home-science-class-11-notes-chapter-11.pdf

151 XI – Home Science
Chapter - 11
x Survival means doing important work related to life in other words stay
alive.
x For smooth and healthy life we have to include right things in our life so
that we don’t get ill and we are able to do all our work.
x The care of child is very important according to UNICEF report 92 lakh
newborn babies died before completing 5 year of their lifespan and all
over the World 3 lakh children’s are from South Asia.
x Mostly newborn are effected by certain common diseases like diphtheria,
polio, tetanus etc. The reason of child’s death is under nutrition and these
common diseases.
x Nutritious food, clean water, and hygiene practices are very important
for growth and development of any person or any children education is
also play an important role in growth and development of a child.
Growth and Development :-
x Growth is related anything which increases in size are called growth we
can measure growth like measuring weight and height of a children.
x Development is related to quality like how our body works we called it
development. Growth is not only increases in height and weight but also
increases in size of internal organs.
x Development is related to quality like a child firstly hold his head then
he learn to turn around then setting and after that he learn to walk all
these are call it a motor development.
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With the help of diagram we can see that how height and weight increases
in different stages of life like in infancy, childhood, adolescence,
adulthood and old age.
x If we see physical development in this the size of different organs like
hand, leg, internal organs, will increase.
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Age wise size description is also shown in the diagram :-
x Growth is only related to physical changes whereas development is
multifunctional in nature.
x Development has different fields like cognitive development, emotional
development, language development, social development. They all are
related to each other so we call that development is versatile.
x With time we can define development as a person adjust according to
physical development, cognitive development some behavior process of
thinking and need of life.
x With age some changes occurs are long term changes of development so
we can say that development is long term and are always be in sequence
x These developments help in bringing skills and strength in children.
x Sequence means development always held in a sequence. For example-
when child learn to walk first he start learning how to sit then he start
learning how to stand with the help of some support after that crawling
and then finally he learn how we can walk ,so development always held in
a sequence.
Different fields of development-
Development is categorized in different fields that are why we call it
multifunctional.
1. Physical development
2. Motor development
3. Sensory development
4. Cognitive development
5. Language development
6. Social development
7. Personal development
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1. Physical development- Physical development means physically we grow.
Like growth happen at the time of pregnancy and it will go till the body
reaches complete growth. In this body physically developed like increase
in height and increase in size of different organs.
2. Motor development- how are physical activities will work this defines
are motor skills and motor development. Controlling all the activities of a
body is called motor development.
Motor development is of two types-
(i) Gross motor development
(ii) Fine motor development
(i) Gross motor development means where we use our big muscles and
do any activity with the help of big muscles like walking, sitting,
bending etc.
(ii) Fine motor development mean where we use our small muscles and
do the activities with the help of small muscles of our body we call
it fine Motor skills. Like holding anything from fingers like pencil
and drawing anything on paper etc.
3. Sensory motor development – The development of our senses like hearing,
listening, touching, tasting etc. Sensory motor development starts from
birth like by touching anything a child can differentiate things and hearing
he can move his head towards the sound.
4. Cognitive development – The ability of anyone to think and understand.
With age this cognitive development matures and a child learn many things.
He can differentiate things by using his cognitive skills.
5. Language development – At the time of birth newborn by crying create
sound and his language development starts slowly. His language development
begin, he learn new words.
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6. Emotional development – Emotional development is related to our
emotions like crying, smiling, being angry etc.
7. Personal development – It is related to oneself like our qualities, our
skills.
Balance diet is very important for development and growth. It helps in growth
and development of any person. Each and every change which is going to happen
in every age group they are going to held correctly if a person or child is getting
good nutritious and balanced diet.
After 10 years the need of boy and girl nutritional requirements changes as per
their development and different body changes.
According to ICMR childhood is divided in different categories.
1. Infancy — birth to 6 months and 6 months to 12 months
2. Preschooler — 1 year to 3 years and 4 to 6 years
3. School year — 7 to 9 years and 10 to 12 years
Growth and health are related to each other-
Growth and development are related to each other like when growth happen
correctly then our health will be good and the development also happen correctly.
For example feeding child, giving a healthy environment, providing nutritious
food etc. If all these requirements of a child is fulfilled on time then the growth
of a child will happen correctly and he will learn new skills he can live a healthy
life and on the other side if we see if a child will not get all these things and his
requirements are not fulfilled then he will always surrounded by diseases and it
will affect his growth and development.
Stages of development-
The development is divided in different category. Development has some key
factors and skills which a child can achieve in every age. In each and every age
there is some development which happen and we can observe that the child is
attaining these development or not.
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The human lifespan is divided in 5 stages
1. Infancy birth to 2 years
2. Early childhood 2 to 6 years
3. Middle childhood 7 to 11 years
4. Adolescence 11 to 18 years
5. Adulthood 18 year and above.
Newborn-
x Newborn means the first month of a child.
x In this stage child is depend on his mother and father. All the requirement
of a child is fulfilled by his parents. In this stage child adjust with his
environment.
x First reflex action these are those actions which happened by yourself.
For example when we touch eye of a child he will blink his Eyes. Sucking
reflex is at the time of feeding he starts sucking by his self that we called
sucking reflex.
x Sensory development at the time of birth -the sensory skills of a child is
very much developed like he can see and differentiate between light and
dark. If we show so anything to a child he can move his eye very fast.
x A child show his action when he listen any sound. He can differentiate
between the tastes.
x A child can sleep 16 to 18 hours when a child is away he is very active
and he observed his surrounding and give indication to the care taker.
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Physical and motor development-
Height and weight at the time of pregnancy–
The height and a growth of a child as increases at the time of birth the
height of a child is 20 inches and weight is 2.5 to 3 kilogram. The weight of a
child is double in six months and triple in 1 year. In one year the weight of a
child is 8 to 9 kilograms.
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Motor development-
Gross motor development in which child uses his legs, hands and do the activity.
In fine motor development a child can hold anything from his fingers or hand.
There is an individual difference which found in the growth and development of
a child as the growth and development in every child is different. For example
some learn things fast and some learn gradually. Some child take time in language
development and some will learn very early.
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Language development - In early ages firstly a child produce some sound like
ok, bye, crying by smiling he produced some sounds. And from that sound his
language development starts. Gradually child produces some alphabet like
Chacha, Papa etc. And after that he make sentence and start speaking.
Social and emotional development-
x In early stages of life the social development of child starts with the
interaction with his mother or a caretaker which show social development
of a child
x The emotional development develop when the care taker or mother play
with child at the time of feeding changing clothes the child develop a
connection with the mother.
x An adult or a brother or sister when talk ok play with the child they play
a role of mother. They use some special languages like tub, they can
produce some sounds which give happiness to the child and child also
try to copy them.
x When child see mother smiling he also smiles and produce some sounds
in happiness.
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x Mother or care taker always care child and fulfill all his requirements.
Some connection will develop between the child and the caretaker which
shows his social and emotional development.
x When caretaker plays with child he express emotion from face (facial
expressions) child will also try to copy it and it will help child to develop
some emotions.
x Mother or caretaker will play with child. In most of the cases mostly
mother take care of the child and with mother child will develop a
connection.
x In the early stages of life it is very important to develop emotional and
social development for child’s healthy growth. For example a secure
child cries less.
If nobody is present for taking care of a child then there is Day Care Centers,
where parents can leave their child for better care, growth and development of a
child. In daycare centers a child form a good relationship with the care taker he
can copy the caretaker’s expressions and his emotional and social development
occurs.
Take care of a child by mother and father-
Mother and father take care of the child, which affects his overall personality
and growth and development of the child.
Child will learn many things from his parents they tried to copy their parents.
Children will learn skills how to behave different rules values from their parents.
Parents will love their child and that will help in the development of a child.
Parents will discipline their child by new rules and values. Some parents will do
polite behavior with their children they are called affection oriented disciplining
approach.
Some parents are behaving strictly with their children they are called Power
oriented approach.
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Relationship with siblings and peers-
In taking care of a child brother and sister play an important role. Big brother
and sister fulfill all the requirements when parents are not present near child.
They play with the child and build a very close relationship like a friend with the
child. As the child grows in school years they understand the meaning of a friend
as they start playing with their friends. They do all the activities with their friends
with age develop a very close relationship with their friends and share each and
everything with their friends.
Cognitive development - Cognitive development means the thinking power of
a child and the understanding of a child. For example colours name different
shape living and nonliving things differentiate between food and etc. Children
will learn the reason and the fact of things they will understand by the things
happen with what reason behind it.
When a child start going school his thinking and understanding, develop more
effectively. He can easily find various solution for different problems which
come in his way and he can also think about these solutions and develop these
kind of quality.
According to the Jean Piaget there are 4 step of cognitive development
from which age child have to go -
1. The Sensory Motor Stage – Birth to 2 years in this state child will learn
many other things with the help of their senses and develop some Motor
skills that’s why it is called sensory motor development for example by
touching any thing he will understand hit and with the help of sound he will
understand some kind of signs and symbols.
In two months child will start taking interest in the things which is available
in the surrounding. In three months, he will understand the language of other
persons and their indications.
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8 month of a child will understand that whatever actions he will do it will
affect others like when he throw anything it will create sound so he
understand the reason and effect of things.
8 to 12 month of a child will do things knowingly and see the effect of their
actions.
18 month of child start doing different things like by throwing his toys he
will understand how far it will go. Children will understand things, accidents
and he will recognize people.
2. The Pre Operational Stage – 2 to 7 years in this he start developing
imagination and learn many things like to create things different shapes,
time, distance, speed, counting, colours, area, measurements, living and
nonliving things, height, temperature etc.
x He can arrange things on the basis of height at the age of 4 years.
x He will learn 1 to 10 counting at the age of 3 years
x He will learn his mistake gradually and correct it
x He will learn that the quantity will remain same if the shape will be
different.
x They will learn putting things in a sequence on the basis of their shape,
height, weight etc.
x He will also learn different persons prospective like when anybody hides
anything from him he will find that thing where that person can hide it.
In this stage children will understand that there is a life in things. When
story was told to children they will imagine things like tree clouds and they
will thing they all have life and all living things.
3. The Concrete Operational stage – 7 to 11 years this is middle childhood
stage in this child think about problems in different perspectives he can
also learn about sequence and can give his opinion about it.
In this state children are self-centric and they will understand people will
think and understand according to their perspectives.
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He can understand addition, subtraction, he can also understand seed fruit
and non-seed fruits, and they also categorized these fruits.
4. The Formal Operational Stage – 11 to 18 year of age in this he become
adolescence he can very well understand things in this stage there is no
need to show things to children they can imagine various things and then
think about it and give their opinion. They can imagine different situations
and always do daydreaming. They have a disciplined thinking and can also
find solution of their problems.
Multiple Choice Questions (1 Mark)
Q1. ____________ increase in size we call it?
A. Development
B. Growth
C. Infancy
D. Childhood
Ans. B) Growth
Q2. Infancy is of which year?
A. 1 to 6 month
B. 1 year to 2 years
C. Birth to 1 year
D. 4 to 6 years
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