How to read ascientific paper
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This document provides guidance on how to read a scientific paper in 3 steps: 1. Read critically by questioning the study design, biases, conclusions and conflicts of interest. 2. Read creatively to identify new applications and improvements. 3. Take notes electronically or use Mendeley for future reference. It recommends starting with the introduction, not the abstract, to understand the background and research question. Focus on methodology details and results tables/figures, then read the discussion. Contacting the author may provide additional context. The overall goal is to enhance clinical skills by carefully evaluating new research.
How to read ascientific paper
- 1. HOW TO A PAPER Karim Elghanam Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University k.elghanam@med.menofia.edu.eg August 16, 2015
- 2. ENJOY
- 3. 3 Why are you going to read a scientific paper ?? How To Read A Paper
- 4. 4 What is the type of the paper you are going to read ?? How To Read A Paper
- 5. 5 Finally HOW .. ? How To Read A Paper
- 6. 6 Why What How How To Read A Paper
- 7. 7 How To Read A Paper 1. Why
- 8. 8 “ Enhancement of clinician skills not only to read papers but to read the right paper at the right time then to alter your behavior in the light of what you have found! “ Prof. Trisha Greenhalgh How To Read A Paper 1-My clinical skills
- 9. 9 How To Read A Paper 2- To be updated
- 10. 10 How To Read A Paper 3- Searching for ideas Formulating my idea !!
- 11. 11 How To Read A Paper 4- I’m a researcher
- 12. 12 How To Read A Paper 1. Try to simulate this paper 2. Formulating my idea 3. Read some ethical consideration ! 4. Reading his methodology 5. See his questionnaire.
- 13. 13 How To Read A Paper 6. Read the discussion 7. Get reference 8. Get Author’s contact 9. Know where to publish my paper 10. To write my paper 11. …etc
- 14. 14 How To Read A Paper 5- I’m doing a systematic review..! Flow Chart Inclusion & Exclusion criteria
- 15. 15 How To Read A Paper 5- I want to waste sometimes..! :D
- 16. 16 2. What How To Read A Paper
- 17. 17 Types of Medical Research How To Read A Paper Bernd Röhrig, et al.
- 18. 18 Types of papers How To Read A Paper Guidelines Systematic reviews RCT Narrative reviews Case series Case reports Questionnaire based studies
- 19. 19 How To Read A Paper 3. How
- 20. 20 Anatomy of scientific Paper How To Read A Paper
- 21. Anatomy of a Paper 21 I. Title II. Authors III. Abstract IV. Introduction V. Methodology VI. Results VII. Discussion VIII. Conclusions IX. References X. Acknowledgements XI. Conflict of interest XII. Recommendations XIII. limitations How To Read A Paper
- 22. Introduction 22 General background What is known What is unknown Aim of Paper 1 2 3 4 Cummins RO: Learning to write: Can books help? J Med Educ 1981;56:128–132 Funnel..! How To Read A Paper
- 23. Methodology 23 Description of; what was needed to do this work ? How it was done ? Give you enough information to replicate the study How To Read A Paper
- 24. Methodology 24 • Population And Sample Age Sex Number Of Patient • Investigation • Intervention • Questionnaire description • Study Design • Ethical Approval • Statistical Analysis How To Read A Paper
- 25. Results 25 Report his results Tables and graphs Statistical results How To Read A Paper
- 26. Results 26 No interpretation, No comparison. Reporting negative results ! (Don’t neglect this). Don’t depend on text alone or figures alone. How To Read A Paper
- 27. 27 Interpretation of major findings Explains how the findings relate to those of others? Clinical relevance of the findings? Limitations and how this influenced the study? Discussion How To Read A Paper
- 28. Discussion 28 How will the researcher overcome these in the next studies? Explains the implications of findings What would be the next step in the study ? How To Read A Paper Horton R: The hidden research paper. JAMA 2002;2775_2778
- 29. 29 How To Read A Paper Conflict of interest Fund Participation of specific authors
- 30. 30 How To Read A Paper Contributions that do not justify authorship. Technical help. Financial and material support. Acknowledgment
- 31. 31 Conclusion Shows that the of the author hypotheses has been met or not ! Drug A is more potent than drug B How To Read A Paper
- 32. 32 Abstract Summarizes the main points : • Background(only hint) • Objective/ Aim • Study design, method • Summarize the main results • Principal conclusions, implications How To Read A Paper
- 33. 33 Abstract BUT Depend and Not Depend on it !! How To Read A Paper
- 34. Reference 34 Is Reference important to you to take a look on ?!! How To Read A Paper
- 35. 35 How To Read A Paper 3. How
- 36. 36 How To Read A Paper
- 37. 37 How To Read A Paper 1- Learn to read critically: Don’t just assume that a paper in Science is correct…!
- 38. Read critically 38 1. Is the study question relevant? 2. Does the study add new knowledge? 3. What type of research question is being asked? 4. Was the study design appropriate to the research question? 5. Was bias addressed? How To Read A Paper
- 39. 39 6. Was the study performed according to the original protocol? 7. Did the study test a stated hypothesis? 8. Were the statistical analyses performed correctly? 9. Do the data justify the conclusions? 10. Are there conflicts of interest? Read critically How To Read A Paper
- 40. 40 How To Read A Paper 2- Learn to read Creatively:: What are the good ideas in this paper? Do these ideas have other applications or extensions? Can the result make change in the further ? Are there possible improvements might make important practical differences? Will you go to simulate this paper ??!!
- 41. 41 How To Read A Paper 3- Take notes ! Be sure that you will forget ! • Electronic notes • Mendeley
- 42. 42 How To Read A Paper Then, Let’s start
- 43. 43 How To Read A Paper What to Start with ??!!
- 44. 44 How To Read A Paper why are you going to read this paper ? What do you need from it ?
- 45. 45 How To Read A Paper 1- Take a look on; Journal name Author’s affiliation
- 46. 46 How To Read A Paper 2- Begin with introduction not ABSTRACT To Take a good background Aim of the paper ( Research Q. )
- 47. Research Question ( PICO ) 47 • P: Population • I: Intervention • C: Comparison • O: Outcome How To Read A Paper
- 48. 48 How To Read A Paper 3- Methodology What are the authors going to do to answer the specific question(s)? Concentrate on Details ( population, ethical consideration, sample size, tools …. Etc.)
- 49. 49 How To Read A Paper 4- Results 1. The results are summarized in the figures and tables BUT It’s Not enough
- 50. 50 How To Read A Paper 5- Discussion You may need to do this or not
- 51. 51 How To Read A Paper 6- Then Return to the Abstract !
- 52. k.elghanam@med.menofia.edu.eg 01068950053 FB: Karim Elghanam Contact Me52 Hope Happiness finds you when you don’t Expect to find it .