “The Use of Electro-Acupuncture in Conjunction with Exercise for the Treatment of Chronic Low-Back Pain” by Yeung, Leung, and Chow. 2) Complete “Yeung Analysis Worksheet.” 3) Examine the question the researchers were trying to answer and write an essay (500-750 words) that explains why you feel the t-test was chosen. Choose one of the other tools studied so far in this course and explain why it would not provide relevant findings. 4) Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. 5) This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.
- 18. Yeung Analysis Worksheet What was the research question? What were the independent variables? What was the dependent variable? What was the sample size and how was it chosen? What was the experimental design and use of control group? Were the instruments of measurement shown to be reliable and valid? What data types were included? Describe the statistics used, what they were used for, and the results. What were the researchers’ conclusions? How did they answer the research question(s)? How was error controlled? Did you see any concerns with the research study? If so, what? ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 6 Assignment 2 Correlation between Two Variables For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com
- 19. Correlation between Two Variables Details: Use Excel to do a correlation between the following variables: 1) X – 2,5,5,6,6,7,8,9 2) Y – 1,2,2,3,4,4,5,5 This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment. ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 6 Assignment 3 T-Test for Two Sample For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com T-Test for Two Sample Details: A drug company is measuring levels of oxygenation in patients after receiving a test medication. As the researcher, you are interested in whether Group I, which received the medication, has the same oxygenation levels as Group II, which did not.
- 20. 1) Group 1: 2,3,3,4,4,7,8,9 2) Group 2: 1,2,2,3,4,4,5,5,6,8 Use Excel to run a t-test for two samples, assuming equal variances, with an alpha value of 0.05. Run the t-test and note: 1) Are you doing a one-tailed test or a two-tailed test (Excel will give you both)? 2) What is the probability that Group I is different from Group 2, using the p value? Is it significant against the benchmark of p < .05? APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected. This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment. ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 6 Discussion 1 For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com Discuss the differences between the concepts of correlation and causality, and why it is critically important to make sure that the differences are understood? ******************************************************** ***********************
- 21. HLT 540 Week 7 Assignment 1 Broyles Textbook Exercise 1 For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com Broyles Textbook Exercise 1 Details: 1) Use Excel to complete “Exercise 1” on page 247 (Regression Analysis) in the textbook. 2) Answer the questions at the end of the exercise. 3) APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected. This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment. ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 7 Assignment 2 Broyles Textbook Exercise 7 For more classes visit
- 22. www.snaptutorial.com Broyles Textbook Exercise 7 Details: 1) Use Excel to complete “Exercise 7” on page 208 (ANOVA) in the textbook. 2) Answer the questions at the end of the exercise. 3) APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected. This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment. ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 7 Assignment 3Roddy and Ganz Assessments For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com Roddy and Ganz Assessments Details:
- 23. 1) Use “Roddy and Ganz Worksheets” to complete an assessment of the research studies: “Evidence-Based Clinical Guidelines: A New System to Better Determine True Strength of Recommendation” by Roddy et al., and “ICU Nurses’ Oral-Care Practices and the Current Best Evidence” by Ganz et al. 2) In a paper (1,000-1,250 words), analyze and support whether you believe that the changes recommended are statistically valid and sound enough to make practice changes in a hospital. 3) Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. 4) This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment. Roddy Analysis Worksheet Using the worksheet below, complete an assessment of the following article. Roddy, E., Zhang, W., Doherty, M., Arden, N. K., Barlow, J., Birrell, F., et al. (2006). Evidence-based clinical guidelines: A new system to better determine true strength of recommendation. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 12(3), 347-352. Retrieved from.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=a9h&AN=20870724&site=ehost- live&scope=site”>http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login? url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=a9h&AN=20870724&site=ehost-live&scope=site What was the research question?
- 24. What were the independent variables? What was the dependent variable? What was the sample size and how was it chosen? What was the experimental design and use of control group? Were the instruments of measurement shown to be reliable and valid? What data types were included? Describe the statistics used, what they were used for, and the results. What were the researchers’ conclusions? How did they answer the research question(s)? How was error controlled? Did you see any concerns with the research study? If so, what? Ganz Analysis Worksheet Using the worksheet below, complete an assessment of the following article. Ganz, F., Fink, N., Raanan, O., Asher, M., Bruttin, M., Nun, M., et al. (2009). ICU nurses’ oral-care practices and the current best evidence. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 41(2), 132-138. Retrieved from.gcu.edu:2048/login? url=http://proquest.umi.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/pqdweb? did=1780947491&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=48377&RQT=309&VNa me=PQD”>http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login? url=http://proquest.umi.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/pqdweb? did=1780947491&sid=1&Fmt=3&clientId=48377&RQT=309&VNa me=PQD
- 25. What was the research question? What were the independent variables? What was the dependent variable? What was the sample size and how was it chosen? What was the experimental design and use of control group? Were the instruments of measurement shown to be reliable and valid? What data types were included? Describe the statistics used, what they were used for, and the results. What were the researchers’ conclusions? How did they answer the research question(s)? How was error controlled? Did you see any concerns with the research study? If so, what? ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 8 Assignment 1 Proposal Development Paper For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com
- 26. HLT 540 Week 8 Assignment 1 Proposal Development Paper Write a proposal paper (1,250-1,500 words) for a major change project that you would like to lead. Identify a health care issue that interests you and explain why. Develop a rationale using evidence-based research, including: 1) The background. 2) Statistical findings. 3) Probable stakeholders. 4) Logical conclusions. Design an implementation plan for the project, including: 1) A communications plan. 2) Creation of a design and implementation team by roles. List the strategies you would use to lead the team to success and identify potential obstacles that may be faced, along with plans to deal with them. Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 8 Assignment 2 Stakeholder Scenario
- 27. For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com HLT 540 Week 8 Assignment 2 Stakeholder Scenario 1) Read and complete “Stakeholder Scenario.” 2) Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. Stakeholder Scenario Goal: To convince a group of people to use a specific, new type of antibiotic for patients pre-operatively in order to decrease surgical wound infections. Scenario: You are a healthcare administrator that is trying to introduce a change in practice to a group of stakeholders. Your goal is to help them understand the rationale and need for the change, and to get a sense of the areas of resistance to the change. The change under discussion is to implement a new antibiotic to be given one hour before surgery starts as a way of reducing post-op wound infections. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Studies (CMS) have indicated that timely pre-op application of specific antibiotics is becoming a requirement and will be a publicly reported indicator on the CMS Web site for your hospital. Thus, institution of this new procedure is something you really need to pull off. As the administrator in this scenario, you will hear the initial responses of each of the stakeholders. You will then be presented with several options for your response. Select the option you think is most effective.
- 28. Review the stakeholders’ responses to the option you selected. According to their own perspectives and prerogatives, the stakeholders will respond in different ways to each choice. Your goal is to achieve some level of buy-in to the change. Issues: The antibiotic is new and people aren’t familiar with it. Requires administration within one hour of the actual surgery start time. Requires administration by IV. Adds a step to the busy pre-op nurse’s work load. Saves the hospital $28,000 per year. Research shows wound infections down 47% with this new antibiotic if it is administered in a timely fashion. Players: Pharmacist: He’s learned about the new antibiotic through his research studies, and is excited about using it. Pre-op Nurse: She is worried about having one more thing added to the pre-op activities list she must complete before the patient goes to surgery, but she’s very interested in doing the right thing for her patients. Surgeon: He hates government mandates, doesn’t like to be told what to do, generally has a pretty good track record for his patients’ outcomes after surgery, but has no idea what his actual rates of wound infection are. Finance Analyst: It’s all about the money. Don’t make it harder by concentrating on anything other than the dollars. Stakeholders’ Background Thinking Pharmacist: I really like this idea, because this antibiotic is better and cheaper too. If we can standardize to this antibiotic, I can save money by stocking only one antibiotic for surgery. It will save my staff time in preparation also. This is a great idea for me and my department.
- 29. Pre-op Nurse: I am just worn out trying to keep up with all the changes they keep hitting us with. It’s hard enough to do my job and remember to do things differently and use different items. Why can’t they give me a break? Now I’ll have to start an IV as well as give a drug, and they are already pressuring me to get the patient ready for the OR faster. Sometimes I just want to go home!! But I got into nursing to help people, and if this really makes a difference, I guess I can suck it up. Physician: The government makes me crazy! Those bureaucrats think they know how to practice medicine better than I do. The last thing I need is some ivory tower academic telling me what antibiotics to give! I’ve been doing this for 30 years, and I know what works and what doesn’t. The stupid hospital better shut up and let me do what I know is right and stop telling me how to be a doctor. My patients like me and that is what counts. I’m sure voting Libertarian in the next election! Financial Analyst: I have been tasked to save this hospital hundreds of thousands of dollars this year, and this one change will save us a bundle. Why are they all arguing? This change could save their jobs! Don’t they get that it’s all about the money? I wish they’d just shut up and approve the change so we could go get lunch. ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 8 Discussion 1 For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com Re-visit the roadmap that you began at the start of your program of study. Complete information regarding this course. In the discussion,
- 30. reflect on how this course meets your career goals. What have you gleaned from the course that will help you in your career path? Respond to at least two other classmates. ******************************************************** *********************** HLT 540 Week 8 Discussion 2 For more classes visit www.snaptutorial.com Discuss your thoughts about the ethics of using informed consent vs. blinding the subjects to the expected outcomes of the intervention. Should they be told? How much should they be told? How would the placebo effect be impacted if subjects are told which intervention is being applied to them? *******************************************************************************