How Distractions Affect Reaction Time

How Distractions Affect Reaction Time
In the essay it will include; how distractions can affect your reaction time. How the braking distance
is affected by speed. What the design of a vehicle and road conditions, can have an impact on a
pedestrian. How the speed affects the occupants, if the car were to collide with a rigid object. And
what design features are being put in place to minimise fatalities in car accidents. Reaction time is
the interval of time it takes for someone to detect something and to react to it. For an average driver
with no distractions, it can take them around 1.5 seconds to react. If they were distracted, from
music or mobile phones, it could take them up to 3 seconds to react. Eg. If there were two cars, A
and B. Both cars were driving at 60km/h, driving
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The Effect Of Reaction Time On The Brain
"That step wasn't there before!" and, "I didn't trip. I was.... dancing," are a few excuses that people
may use when they make a mistake. It is not uncommon to hear people create these excuses to cover
their embarrassment of missing the last step on the stairs, or for tripping over a crack in the
sidewalk. Although some of these alibis may seem like reasonable answers, they are almost always
incorrect. The proper explanation for events, such as the examples mentioned, is based on reaction
time. The study of human reaction time triggered by stimulus has progressed over time; scientists
now understand how reaction time works, what it is needed for, and what factors impact reaction
time.
Reaction time, like most subjects related to the brain, has an interesting history. At first, most
scientists believed that mental processes in the human brain were too fast to be measured. However,
a Dutch Physiologist named F.C. Donders started to think, about whether reaction time could be
measured in 1965. Donder's thoughts were backed up by research done by a English scientist and
inventor Charles Wheatstone. In 1840, Wheatstone conducted an experiment where a patient's foot
was shocked. The test subject had to press a button using the hand that was on the same side as the
foot that was shocked. Some patients knew which foot would be shocked and others did not know.
There was a one–fifteenth second delay between the two. The was the first record of the mind being
measured (Shannon, 2012).

Caffeine Effects On Reaction Time
Reaction time. Caffeine not only improves physical performances, but also enhances cognitive
performances, such as promoting a faster reaction time, helping people memorize more effectively
and improve mood. Souissi, Chtourou, Abedelmalek, Ghozlane, & Sahnoun (2014) have done an
experiment to analyze how caffeine could influence people's reaction times after they have a regular
night versus a sleep deprived night.
Figure 4: Performances (mean ± SD) during the simple [A] and the choice [B] reaction time
recorded at the reference night (RN) and the total sleep deprivation (TSD) conditions with placebo
and caffeine ingestions.
There are no significant changes in reaction time between the placebo group and the caffeine group
for people having ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Participants either receive a placebo or a 200–miligram caffeine table five minutes after studying a
series of images," and by giving caffeine after the experiment, researchers eliminate "caffeine's
effects on attention, vigilance, focus, or other factors." After 24 hours, researchers test participants'
ability to recognize images and some of the images are new; some are the same as they studied
yesterday; some are ones that look similar but are different. The results show that the caffeine group
has more people that can differentiate similar images from the original images instead of
recognizing them as the same. This conclusion is really significant to show that caffeine could
enhance memory because "the brain's ability to recognize the difference between two similar but not
identical items, called pattern separation, reflects a deeper level of memory retention." (Michael
Yassa, 2014). Therefore, we can conclude that caffeine itself, despite of its other effects on human,
could really help people improve their memory. Moreover, since caffeine can also increase attention,
focus and vigilance, it could also help people memorize more effectively. Overall, caffeine could
both directly and indirectly help the memory become more

Reaction Time Lab Report
In Exercise 1, the objective was to measure the reaction time of a subject to a visual cue when
respondin witht the hand (1). Starting with subject 1, their mean reaction time for the visual–to–
hand cue was 303 ms, subject 2's was 359 ms, subject 3's was 396 ms, and subject 4's was 343 ms
(Table 1). In Exercise 2, the objective was to measure the reacton time of each subject to an auditory
cue when responding with the hand (1). For subject 1, their mean reacton time was 183 ms for the
auditory–to–hand cue, which was much faster then their 303 ms visual–to–hand reaction time (Table
1). For subject 2, their mean reacton time was 210 ms for the auditory–to–hand cue which was also
much faster then their 310 ms visual–to–hand reaction time (Table 1). Subject 3, had a much faster
mean reacton time for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Subject 1's mean reaction time for the auditory–to–foot cue was 285 ms which was faster than their
visual–to–foot reaction time at 418 ms (Table 1). For subject 2, their mean reaction time to the
auditory–to–foot was 281 ms, which was also much faster than their 416 ms visual–to–foot reaction
time (Table 1). Subject 3 had a mean reaction time of 308 ms for the auditory–to–foot cue, which
was much faster than their mean reaction time of 469 ms for the visual–to–foot cue (Table 1). Lastly,
subject 4's reaction time for the auditory–to–foot cue was 311 ms, which was faster than their
visual–to–foot response at 398 ms (Table 1). For all subjects of the class, the trend was that the
auditory–to–foot reaction time was faster than the visual–to–foot reaction time. Conclusion: There
were two major revelations made in this experiment. One, the auditory–to–reactor pathway results
in a faster reaction time than the visual–to–reactor pathway. Two, when comparing the reaction
times of the foot to that of the hand, the foot was always

Testing Reaction Times of Local and Global Perception Essay
Global and Local Processing in Visual Perception
Abstract
This study examined visual perception and the rates at which global and local features are reacted to
with an aim of replicating and validating a previous experiment conducted by Navon (1977) to see if
global processing was faster than local processing. There was 222 University of Newcastle students
participating in the experiment, partaking in two phases, one centred round global processing, the
other around local processing, where there reaction times were recorded using a computer program
and imputed into a data worksheet. Results indicated that, as predicted, global processing occurred
at a faster rate than local processing. It was concluded that global features were ... Show more
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It was therefore hypothesised that the reaction times for global judgments would be faster than the
reaction times of local judgments. It was also hypothesised that consistent stimuli would be faster
than conflicting stimuli in the local tasks.
Method
Participants
The sample for this study consisted of 222 participants who were second year psychology students
from the University of Newcastle. All students were participating as part of a course requirement
and all had given their consent to participating in the study.
Design
The independent variables consisted of 3 consistency types (contingent, neutral and conflicting
displays). The dependant variable was the reaction time of participants.
Apparatus
A computerised program SuperLab Pro and a keyboard was required in order to record reaction
times.
Stimuli
In the first phase of this study that was based around recognising global features, the letters used
were large H's or S's. In the second phase, global letters of H, S and O were used and were made up
of smaller H's or S's, the local characters. These make up the 3 stimulus types: congruent, neutral
and conflicting. The large and small letters could be combined to create 3 types of displays: 1)
Consistent, where the large and small letters were the same (H printed from small H's, or S made of
small S's). 2) Conflicting (H made of small S's, S made of small H's), and 3) Neutral (H made of O's,
S made of

Data Investigation : Reaction Time
Data Investigation – Reaction Time
Question 1:
Throughout this investigation, data collection and statistical analysis will be performed to determine
the validity of the following claim; "for driving a car, quick reactions are the most important factor.
Males will be better drivers than females because they have faster reaction times" (Michael, 2014).
In terms of driving, the time it takes for an individual to react to stimulus will have a major impact
on the outcome of the situation. In an emergency, a driver may be required to rapidly slam on the
breaks or turn the steering wheel, however it the individuals reaction time is slower than average,
the likelihood of a collision is much greater. For instance, when an individual with a ... Show more
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In order to maintain consistency throughout the study, each of the six subjects will utilise the same
source for data collection. Due to the fact that sites vary in precision (number of decimal places),
activity format and number of trials, this particular measure will assist in ensuring that the evidence
used to address the claim is both accurate and reliable.
The reaction timer from Maths Is Fun (2014) is specific to three decimal places. The accuracy of the
chosen source reduces the risk of statistical measures being slightly greater or less than they would
be if only one or two decimal places were provided. Unlike other reaction timers that are available
online, this particular source requires the subject to complete five trials before the mean is
calculated. Undertaking multiple trials will be vital to this investigation because if the subject was to
anticipate the event or have one delayed response, the trials that follow would reveal such errors,
therefore increasing the reliability of the results.
In addition to testing both males and females, three different age groups including 16–18 year olds,
21–23 year olds and 47–49 year olds will be have their reaction times assessed. Incorporating a
range of individuals from teenagers to middle aged people will allow inferences to be made
regarding the effect that age has on reaction time. Across the experiments, two other aspects will be
varied including using dominant or non–dominant hands

Reaction Time
Abstract "Reaction Time" is the interval of time between the application of a stimulus and the
detection of a response and has been thought to differ based upon the effects of modality and
warning signals. In the "Reaction Time" experiment a total of 24 students from the University of
Cincinnati participated in an experiment consisting of two sensory modalities, audition and vision,
which were combined with two levels of warning signal status. The two levels of warning signal
status were signal onset and signal offset. This provided a total of four experimental conditions and
is described as a two by two repeated measures design. The independent variables included both
modality and warning signals, while the dependent variable was ... Show more content on
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When the arm physically moves, the response execution is occurring.
With this kept in mind, it is important to also take note of the different types of reaction time
experiments including: simple reaction time and disjunctive reaction time. During simple reaction
time a subject must react to the presence of the response stimulus, such as the process that occurred
with the hot water streaming from the faucet. Disjunctive reaction time occurs when a subject will
have more than one choice of responses to a stimulus. Therefore, a subject must not only react to the
response signal, but they must also identify which response is appropriate. In this situation, reaction
time delay may be attributed to the process of identifying which response is appropriate. Disjunctive
reaction time is used for the purposes of the "Reaction Time" experiment with the use of modality
and warning signals as independent variables. Though the two types of reaction time experiments
differ, both simple reaction time and disjunctive reaction time undergo similar processes including:
sensory encoding, stimulus identification, response selection and response execution (as described
earlier). Each step of the processes is essential as they help explain the lag difference between
reaction time and stimulus detection.
The difference in reaction time to a stimulus can specifically be attributed to response stimulus
modality. Response stimulus modality refers to the type of sensory

Reaction Time Lab
Ladda Yang
Hour 2
Introduction:
What is the effect of hand dominance on reaction time? Your reaction time is how quick your
neurons react to stimuli. Although reflexes and reactions seem similar, they are different. Your
reflexes are involuntary and quicker, while your reactions require a little more time to react. For
example, you shiver when it's cold, that's a reflex, your body is trying to speed up your heart rate to
keep you warm. You react by closing your body up because of the neurons that were fired. Many
factors have been shown to affect reaction time, i.e age, gender, physical fitness, and whether the
reaction is visual or auditory.
The nervous system helps information travel through your body. Messages are sent to the cerebrum
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The data is reliable, but it is not valid. One reason would be that the only participants were female.
If the participants were an equal amount of female and males of different ethnicities then the
hypothesis could have been accepted. One of the reasons why the male participant was left out as an
outlier was because he was a male. There was only one male student that participated. He was also
left out because his reaction time was too quick compared to the other participants. There was a gap
that was more than 4 inches at one point. To fix this, if another experiment was done, there will be
an equal amount of male and female participants. Along with that, there will have to be some that
are dominate in their left hand and some in their right hand. Another weakness within this
experiment was that height the participants were catching it at. The ruler had been dropped at the
same level each time except it had been caught at different levels. Participants were of different
height, therefore their shoulder levels were at different heights and their hands were either closer to
the ruler or farther away. To improve this situation, participants will all have to be at the same level.
Instead of holding their arm in the air, participants will rest their arm on a flat surface and catch the
ruler at the same

Mud Blindness
Method
Participants
We recruited 18 undergraduate students from a California State University using general class
announcements and one campus posting. Participants were offered academic credit or extra credit
for participating. There were 3 men and 15 women with ages that ranged from 20–27, (M = 22.89,
SD = 1.84).
Materials
We used the mud–splash paradigm to examine change blindness. Each trial consisted of two
Microsoft PowerPoint images. The first image was of a natural scene and almost identical to the
second image, but a small object was removed from the central area of the scene in the changed
image. Additionally the changed image was nmasked with several high contrast mud–splash's,
similar to previous research studies that have used the mud–splash paradigm (O'Regan et al., 1999),
and covered 10%, 20%,, or 40% of the scene. Using Microsoft PowerPoint ... Show more content on
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This may have yielded better results, but only when combined with the audio shadowing task. These
results indicated a floor effect because of the insensitive levels of mud–splash and the interaction
only at the 40% mud–splash level. Future research using this design should include sensitive levels
with the minimum level of mud–splash distraction to 40% and increase the range of conditions
(Rensink et al., 1997). The results were similar on a multi–modal study where participants
completed a verbal counting task at the same time as a visual search task. Only when the task
became cognitively demanding a significant difference was observed, (Most, 2005). The perception
of change in a scene requires a person to have attended to relevant stimuli and encoded the
information into working memory. Moreover visual change detection occurs when a person has
given attention to something. Yet change blindness occurs because attention had failed to encode the
necessary information for change detection to occur (Rensink, et al.,

Pendulum Lab
UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Point Lisas Campus, Esperanza Road, Brechin
Castle, Couva, Trinidad, W.I.
Program: National Engineering Technician Diploma Course code: ENSC 110D Class: Petroleum
Lab Title: Pendulum with a yielding support Instructor: Mrs. Sharon Mohammed Full time Name:
Kirn Johnson Student ID: 58605 Date: 28/10/2012 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This could be prevented if the person who is counting the oscillations also times them themselves.
Objectives 1. To conduct a lab experiment for the oscillations of a pendulum with a yielding support
2. investigate the simple pendulum 3. To prove that the distance (m) is directly proportional to
period.
Theory
Theory states that T and d are related by the equation: T2 = kd3+ (4π2 l)/g where g is the
acceleration of free fall and k is a constant.
Apparatus and Material:
1. Stop clock
2. Hacksaw blade
3. String
4. Pendulum
5. Clamps holding blade
6. Table
Procedure/Method 1. The length of the string holding the bob was recorded
2. The time taken for the pendulum to complete 20 oscillations was found and recorded. 3. The
position of the plate was adjusted and the previous step was repeated 3 times for 6 different
distances. 4. An average was found based on these 3 values. 5. Values for T2 and d3 were calculated.
Results/data
Analysis/ Discussion
The average was taken to increase accuracy = (31.50+31.47+31.44)3 = 94.413 = 31.47s

The time for one oscillation was found by dividing the amount of oscillations (20) done by the time
taken for them= 31.4720 = 1.57s
The taking 2 points from the graph, (11.8 x 10–3, 2.45), (7 x 10–3, 2.36)
Gradient= y2– y1x2– x1

Caffeine and Reaction Time
Daniel Kim 12–3–12 HBS, period 1 Reaction time experiment Caffeine and Reaction Time 1)
Identify the Problem or Question How does the consumption of caffeine affect the reaction time of
the nervous system? 2) Introduction Purpose of the experiment: To identify the whether or not
caffeine increases or decreases the reaction time of the nervous system. In our experiment, we have
decided to use all the "cases" which will test how fast a signal from our brain will be sent to our
muscles in order to click the mouse when we see an object or directions on the screen. We know that
the commonly used drug, caffeine, increases the heart rate, thus the increase in blood flow. The
question in our experiment is, does the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When he consumed the 12 oz of coffee, his average reaction time decreased to 344+–60
milliseconds. It is quite apparent from the graphs that the average reaction time for every "case" for
each test subject decreased when absorbing caffeine into their system. Test subjects also consumed
the "right" amount of caffine, 160mg, which allowed the subject to shorten their reaction time, while
the wrong dosage could impair it. We can also draw from the graphs the relation that the younger the
test subjects are, the quicker their reaction time will be. Also, we can also conclude from the results
that males tend to have a quicker reaction time than females (Daniel's reaction times were faster than
Jazmine's, and Keon's were faster than Mi's). 8) State the conclusion The hypothesis was correct.
The effects of caffeine shortened the reaction time in all of our test subjects. 9) Summary Paragraph
The reason why we were able to correctly devise a hypothesis for the experiment was because of the
prior knowledge we had of the drug, caffeine. Caffeine increases the heart rate, which allows for
faster muscle contractions. Caffeine does not really affect the actual reaction of the nervous system,
but rather the actual contractions of the muscles themselves. This known fact of caffeine is reflected
in the experiment. It shortened the reaction time of our test subjects in every

I. Introduction The purpose of this reaction time experiment was to evaluate reaction time in relation
to catching a ruler with one hand. The variables we tested this experiment under are as follows:
catch with non–dominant indoors, catch with dominant indoors, and catch with non–dominant while
outside, then catch with dominant while outside. Our control was to catch with dominant hand while
inside. We chose these variables because we believe there will be a distinct difference between our
ability to catch with our dominant hand vs. our non–dominant, and with distractions outside, and no
distractions inside. In a study done by Grosskopf and Kuhtz–Buschbeck (Grosskopf), they compared
the prehension movements of the dominant and the non–dominant ... Show more content on
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This is explained by a similar pre–shaping of both hands during prehension with regard to a
common motor representation of grasping. We predicted that there would also be a clear advantage
of the dominant hand in this experiment. In a study done by Long, Gillespie, and Tanaka (Long), it
was found that mental distractions and physical impairments can increase the risk of accidents by
affecting a driver's ability to control the vehicle. Two groups of 12 participants were evaluated using
a custom drivers' reaction speed testing device to evaluate the effect of cell phone talking, texting,
and a fixed knee brace on the components of drivers' reaction speed. They explained that although
only a few influential conditions were evaluated, their study presents a general approach that can be
expanded to include other types of distractions, impairments, and environmental conditions, such as
our reaction time test variables involving indoor and outdoor conditions having an effect on our
reaction time of catching the ruler with one hand. We hypothesized that our reaction time would be
quicker on our dominant hand, and slower on our non–dominant hand. And that our reaction time
will be quicker inside because of fewer distractions, and slower outside because of more distractions
such as weather, cars,

Aging And Reaction Time
Driving is a huge issue for older drivers and can be the cause of most conflicts. As we age, we tend
to lose many of our abilities and reaction time is one of them. This brings me to my first main point,
reaction time. Dictionary.com states that reaction time is the amount of time it takes to respond to a
stimulus, how you fast you can react. Reaction time is important because it's being able respond
quickly and appropriately to situations, but as we older, that tends to decrease. According to
psychcentral.com, as we age, the brain fibers that connect to both hemispheres of the brain begin to
break down making our response time slower. Now let's look at this in a driving sense. A slower
time can cause problems if other drivers stop suddenly,

Reaction Experiment On Reaction Time Experiment
Science Assignment
Title:
Reaction Time Experiment
Aim:
To find out what happens to a subject's reaction time when different independent variables are
applied.
Introduction:
Reaction time is the time between the presentation of a stimulus and the initiation of the muscular
response to that stimulus ( the free dictionary [26/07/14].The purpose of this test was to identify
what happens to reaction times as different independent variables are applied. The nervous system
helps all parts of the body to communicate with each other, it is responsible for making sure all of
the body's parts coordinate properly. The nervous system is the centre of all the body's activity
(better health channel [26/07/14]). The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system
and all the other nerves in the body part of the peripheral nervous system. Inside nerves lie neurons,
neurons are found in the brain, spinal cord and the peripheral nerves (PubMed Health [26/07/14]).
They are also known as nerve cells. These neurons have the same structure as plant and animal cells
(differencebetween.net [27/07/14]). Neurons are made up of a cell body, dendrites, a nucleus, an
axon and a myelin sheath (the nervous system [27/07/14]). The myelin sheath surrounds the nerve
fibre of axon and protects the body from the electrical charge that nerves have (GCSE Bite size
[27/07/14]). There are two types of neurons: sensory neurons and motor neurons. Sensory neurons
send signals to the brain and spinal

The Effect Of Concentration On The Rate Of Reaction By...
The hypothesis of this experiment was that an increase in concentration will increase the rate of
reaction by decreasing the time taken for the colour change to occur. Figure 1.1 shows time on the x
axis and concentration on the y axis, it can be seen that as [reactant] decreases, time increases.Thus,
the results correlate with the hypothesis that an increase in concentration will produce a faster
reaction time and subsequently a larger reaction rate – regardless of change in [KIO3] or
[Na2S2O5], both reactants produce the same result.
The second part of the hypothesis was that an increase in [B] and decrease in [A] will still increase
the overall rate of reaction, however it will cause a slow spread of colour compared to a rapid colour
change. This wasn't specifically recorded by timing, however, it was noted on the 9/5/16 that when
lower concentrations of KIO3 were tested, there was a slow spread of colour. On the 13/5/16, when
testing Na2S2O5, there was no vast change in colour spread time. Though, all the concentrations
tested of Na2S2O5 were fairly similar. If, for example, 1M Na2s2O5 was tested against 0.1M KIO3,
the reaction would definitely occur quickly, however, the spread of colour could be slow since a
large quantity of I2 has been used up to cancel the significantly larger amount of HSO3– ions. For
what has been observed, the second part of the hypothesis is plausible. Though, this is an area of
investigation which needs to be further investigated to be

Reaction Time Worksheet: Alcohol, Drugs, And Caffeine
Reaction Time Worksheet Name: Taylor Kreuscher (27/28 pts. – optional) Well done, except for the
plagiarism.
Reaction time is defined as: "...the amount of time between the occurrence of an event (such as a car
pulling out into the road) and a person's response (hitting the brakes)."–
http://epsych.msstate.edu/deliberate/SimpleRT/index.html?6yesLeft.html
The entire class will agree upon one independent variable.
1. List several factors (variables) that could affect reaction time: (1 ½ pts.)
a. Alcohol, Drugs, and Caffeine (Different Substances)
1. Use sober people. ← period
b. Medications
1. Use non–medicated people. ← period
c. Age
1. Use people of similar ages. ← period ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reaction time for the dominant hand was 0.391325815 seconds. The reaction time for the non–
dominant hand was 0.380909054 seconds. The non–dominant reaction time was 0.010416761
seconds faster than the dominant hand.
14. Synthesis: Why is the average reaction rate faster or slower when the experimental variable
changes? What factors may account for the differences between the average reaction times in your
control group versus the experimental group? (2 pts.)
–The average reaction rate time is faster or slower when the experimental variable changes because
you are testing a different thing. Some factors that may account for the differences between the
average reaction times in the control group and the experimental group are medications, gender, age,
substances, and sleep.
15. Write a conclusion. Do you accept or reject your hypothesis based on your results? Why?
Remember, if it does not fully agree, you must reject it. That's OK! (2 pts.)
– My hypothesis said that the dominant hand would be faster than the non–dominant hand. I reject
my hypothesis because the non–dominant hand happens to be faster than the dominant

How Does Enzyme Concentration Or Temperature Affect The...
Question: How does changing enzyme concentration or temperature affect the reaction time of
enzyme activity? Background and Introduction: Enzymes are proteins that process substrates, which
is the chemical molecule that enzymes work on to make products. Enzyme purpose is to increase the
rate of activity and speed up chemical reaction in a form of biological catalysts. The enzymes
specialize in lowering the activation energy to start the process. Enzymes are very specific in their
process, each substrate is designed to fit with a specific substrate and the enzyme and substrate link
at the active site. The binding of a substrate to the active site of an enzyme is a very specific
interaction. Active sites are clefts or grooves on the surface of an enzyme, usually composed of
amino acids from different parts of the polypeptide chain that are brought together in the tertiary
structure of the folded protein. Substrates initially bind to the active site by noncovalent interactions,
including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. Once a substrate is bound to
the active site of an enzyme, multiple mechanisms can accelerate its conversion to the product of the
reaction. But sometimes, these enzymes fail or succeed to increase the rate of action because of
various factors that limit the action. These factors can be known as temperature, acidity levels (pH),
enzyme and/or substrate concentration, etc. In this experiment, it will be tested how much of an
effect

Research on Reaction Time
The Effect of Stimulus Type on Reaction Time Katelin Wagoner Anderson University Abstract
Previous studies on reaction time have examined the effects of different kinds of stimuli; this
experiment specifically tests reaction time in response to auditory and visual stimuli. The common
belief is that an auditory stimulus is faster than visual stimuli. There were 23 participants; 95% were
Caucasian, with six males and 17 females. This experiment required participants to respond to either
an auditory or visual cue by pressing a button. The data was measured by way of a stop clock. Using
a two–tailed dependent t –test to analyze the data, it was found that the critical t was greater than the
t obtained resulting in the retention of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Four participants entered the room at one time; two experimenters and two respondents. The
respondent was instructed to stand in front of the apparatus with their entire dominant hand resting
on the table. They were also told to place their dominant hand behind a tape mark, with all fingers
and the palm on the table. After each trial they were instructed to return their hand to the taped
position. The experimenter would choose what set of five audible and five visual cues to use, but
would also tell the participant which set would be used. After one set of five stimuli, the opposite
(visual or auditory) set was selected until two auditory and two visual sets were completed. The
experimenters and respondents then switched roles after the respondents had finished their sets.
Every fifteen minutes two new experimenters and two new participants replaced the previous
participants until all trials had been completed. The respondent's times were recorded on the data
sheet to a thousandth of a second and entered into Excel program, ensuring accuracy. Results Using
a dependent two–tailed t –test it was found that the critical t, 2.07, was greater than the t obtained,
1.36, resulting in the retention of the null hypothesis. (See Table 1). The degrees of freedom were 22
and the level of significance was 0.05. The p–value of the dependant values was 0.19. Table 1
Means and Standard Deviations for the Two Levels of the

Competition Affecting Reaction Times
Competition Affecting Reaction Times of Different Sexes
Victoria Alvarez, Kristie Boynton, Bailey Wise
Question What sex will improve their reaction time the most when put into a competition against the
opposite sex?
Knowledge Probe In class, we learned about sexual selection, and how different species choose their
mates. Most, if not all the time, the females in a species choose their mates based on certain
characteristics, like their strength or appearance. In the first term, when learning about genetics, the
class was split into girls and boys, and the females got to choose the mate. Their choices were based
on what they perceive as an attractive trait in the male. In this, it demonstrates that the females have
very little competition ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Outliers were determined by using a range of 1.5 times the IQR of the percent decrease in both
groups. In girls, the IQR was 14.7, so the range of values used to determine outliers was from –
17.6% to 26.5%. The low outliers were determined to be in trials 6 and 13, where the percents were
–24.6% and –41.1%. Only one high outlier was found in the girls, and that was trial 21, which had a
percent decrease of 37.9%. In boys, the IQR was 11.4, so the range of values used to determine the
outliers was from –8.4% to 25.8%. The high outliers were determined to be in trials 19, 20, and 28,
were the percent change was 41.3%, 31.6%, and 27.4%. Only one low outlier was found, and that
was in trial 3 with a percent decrease of –31%. One of the most probable causes for these outliers is
that the tested person did poorly in one of their tests due to a distraction. Another probable cause is
that the tested person simply was not invested in the experiment or the competition and did not care
if they won or

The Effects of Music on Reaction Time in Human Beings
Breland Crudup
December 9, 2012
When performing many feats of physical skill, calculating how fast a person can perform the action
has become a custom that has gained prominence in recent years. Observing how long it takes a
person to perform an action, now known as observing the reaction time, has even gained enough
importance to the point that it has even used in some scientific investigations. The purpose of this
scientific investigation, for instance, is to test whether or not an outside force, such as music, will
affect the reaction time of any given test subject. Whether the change will be a positive one, such as
helping ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Donders' experiment with mental chronometry eventually became more developed during the
middle twentieth century.
In 1978, Michael Posner had an experiment in which he used "used a series of letter–matching
studies to measure the mental processing time of several tasks associated with recognition of a pair
of letters". Posner had performed many tests, after which he used the subtraction method in order "to
determine the approximate amount of time that it took for subjects to perform each of the cognitive
processes associated with each of [the] tasks". Mental chronometry also had a huge effect on
hierarchal network models, as they became largely discarded after some findings related to mental
chronometry. In years to come, with the invention of neuroimaging techniques such as the functional
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and the Positron Emission Tomograhpy (PET), psychologists
began to modify their mental chronometry paradigms for functioning imaging. The development of
technology made the study of mental chronometry more popular, in which mental chronometry was
used in "by performing tasks based on reaction time which measures through neuroimaging the parts
of the brain which are involved in the cognitive processes." Mental chronometry

Improving Reaction Time
Reaction time is how much time it takes to react or respond to a stimulant. It is taken by the elapsed
time between the beginning of the application of the stimulant and the beginning of an organism's
reaction it. Atoms carry the charge of electricity and when the nerve impulse starts, it flows through
the channels in the membrane. This changes the charge to positive from the resting stage to its
negative charge. It then carries a nerve impulse through the cell axon into the synapse, causing
neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft. Reaction time is genetically passed down,
which demonstrates how improving reaction time could be difficult since it can only be improved by
10–20 percent with exercise or practice. One way to help increase reaction time would be having
caffeine in your body because it stimulates adrenaline to be produced and increase improvement of
percentage. Neurons are particular cells that transmit signals to the brain and are an important
building block of the central nervous system. Neurons have action potential which is caused by ion
channels that shut when the membrane potential close the resting potential. It then begins
depolarization, which allows sodium ions to produce more membrane potential, allowing more
channels to open. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Exercise allows certain neurotransmitters to be released in the brain to relieve mental and physical
pain. It does this by exerting its effects to the brain through several mechanisms. Any time of
aerobic exercise boosts neural connections by increasing the amount of dendrite connections
between each neuron. Exercise has an effect on reaction time because of the increased circulation in
the brain, which allows the body to process information quicker which leads to a faster reaction
time. Another way exercise increases reaction time is when the muscles are able to react to stimuli
with more accuracy when the muscle has more

The Effect Of Reaction Time On Cyclohexanone
Results and discussion
4.1. Polymerization mechanism
In base catalyzed aldol condensation of cyclohexanone (A), KOH or NaOH acts as a non–
nucleophilic agent. In presence of base, cyclohexanone initially turns to enolate by losing
αhydrogen. The formed enolate then reacts with the carbonyl group of the second molecule and
leads to the formation of aldol intermediate. The polymerization reaction proceeds further by the
reaction between the carbonyl group of third molecule and the activated methylene group of the
second molecule. In the present study, the effect of reaction parameters on conversion of
cyclohexanone and the product properties was extensively analyzed. The most probable dimeric
(monomer repeating unit (n) =1) and polymeric (n ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
= 110 C, A/K ratio = 0.2.
**VL = viscous liquid. Fig. 3. Effect of reaction time on (a) Monomer conversion, (b) Hydroxyl
value, and (c) Iodine value of products (reaction conditions: temp. = 110 C, A/K ratio = 0.2).
The result (Table 2) shows that there is no significant change in acid values of the products with
reaction time. The average acid value of the product samples is around 0.29. The analysis shows that
solubility of the products in MTO decreases with the increase of reaction time. The reason for the
gradual decrease in solubility may be due to the increase in average molecular weight of the
products with time. The measured solubility of 20 hrs sample is 65 wt%, whereas the solubility of
monomer is around 92 wt%. The data also shows that viscosity of the products increases with the
increase of reaction time. Both the phenomena (i.e. decrease of solubility and increase of viscosity
with time) clearly indicates that the extent of polymerization reaction increases with reaction time.
The average value of moisture content in the products is 1.82

The Stroop Effect On The Reaction Time
Review of Literature Red, Green, Purple, Blue! Neurologists test the brain's cognitive skills by
trying to determine the text of the word the color is printed in; in which they have to differentiate the
color from the meaning of the word. The subject is shown a color, and it will take the person longer
to identify the color of the word, if the word is in an incongruent word color. This cognitive
phenomenon is more commonly known as the Stroop Effect. The Stroop Effect is a study that lead
to the occurence where objects of incongruent context and word display are used to find the reaction
time it takes to determine the context of the word. The original way that is used to test the Stroop
Effect is by printing a name of a color, in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex are the two parts of the
brain that control cognitive skills. Further, several parts of the brain are used to assist with
perception. Likewise, the inferior temporal cortex is the part of the brain that vital for perception
(Wellesley, 2013). Likewise, the inferior temporal cortex is a large mass of tissue that is divided into
the posterior, central and the anterior (Wellesley, 2013). In addition, the middle frontal gyrus is a
region of the brain near the top where colors may be identified (Sanders, 2014). The middle frontal
gyrus is the area of the brain that mostly helps determine which color the particular object is. Color
is the perspective the eye and brain views the way light affects the object (Sanders, 2014).
Nevertheless, researchers do not know the exact process of steps it takes to identify objects and all
of the regions that are used to identify objects and colors (Wellesley, 2013). Furthermore, it is
believed that there is a mechanism in the brain that is sensitive to sudden, changing stimuli that is
not yet known by doctors and scientists (May, Martin, MacCana, Lovegrove, 1988) Hence, the
major parts of the brain that control perception and color perception are the inferior temporal cortex
and the middle frontal gyrus;

Intoxication Will Slow Down Your Reaction Time Essays
Intoxication Will Slow Down Your Reaction Time
The experiment tests how long it takes the brain to translate visual information (falling ruler) into
your voluntary (or conscious) motor commands and actions (grasping finger movements) that lead
to the ruler being caught. The shorter the time, the faster your reactions. That's if you were paying
attention in the first place! Indeed practice specifically affects the 'associative centers' in the brain,
so that you can respond faster to what's happening in your visual world. The flow of information
along the 'visual' and 'motor' nerve pathways is relatively constant even with lots of practice.
ALCOHOL CONSUMTION ================== ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, these parts will reach high blood alcohol levels relatively quickly. Alcohol distributes
through body water mainly. This means that men, who have on average more body water then
women, generally achieve lower alcohol concentration. Men have more body water for two reasons:
they are heavier and they have less body fat per kilogram of body weight. Consequently, the same
quantity of alcohol per person usually results in a higher blood alcohol concentration in women as
compared to men.
Alcohol is primarily broken down or metabolized in the liver through two steps mainly: firstly, it is
broken down or oxidized to acetaldehyde by an enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenises.
Acetaldehyde is very toxic and held responsible for most of the harmful effects of excessive alcohol
consumption. Secondly, acetaldehyde is efficiently converted into acetate by an enzyme called
acetaldehyde dehydrogenises. Acetate is a harmless compound, which is used for energy generation.
The total amount of ethanol broken down per hour is estimated in the range of 0,1–0,3 gram per
kilogram body weight per hour. This is usually translated into 6 – 9 gram ethanol per hour for a
healthy subject. These fundamental processes are common to all human beings and sufficient to
break down moderate quantities of alcohol. However, environmental factors (drinking habits) and
genetic factors

Sleep Deprivation Essay
This experiment tests how the amount of sleep consumed effects the accuracy and reaction time in
college students. The hypothesis states that a participant who received six or less hours of sleep the
previous night will have slower reaction times and less accuracy than a participant who received
more than six hours of sleep. Participants were broken into two groups (six or less hours of sleep
and more than six hours) and asked to identify the color of ink on a flash card. This was a timed test
to calculate accuracy and reaction time. The results of the study did not support the hypothesis. It
was therefore rejected.
According to Marhefka (2001), insufficient sleep reduces cognitive functioning in college student.
Sleep deprivation is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Method
Participants. There were twenty participants involved in this study. Seven were male and thirteen
were female. Range of age of the participants was widely varied. Age was not one of the measured
variables. All participants were college students or faculty at Arapahoe Community College (ACC).
The participants were all selected at random. Participants were found while walking through out
ACC. Each participant was given the details of participating in the study; they then made the
decision to choose to participate or to decline.
Materials. In this study flash cards were used to test reaction time. White 3x5 inch note cards were
used. On each note card was written a color word (e.g. blue, black, purple). The color words were
written in a noncorresponding colored ink (e.g. word blue written in red ink, word purple written in
green ink). A stopwatch on a cell phone was used to keep time of twenty seconds. A flowchart was
created to keep order of how many cards were completed correctly and incorrectly. There were
thirty–seven flash cards made for this experiment which were kept in the same order throughout the
study. On the flowchart, the column furthest to the left contained al the colors of the ink on each
card in order. There were twenty additional columns to the right, one for each participant.
Procedures. To begin the experiment, participants were asked to report the amount of sleep received
the previous night. They

Investigating the Effect of Discomfort on Reaction Time
Investigating the effect of discomfort on reaction time
Purpose and method
The purpose of this investigation was to investigate the effect of discomfort on reaction time in
humans, measured by dropping a ruler into a subject's hand. Discomfort was caused by a bowl of
ice.
Background information
Information is carried from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system and back the to
effectors by means of nerves. When a number of different processes are involved (a situation
informally known as multitasking, research has shown that the brain tends to split to deal the
different parts to carry out the tasks. The topic of interest is how having two problems to solve
affects the speed of the brain in carrying out these tasks, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For five of the subjects discomfort increased reaction times, while for three discomfort decreased
reaction times. This seems like slight support for the hypothesis but in reality it is probably
statistically insignificant as will be tested next.
Because the deviations are so great for the data, it is likely that this difference is not statistically
significant. In order to statistically test the significance of this apparent relationship the means and
standard deviations for both 'discomfort present' and 'discomfort absent' data will be calculated.
| Distance when discomfort absent (cm) | Distance when discomfort present (cm) | Mean | 197 | 218 |
Standard deviation | 95.3 | 89.9 |
(All values to 3 significant figures.)
This information will then be plotted into a graph to produce two normal distributions.
This still suggests that there is no statistical correlation between the two sets of data, as so much of
the two curves overlap. In order to formally prove this, however, a third statistic must be calculated,
a t–test.
The t–test is defined as

where
This comes to a value of 2.44. I must now also calculate the number of degrees of freedom (the sum
of the number of values minus 2) which is 46, and determine an alpha level, or level of risk, which I
will set at a standard 0.05. Looking these values up in a table of significances, the result is 2.01.
The value was larger than the

Freely Controlled Reaction Time
Introduction: As many states have implemented laws against distracting driving, I was interested to
see how a person's reaction time differed when they were concentrating to when they were
distracted. I predicted a person's mean reaction time would increase when they were distracted,
compared to their concentrating reaction time. Methods: The study was conducted on a Thursday
morning from 10:00 am until 11:30 am in a Rigge Science lab. Fifty Creighton juniors and seniors
worked in pairs and used a 30–cm ruler to measure each other's reaction times. One partner held the
ruler while the other, the subject, placed their thumb and index finger at the 0–cm dash on the ruler.
The first partner dropped the ruler without any warning and measured, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
To test for normality, I ran a Shapiro–Wilk test on the differences between the means. To achieve
normality, I had to transform the data by square rooting the means (W = 0.95565, p–value =
0.05848). Then I ran the paired t–test on the transformed means and got a significant result (t = –
2.8715, df = 49, p–value = 0.006019). I graphed the original data to show the mean concentrating
reaction time is smaller than the mean distracted reaction time (Figure 1). Figure 1: Mean
concentrating reaction times and mean distracted reaction times of 50 Creighton University students.
The mean for each condition is shown with a black X. The differences were deemed significant by
the paired t–test (t = –2.8715, df = 49, p–value = 0.0060). Conclusion: This study investigated if
there was a difference in reaction when the students were concentrating compared to when the
students were distracted. The raw data showed a difference in mean reactions time between the two
conditions and a paired t–test deemed the differences significant (t = –2.8715, df = 49, p–value =
0.0060). The null hypothesis is rejected and the mean difference between concentrating and
distracted reaction times is not zero. The mean concentrated reaction times are smaller than the
distracted reaction times. Each person could react quicker when they were concentration compared
to when they

Does Music Affect Reaction Time
Introduction
If you find it takes you a split–second longer to react when you're driving, playing sport or catching
a falling vase, or you're no longer quick off the mark with a witty comeback, your reactions might
benefit from a little sharpening up. (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article–428903/How–
improve–reaction–times.html) The experiment we have chosen is: does the beats per minute in a
song affect reaction time when a ruler is dropped between their index finger and thumb? The reason
this topic was chosen was to see if certain music beats could help people react faster or slower to
things in front of them. This could potentially help people if the experiment shows significant results
in a certain tempo. For example, someone is driving down the street listening to a slow tempo song
and a car cuts in front of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reflexes are usually provoked by environmental stimuli such as pulling your hand away from a hot
stove or reaching to catch a ball that has been thrown to you. Reflexes are controlled by the brain,
and nervous system as messages from the brain quickly move through the nerves and into the
muscles to perform specific functions. (Alexis Jenkins, 2013
http://www.livestrong.com/article/272875–how–does–music–affect–your–reflexes/) "The study
showed that, in general, music quickened response time and that the influence of variety music was
much more effective than that of the classical music. The study also showed that response time was
shorter when stimuli was present in the left visual field, controlled by the right side of the brain, than
when stimuli was present in the right visual field, controlled by the left side of the brain." (Alexis
Jenkins, 2013 http://www.livestrong.com/article/272875–how–does–music–affect–your–reflexes/)
This was the basis of the experiment except we used more modern music in hip hop/rap. "Listening
to music often affects one's mood and behavior. It has the ability to make us anxious, calm,
euphoric, as

The Groton Maze : An Effective Method For Measuring...
Executive Summary The Groton maze is a computer cognitive test which requires a participant to
find a twenty eight step pathway that is hidden on a 10 x 10 matrix of squares (Morgan et al. 2011).
The maze measures the visuospatial executive function of an individual. This is done by assessing
the total errors made throughout the trials which will highlight the level of the visuospatial executive
function of the participant (Morgan et al. 2011). There are three essential rules to the maze that
guide the participant's attempt. Only one tile can be moved at a time; diagonal moves cannot be
made; and if an incorrect choice is made, the participant must go back to the last location (Morgan et
al. 2011). The device is seen as an effective method for measuring cognitive functioning because it
is brief, reliable, valid and resistant to practice effects following multiple completions (Morgan, et
al. 2011). The Go–No Go task is a simplistic task in which an individual has to choose the stimulus
they have been assigned to pick, which are the go trials. The participant must ignore the other
stimulus which they have been told not to pick, which is the no trial. Each time a Go or No trial is
presented to the participant, a noise will be made to suggest that a selection can be made. The
participants have to respond to a choice but restrain themselves from responding to the alternative
which is incorrect (Gomez, Ratcliff & Perea, 2007). The design of this test assesses an individual's

Introduction
Reaction time is the time it takes for someone or something to respond to a stimulus. In the context
of this experiment, the reaction time was the time it took for the testee to grab (respond) the ruler
when it was dropped (stimulus) (https://backyardbrains.com/experiments/reactiontime). Reaction
time for animals is important in nature because a millisecond could be the difference between life
and death. Arthropods, in particular have an extremely fast reaction time. Their instinctive reaction
time has allowed them to develop effective escape behaviors, which is essential to their survival
from predators (Seid 2008 et al). On the other hand, predators such as various species of birds also
have a fast reaction time because it allows them to catch preys effectively. This is also very
important for their survival. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, the underwater environment allows for more sound reflection, which means sound wave
can travel long distance without losing energy
(http://www.dosits.org/animals/importanceofsound/whyissoundimportant/). On the other hand,
predatory birds and mammals have extremely sharp visions, especially at night, because they serve
as an advantage for the predators over preys. This way, predators can catch preys more effectively.
In a healthy human being, vision is the most important sense in terms of reaction time (Correa 2011
et al). Since taste and touch are close proximity senses, which means there are only useful when a
stimulant is making contact with the senses, they cannot be used to react to a situation because in
most cases it is too late. Smell and auditory senses are long range but often the stimulants do not
involve smell or hearing. Therefore, vision is the primary sense used in reaction time. It is long
range and almost all stimulants can be detected by

The Very First Video Game
Tommy Heartquist/Cade Conner Think Fast
Introduction The very first 'Video Game' was invented by Edward U. Condon in 1940, At first it was
a simple game called 'Nim'. In nim players try to avoid picking up the last match. Thousands of
people played it, although the computer won at least 90% of the games. Around ten years later in
1950, a new computer program was created by Claude Shannon for the game of chess. In autumn of
1972 the first gaming console was released by 'Magnavox' and they called it the Odyssey. Three
years later, the next big gaming console arrived when Sears sold the first 'Atari Pong.' This was the
beginning of a long partnership between Atari and Sears. This relationship lasted multiple years, and
Sears sold several successful games. Multiple years later in 1985, Nintendo released the Nintendo
Entertainment System. This new gaming console dominated the Gaming Industry and grew
Nintendo's Company. Nintendo created several gaming console legends, such as the Game Boy,
Nintendo 64, Game Boy Advanced, Nintendo Gamecube, Gameboy Advanced SD, and Nintendo
DS, all of which made a huge impact on everybody's childhood from 1985 to 2005. In the late
twentieth century and early twenty–first century Playstation and Xbox also started releasing
consoles. They are still to this day making successful Gaming Consoles, and individual games, as
well as Xbox and Playstation.
Today the three biggest game companies are Xbox, Playstation and Nintendo. The reason they are

The Effects Of Talking On The Cellphone On Reaction Times
The Effects of Talking on the Cellphone on Reaction Times
Garin McKenna
Hour 5 Honors Biology
I. Introduction
Many automobile crashes today are caused by distracted drivers. One of the biggest distractions is
texting and talking on the phone. Talking and texting on the phone distracts the driver, causing
delayed reactions and more errors. It's important for the road to have the full attention of the driver
because little errors can cause huge consequences. Texting can obviously cause crashes because it
causes the driver to look down at their phone, but can talking on the phone have the same effect?
II. Background Information A. How the Brain Works
To begin we need to know how the brain works and how it will affect ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are many types of memory, but broken into two general types; short term and long term. Short
term according to animal studies is said to be electric signals moving in circuits through series of
neurons. When information is put into long term memory it is maintained in a certain type of
protein. All of this of course happens in a matter of seconds, but it is still a complex process just to
realize, for example, that the stop light is red and then to know to step on the brake and slow down
(How Does the Brain Process Information? 1999).
B. Parts of the Brain
There are three main parts to the brain, the forebrain, midbrain, and the hindbrain. "The hindbrain
includes the upper part of the spinal cord, the brain stem, and a wrinkled ball of tissue called the
cerebellum (1). The hindbrain controls the body's vital functions such as respiration and heart rate.
The cerebellum coordinates movement and is involved in learned rote movements. When you play
the piano or hit a tennis ball you are activating the cerebellum. The uppermost part of the brainstem
is the midbrain, which controls some reflex actions and is part of the circuit involved in the control
of eye movements and other voluntary movements. The forebrain is the largest and most highly
developed part of the human brain: it consists primarily of the cerebrum (2) and the structures
hidden beneath it" (NINDS 2014). The jobs of these three parts of the brain have a large role

Essay on Body Temp and Reaction Time
Can Your Body Tell the Time of Day? (NOTE: If you have thought of a statistics project that you
would prefer to tackle instead of the one described below, contact me. I'll try to make an equivalent
project using your particular topic of interest.) Objective: You will measure how body temperature
and reaction time vary throughout the course of a day, as well as related questions. In particular, you
must address each of the questions below.  Question 1: At what time of the day is the body
temperature highest? When is it lowest? How much difference is there? Are body temperatures
between midnight and noon significantly different than body temperatures between noon and
midnight? Question 2: At what time of the day does reaction time peak? ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Introduction: In order to stay healthy and to function efficiently, living things must coordinate their
internal processes with the external world. The most obvious feature of our environment that most
creatures have to respond to is the daily cycle of light and dark. Biological processes that follow this
24–hour cycle, such as our sleep–wake cycle, are said to follow a circadian rhythm. One of the best–
known circadian rhythms in humans is the daily change in body temperature. We tend to be at our
coolest in the early morning and at our warmest in the late afternoon and early evening. Other
circadian rhythms include hormone levels, alertness, muscle strength, and heart rate. The controlling
regulator for these cyclic processes within the body is thought to be the hypothalamus, which is in
the brain.
Figure 1. Overview of circadian cycles in humans. This diagram depicts some of the circadian
patterns that occur in humans. Note that the clock is on a 24–hour cycle, so that 3:30 p.m., for
example, is noted as 15:30. The hormone melatonin, which is a key regulator of the internal
circadian clock, peaks in concentration at 21:00 (9:00 p.m.). (Wikipedia, 2008.)
Data Collection Requirements: You need to collect both measurements of temperature and reaction
time throughout the day. Variables of interest must include (but are not limited to): age of
participant, gender of participant, time of day measurement is

Reaction Time Lab
In this lab, the team concluded that being distracted with an activity that diverts optical attention
away from the focal point, such as texting, significantly increases reaction time. The other
distractors, including listening to music and talking on a cell phone, had effectively no impact on
reaction time in comparison to having no distraction.
In order convert the distance the meter stick fell into the given unit of time (seconds or hours), the
time equation shown in the sample calculation was used. This equation directly found the reaction
time in seconds, which allowed the team to calculate the reaction time in hours. Dimensional
analysis was used to convert seconds to hours, which resulted in extraordinarily small quantities that
warranted the use of scientific notation.
From there, the team had to determine in each case how far a car traveling at 60 miles per hour
would travel before brakes would be applied. To do this, the team used the equation v=d/t to find
distance, and thus rewriting it as d=vt. This equation determined the distance in miles, prompting the
team to again use dimensional analysis to find the distance in feet.
The data that was tested without ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reaction time was constant while listening to music, and was actually .01s shorter while talking
on a cell phone. Texting, however, left both partners completely incapable of catching the meter
stick at all, which only begins to demonstrate the danger of texting while driving. In a real world
situation, you would travel a whopping 38.01ft before applying the breaks (at 60mph), which is
much longer than the 12.03ft you would travel without distraction. Using that data, it was concluded
that the only distractor that had a substantial effect on reaction time was

How does temperature affect reaction time? As the temperature of a substance is heated, the
substance gains more energy and the particles of that substance move faster. When an Alka–Seltzer
tablet is dropped into the water, the particles of the water collide with the particles of the tablet more
often with more energy than water of a lower temperature, which contains less energy (Effect of
Temperature on Reaction Rate). Reaction rate can be changed/controlled by the amount of energy in
the substance and how often the molecules collide (Factors Affecting the Speed–Rates of Chemical
Reactions). When temperature is increased, the activation energy is increased, which is the cause of
the chemical reaction. The activation energy is the minimum ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Pour water into beaker until the meniscus reaches 40mL.
Prepare Alka–seltzer tablet and stopwatch.
Start stopwatch when the tablet hits the surface of the water as you drop it.
Stop stopwatch when there are no visible pieces of tablet.
Record time.
Rinse out beaker and dry it, preparing for next trial. Also reset stopwatch.
Repeat steps 10–16 two more times until you have completed three trials in total. Measure the
temperature of the hot water in celsius and record it to ensure consistency in temperature throughout
the experiment.
Pour water into beaker until the meniscus reaches 40mL.
Prepare alka–seltzer tablet and stopwatch.
Start stopwatch when the tablet hits the surface of the water as you drop it.
Stop stopwatch when there are no visible pieces of tablet.
Record time.
Rinse out beaker and dry it, preparing for next trial. Also reset stopwatch.
Repeat steps 18–24 two more times until you have completed three trials in total.
The Effect of Temperature on Dissolving Rate
Temperature of Water (C)
Trial 1 (seconds)
Dissolving Time
Trial 2 (seconds) Dissolving Time
Trial 3 (seconds) Dissolving Time
Average Time (seconds)
12

90
70

The Effect of Gender on Response Time Essay
I. Introduction Since the last decade of nineteenth century, there have been many experiments and
approaches that were conducted to analyze which group men or women had a faster response
reaction. Those experiments were about human response time which is the time needed to perceive,
evaluate and respond to a particular question, or to identify the object, color. Sometimes, the
response time also shows how smart people are, or how much information and knowledge they
have. Franciscus Donders was the first scientist to analyze human response time. He tried to
convince everybody that men and women had different response times (Donders, 1969). Zajdel
(2007) also performed the same experiment and concluded that men reacted faster than ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Based on the information, this experiment is about recognition reaction. According to the types of
reaction times, there are many factors that may affect reaction time such as gender, age, race, right
vs. left hand, vision, types of stimuli, stimulus intensity, number of stimuli, practice and error, finger
tremors, breathing cycle, disease, sobriety, experience, health, personality, timing available, and
body temperature. Among those factors, gender is known as the common factor for many scientists
and researchers use in their experiment. They want to know which group of people responds faster.
There are many different features between men and women even though men they have no
difference in the brain's structure or cognitive abilities. They are very different in many other aspects
such as: the toys they play with, the clothes wear, or the colors they like. Men focus on the problem
more than women do, or men want to do it better than women such as push harder, jump higher
(Deary, 2006). Therefore, there may be an expectation about the difference between men and
women in response time. Based on the measurement, Zajdel and Nowak (2007) state that in
response to all stimuli there is statistically significantly shorter reaction time in men than in women.
Thus I decide to test the rate of men's vs. women's reaction time. The recording time will tell me
which the faster group of people is. My hypothesis is that there is a significant difference between
men and

Lab Report on Reaction Time
A. Introduction
Title: The effect of reading Shakespeare on reaction time
Research Question: Does reading a passage of Shakespeare decrease a person's reaction time while
completing a puzzle? One day in class, I was reading an interesting article about how people who
read and are exposed to Shakespeare and Wordsworth and other renowned writers have better brain
activity, attention spans, and can have more moments of beneficial self–reflection.
In the article, scientists and psychologists at Liverpool University monitored the brain activity of
subjects as they read poetry or prose by Shakespeare, Wordsworth, and T.S Eliot. They also tested
the subjects after they had translated the old time texts into a more modern and straightforward ...
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Give him heedful note; For I mine eyes will rivet to his face, And after we will both our judgments
join In censure of his seeming.]
VI. Method:
Ask a subject to complete a one hundred piece puzzle
Time them
Record the time when finished
Have the subject select a different on hundred piece puzzle
Have the subject read the passage from Hamlet
Ask the subject to complete the second selected puzzle
Time them
Record the time when finished
B. Data collection and processing:
I. Raw Data:
Subject Number
Recorded time for first puzzle
Recorded time for second puzzle (having completed the Shakespeare reading)
1
35 minutes and 39 seconds

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Uncertainty: +/– .5 seconds
III. Processed Data:
This table below shows the original times converted into seconds, for the purpose of not having to
round numbers and equal calculations.
(number of minutes x 60) + number of seconds
Subject Number
Recorded time for first

The Importance Of Racial Prejudice And Impitincy
RACIAL PREJUDICE AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT Throughout the past century, American
society has made massive steps in endorsing (declare one's public approval) equality and
diminishing prejudice among different racial and ethnic minority groups. However, the Americans
experience with prejudice is quite different from those of ethnic communities (Salvatore & Shelton
2007). Therefore, according to this paper, there are two main independent variables identified that
shapes an individuals' managing ability, which then determines his cognitive disruption following an
encounter illustrated by prejudice. Moreover, it suggests that there is group level variation with
members of the privileged and disadvantaged groups in their experiences with prejudice. Whites do
not think of themselves as possible targets of prejudice. They are however less mindful of stigma
than the blacks. Whites are therefore relatively insensitive to slight cues of prejudice regardless of
the targeted race. Therefore, there is a calculation that whites would not experience cognitive
disruption after they are exposed to vague prejudice. It is rather expected that whites, in contrast to
blacks, would undergo through substantial disruption when exposed to blatant prejudice. This is
mainly because explicit racism is reasonably uncommon and the whites are not inclined into
developing the coping skills that would shield them from cognitive disruption in such situations
(Salvatore & Shelton 2007). The

Lab Report On The Reaction Time
Nicholas Durazo
KINE2202 section 002
Lab Report 1
Introduction
The reaction time (RT) of students was measured in the experiment to determine whether light or
sound stimulus initiates a quicker response time. The question of whether or not RT was related to
movement time (MT) was also challenged. Each student performed two test in random order; one
testing the reaction time of a red light stimulus, or visual reaction time (VRT); and the other testing
the reaction time of a "beeping" sound stimulus, or auditory reaction time (ART). The student
completed the VRT trial by simply receiving the stimulus and pressing a button. The student placing
and holding their hand on a button starts the ART trial. Once the student receives the stimulus (beep)
they press the adjacent button as fast as they can. The ART trial does not only include the data of the
RT, but also the data from the MT. Having previous knowledge that light travels faster than sound;
one can predict that VRT is faster than ART. The prediction that MT is independent upon RT can be
made with the thought that there are so many opposing variables that could affect the MT of an
individual unrelated RT such as old age
Methods
In the experiment, 80 students were randomly separated into groups of 2 to write down the data
from the test for the other individual. The VRT was measured by pressing a button once the student
had seen the stimulus. The reaction time data would simply show up on the screen once the student
completed

How Distractions Affect Reaction Time

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