How quantum internet works from basics to cutting edge research
- 1. QUANTUM INTERNET Quantum networks , Quantum communication
- 2. QUANTUM REVOLUTION TABLE OF CONTENTS 01 04 02 05 03 06 INTRODUCTION QUANTUM INTERNET QUANTUM NETWORK KEY ELEMENT QUANTUM INTERNET PROTOCOL STUCK QUANTUM INTERNET COMPARISON 07 INVESTMENT IN QUANTUM INTERNET RESEARCH
- 3. "The main achievement of our recent work is that we realized the longest distance of entanglement distribution with quantum memories," Bao said. "Such entanglement is the fundamental resource to build quantum network and quantum repeaters." Researchers at the University of Science and Technology of China and Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology have recently demonstrated quantum entanglement between two memory devices located at 12.5 km apart from each other within an urban environment.
- 5. Introduction The quantum Internet is an adequate answer to the security issues that will become relevant as commercial quantum computers hit the market. The quantum Internet gives users many capabilities and services not available in a traditional Internet setting.
- 7. THE FIRST QUANTUM REVOLUTION Max Planck discovery of Energy quanta 1900 Einstein Photoelectric effect 1905 Schrodinger, Born, Heisenberg, Bohr Quantum physics 1905 Feynman concept of quantum computer 1980-1982
- 8. THE SECOND QUANTUM REVOLUTION IBM IBM quantum cloud computing 2016 Shor Quantum algorithm 1994 Quantum Communication (QKD) The first QKD protocol BB84 1984 OpenQKD (EU) QKD testbed 2019 QKD commercial service in Korea (KT, SKT) 2022 IBM 1386 qubits quantum computer 2024
- 10. QUANTUM INTERNET Quantum Internet a network of quantum computers that send, compute, and receive information in quantum states. (Chicago News Dec 8, 2022) “The quantum internet will not replace the modern or classical internet; instead, it will provide new functionalities such as quantum cryptography and quantum cloud computing.”
- 11. The Internet just turned 50: five decades that shaped the world we live in. But what comes next, the so-called Quantum Internet, will be even more revolutionary, likely in ways we can’t imagine yet Marcello Caleffi , University of Naples Federico II
- 13. Entangled network structure of a quantum Internet.
- 14. QUANTUM INTERNET : VIRTUAL CONNECTIVITY Physical link node N9 N1 N6 N3 N2 N10 N11 N8 N7 N5 N4 Virtual single-hop link N9 N1 N6 N3 N2 N10 N11 N8 N7 N5 N4
- 15. QUANTUM INTERNET : VIRTUAL CONNECTIVITY Physical link node N9 N1 N6 N3 N2 N10 N11 N8 N7 N5 N4 Virtual Connectivity 1. Connection due to entanglement sharing along the physical link 2. Disconnection due to depletion of entanglement sharing
- 16. QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT GENERATION Goal : share entanglement between two separate ends A and B for secure communication, quantum teleportation, entanglement swapping.
- 17. QUANTUM REPEATERS Goal : generating long-distance entanglement by short-distance entanglement and entanglement swapping
- 18. QUANTUM MEMORY Goal : maintaining entanglement while distributing entanglement swap Flying qubit Flying qubit Matter qubit Matter qubit Quantum repeater Quantum memory Quantum memory
- 20. Quantum internet protocol stack (proposed) Application Transport Application Transport Network Link Network Link Physical Physical End-to-end entanglement routing entanglement fidelity and distillation control entanglement generation and distillation operation Platform Independent stack Quantum platform Node 1 Node 2 Classical channel Quantum channel
- 22. DIGITAL INTERNET Vs QUANTUM INTERNET Similarities 1. network of network 2. Separation of concern by protocol stack (suboptimal but effective) difference 1. Superposition /measurement-irreversible / no-cloning properties 2. Entanglement is a key factor for quantum internet 3. teleportation / QKD 4. Repeater (enlarge transfer distance) bit qubit entanglement constraints no yes yes scope local Local non-local copy yes no no/yes
- 23. Advantages of quantum internet Enhanced Information Transmission Quantum internet will allow transmission of classical information, secure classical information, and quantum information Quantum Repeater Protocol Stack Quantum repeater protocols facilitate entanglement distribution among quantum nodes, featuring layers for physical transmission Advanced Security The quantum internet provides unconditional security through Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) over long distances Advanced Distributed Computing The quantum internet enables secure distributed computations and multiparty operations
- 25. total investments for quantum technology development announced by China $15.3 billion $2.35 billion into quantum start-ups, with a focus on quantum computing, communications, and sensing £2.5 billion launched by The UK 10-year program investing in quantum technology
- 26. €24 million The Quantum internet Alliance is receiving €24 million in EU funding over three and a half years until the end of March 2026. “We can use the properties of quantum entanglement to achieve a means of secure communication that is provably secure even if the attacker has a quantum computer” Professor Stephanie Wehner, Quantum Internet Alliance
- 27. CROWDED FIELD In June 2023, an EU public-private partnership – the European High Performance Computing Joint Undertaking – announced that six countries in Europe would host quantum computers. With projections that half of the most used cryptographic systems will be broken by the end of the decade, Europe is hardly the only interested party. China and the US have made advances in quantum computing and the quantum internet in recent years.
- 28. Recent optical fiber and free-space optical QKD implementations. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a secure communication method that utilizes the principles of quantum mechanics to exchange encryption keys between trusted parties. QKD protocol Quantum channel Wavelength Distance Max. secret key rate DV (Entanglement-based free space QKD) Free-space optical 850 nm 1,200 km 1 kbps
- 29. Quantum Implications for Potential Industrial Applications The amount of investment was about USD 2.35 billion. The main reason for all this investment was the promise of quantum technologies in solving problems that modern computation is unable to solve Figure extracted from the Quantum Technology Monitor 2023, McKinsey & Company
- 30. Impact of quantum internet Secure Communications: The quantum internet offers provably secure communication by leveraging the properties of quantum entanglement. Any attempt to intercept or hack a quantum transmission would leave an unmistakable trace Precise Measurements: The quantum internet offers new possibilities for making ultra-precise measurements of space and time Financial Services: The quantum internet can resolve inconsistencies in financial transactions, such as those that occur when an ATM crashes during a withdrawal.
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