Htmlnotes 150323102005-conversion-gate01

Notes By Niraj Bharambe
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HTML Tutorial - (HTML5 Compliant)
With HTML you can create your own Web site.
This tutorial teaches you everything about HTML.
HTML is easy to learn - You will enjoy it.
Examples in Each Chapter
This HTML tutorial contains hundreds of HTML examples.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

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HTML Introduction
HTML Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Example Explained
 The DOCTYPE declaration defines the document type
 The text between <html> and </html> describes the web page
 The text between <body> and </body> is the visible page content
 The text between <h1> and </h1> is displayed as a heading
 The text between <p> and </p> is displayed as a paragraph
The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration is the doctype for HTML5.
What is HTML?
HTML is a language for describing web pages.
 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
 HTML is a markup language
 A markup language is a set of markup tags
 The tags describe document content
 HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text
 HTML documents are also called web pages

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HTML Tags
HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags
 HTML tags are keywords (tag names) surrounded by angle brackets like <html>
 HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
 The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
 The end tag is written like the start tag, with a forward slash before the tag name
 Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags
<tagname>content</tagname>
HTML Elements
"HTML tags" and "HTML elements" are often used to describe the same thing.
But strictly speaking, an HTML element is everything between the start tag and the end tag, including
the tags:
HTML Element:
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
Web Browsers
The purpose of a web browser (such as Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari) is to read
HTML documents and display them as web pages.
The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to determine how the content of the
HTML page is to be presented/displayed to the user:

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HTML Page Structure
Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:
<html>
<body>
<h1>This a heading</h1>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

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HTML Versions
Since the early days of the web, there have been many versions of HTML:
Version Year
HTML 1991
HTML+ 1993
HTML 2.0 1995
HTML 3.2 1997
HTML 4.01 1999
XHTML 1.0 2000
HTML5 2012
XHTML5 2013
The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration helps the browser to display a web page correctly.
There are many different documents on the web, and a browser can only display an HTML page 100%
correctly if it knows the HTML type and version used.
Common Declarations
HTML5
<!DOCTYPE html>
HTML 4.01
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

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XHTML 1.0
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

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HTML Editors
Writing HTML Using Notepad or TextEdit
HTML can be edited by using a professional HTML editor like:
 Adobe Dreamweaver
 Microsoft Expression Web
 CoffeeCup HTML Editor
However, for learning HTML we recommend a text editor like Notepad (PC) or TextEdit (Mac). We
believe using a simple text editor is a good way to learn HTML.
Follow the 4 steps below to create your first web page with Notepad.
Step 1: Start Notepad
To start Notepad go to:
Start
All Programs
Accessories
Notepad
Step 2: Edit Your HTML with Notepad
Type your HTML code into your Notepad:

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Step 3: Save Your HTML
Select Save as.. in Notepad's file menu.
When you save an HTML file, you can use either the .htm or the .html file extension. There is no
difference, it is entirely up to you.
Save the file in a folder that is easy to remember, like w3schools.
Step 4: Run the HTML in Your Browser
Start your web browser and open your html file from the File, Open menu, or just browse the folder
and double-click your HTML file.
The result should look much like this:

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HTML Basic - 4 Examples
Don't worry if the examples use tags you have not learned.
You will learn about them in the next chapters.
HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.
Example
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag.
Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>
Note: The link address is specified in the href attribute.
(You will learn about attributes in a later chapter of this tutorial).

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HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
Example
<img src="w3schools.jpg" width="104" height="142">
Note: The filename and the size of the image are provided as attributes.

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HTML Elements
HTML documents are defined by HTML elements.
HTML Elements
An HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:
Start tag * Element content End tag *
<p> This is a paragraph </p>
<a href="default.htm"> This is a link </a>
<br>
* The start tag is often called the opening tag. The end tag is often called the closing tag.
HTML Element Syntax
 An HTML element starts with a start tag / opening tag
 An HTML element ends with an end tag / closing tag
 The element content is everything between the start and the end tag
 Some HTML elements have empty content
 Empty elements are closed in the start tag
 Most HTML elements can have attributes
Tip: You will learn about attributes in the next chapter of this tutorial.
Nested HTML Elements
Most HTML elements can be nested (can contain other HTML elements).
HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.

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HTML Document Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<p>This is my first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
The example above contains 3 HTML elements.
HTML Example Explained
The <p> element:
The <p> element defines a paragraph in the HTML document.
The element has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>.
The element content is: This is my first paragraph.
The <body> element:
<body>
</body>
The <body> element defines the body of the HTML document.
The element has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>.
The element content is another HTML element (a p element).
The <html> element:
<html>
<body>
</body>
</html>
The <html> element defines the whole HTML document.
The element has a start tag <html> and an end tag </html>.
The element content is another HTML element (the body element).

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Don't Forget the End Tag
Some HTML elements might display correctly even if you forget the end tag:
<p>This is a paragraph
The example above works in most browsers, because the closing tag is considered optional.
Never rely on this. Many HTML elements will produce unexpected results and/or errors if you forget
the end tag .
Empty HTML Elements
HTML elements with no content are called empty elements.
<br> is an empty element without a closing tag (the <br> tag defines a line break).
Tip: In XHTML, all elements must be closed. Adding a slash inside the start tag, like <br />, is the
proper way of closing empty elements in XHTML (and XML).
HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Tags
HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>. Many web sites use uppercase HTML
tags.
W3Schools use lowercase tags because the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) recommends lowercase in HTML 4, and demands lowercase tags in XHTML.

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HTML Attributes
Attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.
HTML Attributes
 HTML elements can have attributes
 Attributes provide additional information about an element
 Attributes are always specified in the start tag
 Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"
Attribute Example
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag. The link address is specified in the href attribute:
Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>
Always Quote Attribute Values
Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes.
Double style quotes are the most common, but single style quotes are also allowed.
Tip: In some rare situations, when the attribute value itself contains quotes, it is necessary to use
single quotes: name='John "ShotGun" Nelson'
HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Attributes
Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive.
However, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values
in their HTML 4 recommendation.
Newer versions of (X)HTML will demand lowercase attributes.

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HTML Attributes Reference
A complete list of legal attributes for each HTML element is listed in our: HTML Tag Reference.
Below is a list of some attributes that can be used on any HTML element:
Attribute Description
class Specifies one or more classnames for an element (refers to a class in a style sheet)
id Specifies a unique id for an element
style Specifies an inline CSS style for an element
title Specifies extra information about an element (displayed as a tool tip)
For more information about global attributes: HTML Global Attributes Reference.

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HTML Headings
Headings are important in HTML documents.
HTML Headings
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading.
Example
Note: Browsers automatically add some empty space (a margin) before and after each heading.
Headings Are Important
Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make text BIG or bold.
Search engines use your headings to index the structure and content of your web pages.
Since users may skim your pages by its headings, it is important to use headings to show the
document structure.
H1 headings should be used as main headings, followed by H2 headings, then the less important H3
headings, and so on.
HTML Lines
The <hr>tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page.
The hr element can be used to separate content:
Example
<hr>

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<hr>
HTML Comments
Comments can be inserted into the HTML code to make it more readable and understandable.
Comments are ignored by the browser and are not displayed.
Comments are written like this:
Example

Note: There is an exclamation point after the opening bracket, but not before the closing bracket.
HTML Tip - How to View HTML Source
Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?"
To find out, right-click in the page and select "View Source" (IE) or "View Page Source" (Firefox), or
similar for other browsers. This will open a window containing the HTML code of the page.
Examples From This Page
Headings
How to display headings in an HTML document.
Hidden comments
How to insert comments in the HTML source code.
Horizontal lines
How to insert a horizontal line.

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HTML Tag Reference
W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about these tags and their attributes.
You will learn more about HTML tags and attributes in the next chapters of this tutorial.
Tag Description
<html> Defines an HTML document
<body> Defines the document's body
<h1> to <h6> Defines HTML headings
<hr> Defines a horizontal line
<!--> Defines a comment

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HTML Paragraphs
HTML documents are divided into paragraphs.
HTML Paragraphs
Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.
Example
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>
Note: Browsers automatically add an empty line before and after a paragraph.
Don't Forget the End Tag
Most browsers will display HTML correctly even if you forget the end tag:
Example
<p>This is another paragraph
The example above will work in most browsers, but don't rely on it. Forgetting the end tag can
produce unexpected results or errors.
Note: Future version of HTML will not allow you to skip end tags.
HTML Line Breaks
Use the <br> tag if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:
Example
<p>This is<br>a para<br>graph with line breaks</p>
The <br> element is an empty HTML element. It has no end tag.

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HTML Output - Useful Tips
You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed. Large or small screens, and resized windows will
create different results.
With HTML, you cannot change the output by adding extra spaces or extra lines in your HTML code.
The browser will remove extra spaces and extra lines when the page is displayed. Any number of lines
count as one line, and any number of spaces count as one space.
Try it yourself
(The example demonstrates some HTML formatting problems)
Examples from this page
HTML paragraphs
How HTML paragraphs are displayed in a browser.
Line breaks
The use of line breaks in an HTML document.
Poem problems
Some problems with HTML formatting.
More Examples
More paragraphs
The default behaviors of paragraphs.

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HTML Tag Reference
W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about HTML elements and their attributes.
Tag Description
<p> Defines a paragraph
<br> Inserts a single line break

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HTML Text Formatting
HTML Text Formatting
This text is bold
This text is italic
This is computer output
This is subscript and superscript
HTML Formatting Tags
HTML uses tags like <b> and <i> for formatting output, like bold or italic text.
These HTML tags are called formatting tags (look at the bottom of this page for a complete reference).
Often <strong> renders as <b>, and <em> renders as <i>.
However, there is a difference in the meaning of these tags:
<b> or <i> defines bold or italic text only.
<strong> or <em> means that you want the text to be rendered in a way that the user understands as
"important". Today, all major browsers render strong as bold and em as italics. However, if a browser one
day wants to make a text highlighted with the strong feature, it might be cursive for example and not bold!
Try it Yourself - Examples
Text formatting
How to format text in an HTML document.
Preformatted text
How to control the line breaks and spaces with the pre tag.
"Computer output" tags
How different "computer output" tags will be displayed.

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Address
How to define contact information for the author/owner of an HTML document.
Abbreviations and acronyms
How to handle abbreviations and acronyms.
Text direction
How to change the text direction.
Quotations
How to handle long and short quotations.
Deleted and inserted text
How to mark deleted and inserted text.
Marked/Highlighted text
How to mark/highlight text.
HTML Text Formatting Tags
Tag Description
<b> Defines bold text
<em> Defines emphasized text
<i> Defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood
<small> Defines smaller text
<strong> Defines important text
<sub> Defines subscripted text
<sup> Defines superscripted text
<ins> Defines inserted text
<del> Defines deleted text
<mark> Defines marked/highlighted text

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HTML "Computer Output" Tags
Tag Description
<code> Defines computer code text
<kbd> Defines keyboard text
<samp> Defines sample computer code
<var> Defines a variable
<pre> Defines preformatted text
HTML Citations, Quotations, and Definition Tags
Tag Description
<abbr> Defines an abbreviation or acronym
<address> Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document
<bdo> Defines the text direction
<blockquote> Defines a section that is quoted from another source
<q> Defines an inline (short) quotation
<cite> Defines the title of a work
<dfn> Defines a definition term

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HTML Links
Links are found in nearly all Web pages. Links allow users to click their way from page
to page.
HTML links
How to create links in an HTML document.
(You can find more examples at the bottom of this page)
HTML Hyperlinks (Links)
The HTML <a> tag defines a hyperlink.
A hyperlink (or link) is a word, group of words, or image that you can click on to jump to another
document.
When you move the cursor over a link in a Web page, the arrow will turn into a little hand.
The most important attribute of the <a> element is the href attribute, which indicates the link’s
destination.
By default, links will appear as follows in all browsers:
 An unvisited link is underlined and blue
 A visited link is underlined and purple
 An active link is underlined and red
HTML Link Syntax
The HTML code for a link is simple. It looks like this:
<a href="url">Link text</a>
The href attribute specifies the destination of a link.

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Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/">Visit W3Schools</a>
which will display like this: Visit W3Schools
Clicking on this hyperlink will send the user to W3Schools' homepage.
Tip: The "Link text" doesn't have to be text. It can be an image or any other HTML element.
HTML Links - The target Attribute
The target attribute specifies where to open the linked document.
The example below will open the linked document in a new browser window or a new tab:
Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/" target="_blank">Visit W3Schools!</a>
HTML Links - The id Attribute
The id attribute can be used to create a bookmark inside an HTML document.
Tip: Bookmarks are not displayed in any special way. They are invisible to the reader.
Example
An anchor with an id inside an HTML document:
<a id="tips">Useful Tips Section</a>
Create a link to the "Useful Tips Section" inside the same document:
<a href="#tips">Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>
Or, create a link to the "Useful Tips Section" from another page:
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html_links.htm#tips">
Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>

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Basic Notes - Useful Tips
Note: Always add a trailing slash to subfolder references. If you link like this:
href="http://www.w3schools.com/html", you will generate two requests to the server, the server will
first add a slash to the address, and then create a new request like this:
href="http://www.w3schools.com/html/".
More Examples
An image as a link
How to use an image as a link.
Link to a location on the same page
How to link to a bookmark.
Break out of a frame
How to break out of a frame (if your site is locked in a frame).
Create a mailto link
How to link to a mail message (will only work if you have mail installed).
Create a mailto link 2
Another mailto link.
HTML Link Tags
Tag Description
<a> Defines a hyperlink

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HTML <head>
<title> - Define a title for an HTML document
Use the <title> tag to define a title for a document.
<base> - Default URL and target for all links
Use the <base> tag to specify a default URL and a default target for all links on a page.
<meta> - Provide metadata for an HTML document
Use <meta> elements to specify a description, keywords, author, and character set of a document.
The HTML <head> Element
The <head> element is a container for all the head elements. Elements inside <head> can include
scripts, instruct the browser where to find style sheets, provide meta information, and more.
The following tags can be added to the head section: <title>, <style>, <meta>, <link>, <script>,
<noscript>, and <base>.
The HTML <title> Element
The <title> tag defines the title of the document.
The <title> element is required in all HTML/XHTML documents.
The <title> element:
 defines a title in the browser toolbar
 provides a title for the page when it is added to favorites
 displays a title for the page in search-engine results
A simplified HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title of the document</title>
</head>

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<body>
The content of the document......
</body>
</html>
The HTML <base> Element
The <base> tag specifies the base URL/target for all relative URLs in a page:
<head>
<base href="http://www.w3schools.com/images/" target="_blank">
</head>
The HTML <link> Element
The <link> tag defines the relationship between a document and an external resource.
The <link> tag is most used to link to style sheets:
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css">
</head>
The HTML <style> Element
The <style> tag is used to define style information for an HTML document.
Inside the <style> element you specify how HTML elements should render in a browser:
<head>
<style type="text/css">
body {background-color:yellow}
p {color:blue}
</style>
</head>

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The HTML <meta> Element
Metadata is data (information) about data.
The <meta> tag provides metadata about the HTML document. Metadata will not be displayed on the
page, but will be machine parsable.
Meta elements are typically used to specify page description, keywords, author of the document, last
modified, and other metadata.
The metadata can be used by browsers (how to display content or reload page), search engines
(keywords), or other web services.
<meta> tags always go inside the <head> element.
<meta> Tags - Examples of Use
Define keywords for search engines:
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, CSS, XML, XHTML, JavaScript">
Define a description of your web page:
<meta name="description" content="Free Web tutorials on HTML and CSS">
Define the author of a page:
<meta name="author" content="Hege Refsnes">
Refresh document every 30 seconds:
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="30">
The HTML <script> Element
The <script> tag is used to define a client-side script, such as a JavaScript.
The <script> element will be explained in a later chapter.

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HTML head Elements
Tag Description
<head> Defines information about the document
<title> Defines the title of a document
<base> Defines a default address or a default target for all links on a page
<link> Defines the relationship between a document and an external resource
<meta> Defines metadata about an HTML document
<script> Defines a client-side script
<style> Defines style information for a document

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HTML Styles - CSS
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to style HTML elements.
Look! Styles and colors
M a n i p u l a t e T e x t
C o l o r s , B o x e s
and more...
Using styles in HTML
How to add style information inside the <head> section.
Link that is not underlined
How to make a link that is not underlined, with the style attribute.
Link to an external style sheet
How to use the <link> tag to link to an external style sheet.
Styling HTML with CSS
CSS was introduced together with HTML 4, to provide a better way to style HTML elements.
CSS can be added to HTML in the following ways:
 Inline - using the style attribute in HTML elements
 Internal - using the <style> element in the <head> section
 External - using an external CSS file
The preferred way to add CSS to HTML, is to put CSS syntax in separate CSS files.
However, in this HTML tutorial we will introduce you to CSS using the style attribute. This is done to
simplify the examples. It also makes it easier for you to edit the code and try it yourself.
You can learn everything about CSS in our CSS Tutorial.

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Inline Styles
An inline style can be used if a unique style is to be applied to one single occurrence of an element.
To use inline styles, use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can contain any CSS
property. The example below shows how to change the text color and the left margin of a paragraph:
<p style="color:blue;margin-left:20px;">This is a paragraph.</p>
To learn more about style sheets, visit our CSS tutorial.
HTML Style Example - Background Color
The background-color property defines the background color for an element:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body style="background-color:yellow;">
<h2 style="background-color:red;">This is a heading</h2>
<p style="background-color:green;">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
The background-color property makes the "old" bgcolor attribute obsolete.
Try it yourself: Background color the old way
HTML Style Example - Font, Color and Size
The font-family, color, and font-size properties defines the font, color, and size of the text in an
element:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1 style="font-family:verdana;">A heading</h1>
<p style="font-family:arial;color:red;font-size:20px;">A paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

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The font-family, color, and font-size properties make the old <font> tag obsolete.
HTML Style Example - Text Alignment
The text-align property specifies the horizontal alignment of text in an element:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1 style="text-align:center;">Center-aligned heading</h1>
</body>
</html>
The text-align property makes the old <center> tag obsolete.
Try it yourself: Centered heading the old way
Internal Style Sheet
An internal style sheet can be used if one single document has a unique style. Internal styles are
defined in the <head> section of an HTML page, by using the <style> tag, like this:
<head>
body {background-color:yellow;}
p {color:blue;}
</style>
</head>
External Style Sheet
An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style sheet,
you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to the style
sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes inside the <head> section:
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css">
</head>

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HTML Style Tags
Tag Description
Deprecated Tags and Attributes
In HTML 4, several tags and attributes were used to style documents. These tags are not supported in
newer versions of HTML.
Avoid using the elements: <font>, <center>, and <strike>, and the attributes: color and bgcolor.

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HTML Images
Example
Norwegian Mountain Trip
Insert images
How to insert images into an HTML document.
Insert images from different locations
How to insert an image from another folder or another server.
(You can find more examples at the bottom of this page).
HTML Images - The <img> Tag and the Src Attribute
In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag.
The <img> tag is empty, which means that it contains attributes only, and has no closing tag.
To display an image on a page, you need to use the src attribute. Src stands for "source". The value of
the src attribute is the URL of the image you want to display.

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Syntax for defining an image:
<img src="url" alt="some_text">
The URL points to the location where the image is stored. An image named "boat.gif", located in the
"images" directory on "www.w3schools.com" has the URL:
http://www.w3schools.com/images/boat.gif.
The browser displays the image where the <img> tag occurs in the document. If you put an image tag
between two paragraphs, the browser shows the first paragraph, then the image, and then the second
paragraph.
HTML Images - The Alt Attribute
The required alt attribute specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image cannot be displayed.
The value of the alt attribute is an author-defined text:
<img src="boat.gif" alt="Big Boat">
The alt attribute provides alternative information for an image if a user for some reason cannot view it
(because of slow connection, an error in the src attribute, or if the user uses a screen reader).
HTML Images - Set Height and Width of an Image
The height and width attributes are used to specify the height and width of an image.
The attribute values are specified in pixels by default:
<img src="pulpit.jpg" alt="Pulpit rock" width="304" height="228">
Tip: It is a good practice to specify both the height and width attributes for an image. If these
attributes are set, the space required for the image is reserved when the page is loaded. However,
without these attributes, the browser does not know the size of the image. The effect will be that the
page layout will change during loading (while the images load).
Note: If an HTML file contains ten images - eleven files are required to display the page right. Loading
images takes time, so my best advice is: Use images carefully.

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Note: When a web page is loaded, it is the browser, at that moment, that actually gets the image
from a web server and inserts it into the page. Therefore, make sure that the images actually stay in
the same spot in relation to the web page, otherwise your visitors will get a broken link icon. The
broken link icon is shown if the browser cannot find the image.
More Examples
Aligning images
How to align an image within the text.
Let an image float to the left and to the right
How to let an image float to the left or right of a paragraph.
Make a hyperlink of an image
How to use an image as a link.
Create an image map
How to create an image map, with clickable regions. Each region is a hyperlink.
HTML Image Tags
Tag Description
<img> Defines an image
<map> Defines an image-map
<area> Defines a clickable area inside an image-map

39
HTML Tables
HTML Table Example:
First Name Last Name Points
Jill Smith 50
Eve Jackson 94
John Doe 80
Adam Johnson 67
Tables
How to create tables in an HTML document.
HTML Tables
Tables are defined with the <table> tag.
A table is divided into rows (with the <tr> tag), and each row is divided into data cells (with the <td>
tag). td stands for "table data," and holds the content of a data cell. A <td> tag can contain text,
links, images, lists, forms, other tables, etc.
Table Example
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>

40
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
</table>
How the HTML code above looks in a browser:
row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2
HTML Tables and the Border Attribute
If you do not specify a border attribute, the table will be displayed without borders. Sometimes this
can be useful, but most of the time, we want the borders to show.
To display a table with borders, specify the border attribute:
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
HTML Table Headers
Header information in a table are defined with the <th> tag.
All major browsers display the text in the <th> element as bold and centered.
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Header 1</th>
<th>Header 2</th>
</tr>
<tr>

41
</tr>
<tr>
</tr>
</table>
How the HTML code above looks in your browser:
Header 1 Header 2
More Examples
Tables without borders
How to create tables without borders.
Table headers
How to create table headers.
Table with a caption
How to add a caption to a table.
Table cells that span more than one row/column
How to define table cells that span more than one row or one column.
Tags inside a table
How to display elements inside other elements.
Cell padding
How to use cellpadding to create more white space between the cell content and its borders.
Cell spacing
How to use cellspacing to increase the distance between the cells.

42
HTML Table Tags
Tag Description
<table> Defines a table
<th> Defines a header cell in a table
<tr> Defines a row in a table
<td> Defines a cell in a table
<caption> Defines a table caption
<colgroup> Specifies a group of one or more columns in a table for formatting
<col> Specifies column properties for each column within a <colgroup> element
<thead> Groups the header content in a table
<tbody> Groups the body content in a table
<tfoot> Groups the footer content in a table

43
HTML Lists
The most common HTML lists are ordered and unordered lists:
HTML Lists
An ordered list:
1. The first list item
2. The second list item
3. The third list item
An unordered list:
 List item
 List item
 List item
Try-It-Yourself Examples
Unordered list
How to create an unordered list in an HTML document.
Ordered list
How to create an ordered list in an HTML document.
HTML Unordered Lists
An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.
The list items are marked with bullets (typically small black circles).
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
 Coffee
 Milk

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HTML Ordered Lists
An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.
The list items are marked with numbers.
<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
1. Coffee
2. Milk
HTML Description Lists
A description list is a list of terms/names, with a description of each term/name.
The <dl> tag defines a description list.
The <dl> tag is used in conjunction with <dt> (defines terms/names) and <dd> (describes each
term/name):
<dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>- black hot drink</dd>
<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>- white cold drink</dd>
</dl>
Coffee
- black hot drink
Milk
- white cold drink

45
Tip: Inside a list item you can put text, line breaks, images, links, other lists, etc.
More Examples
Different types of ordered lists
Demonstrates different types of ordered lists.
Different types of unordered lists
Demonstrates different types of unordered lists.
Nested list
Demonstrates how you can nest lists.
Nested list 2
Demonstrates a more complicated nested list.
Description list
Demonstrates a definition list.
HTML List Tags
Tag Description
<ol> Defines an ordered list
<ul> Defines an unordered list
<li> Defines a list item
<dl> Defines a description list
<dt> Defines a term/name in a description list
<dd> Defines a description of a term/name in a description list

46
HTML <div> and <span>
HTML elements can be grouped together with <div> and <span>.
HTML Block Elements
Most HTML elements are defined as block level elements or as inline elements.
Block level elements normally start (and end) with a new line when displayed in a browser.
Examples: <h1>, <p>, <ul>, <table>
HTML Inline Elements
Inline elements are normally displayed without starting a new line.
Examples: <b>, <td>, <a>, <img>
The HTML <div> Element
The HTML <div> element is a block level element that can be used as a container for grouping other
HTML elements.
The <div> element has no special meaning. Except that, because it is a block level element, the
browser will display a line break before and after it.
When used together with CSS, the <div> element can be used to set style attributes to large blocks of
content.
Another common use of the <div>element, is for document layout. It replaces the "old way" of
defining layout using tables. Using <table> elements for layout is not the correct use of <table>. The
purpose of the <table> element is to display tabular data.
The HTML <span> Element
The HTML <span> element is an inline element that can be used as a container for text.

47
The <span> element has no special meaning.
When used together with CSS, the <span> element can be used to set style attributes to parts of the
text.
HTML Grouping Tags
Tag Description
<div> Defines a section in a document (block-level)
<span> Defines a section in a document (inline)

48
HTML Layouts
Web page layout is very important to make your website look good.
Design your webpage layout very carefully.
Web page layout using <div> elements
How to add layout using <div> elements.
Web page layout using <table> elements
How to add layout using <table> elements.
Website Layouts
Most websites have put their content in multiple columns (formatted like a magazine or newspaper).
Multiple columns are created by using <div> or <table> elements. CSS are used to position elements,
or to create backgrounds or colorful look for the pages.
Even though it is possible to create nice layouts with HTML tables, tables were designed for presenting
tabular data - NOT as a layout tool!
HTML Layouts - Using <div> Elements
The div element is a block level element used for grouping HTML elements.
The following example uses five div elements to create a multiple column layout, creating the same
result as in the previous example:

49
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<div id="container" style="width:500px">
<div id="header" style="background-color:#FFA500;">
<h1 style="margin-bottom:0;">Main Title of Web Page</h1></div>
<div id="menu" style="background-
color:#FFD700;height:200px;width:100px;float:left;">
<b>Menu</b><br>
HTML<br>
CSS<br>
JavaScript</div>
<div id="content" style="background-
color:#EEEEEE;height:200px;width:400px;float:left;">
Content goes here</div>
<div id="footer" style="background-color:#FFA500;clear:both;text-
align:center;">
WEB PAGE DESIGN</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
The HTML code above will produce the following result:
Main Title of Web Page
Menu
HTML
CSS
JavaScript
Content goes here
WEB PAGE DESIGN
HTML Layouts - Using Tables

50
A simple way of creating layouts is by using the HTML <table> tag.
Multiple columns are created by using <div> or <table> elements. CSS are used to position elements,
or to create backgrounds or colorful look for the pages.
Using <table> to create a nice layout is NOT the correct use of the element. The purpose of the <table>
element is to display tabular data!
The following example uses a table with 3 rows and 2 columns - the first and last row spans both
columns using the colspan attribute:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<table width="500" border="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFA500;">
<h1>Main Title of Web Page</h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#FFD700;width:100px;">
<b>Menu</b><br>
HTML<br>
CSS<br>
JavaScript
</td>
<td style="background-color:#EEEEEE;height:200px;width:400px;">
Content goes here</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFA500;text-align:center;">
Copyright © W3Schools.com</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
The HTML code above will produce the following result:

51
Main Title of Web Page
Menu
HTML
CSS
JavaScript
Content goes here
Copyright © W3Schools.com
HTML Layout - Useful Tips
Tip: The biggest advantage of using CSS is that, if you place the CSS code in an external style sheet,
your site becomes MUCH EASIER to maintain. You can change the layout of all your pages by editing
one file. To learn more about CSS, study our CSS tutorial.
Tip: Because advanced layouts take time to create, a quicker option is to use a template. Search
Google for free website templates (these are pre-built website layouts you can use and customize).
HTML Layout Tags
Tag Description
<div> Defines a section in a document (block-level)
<span> Defines a section in a document (inline)

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HTML Forms and Input
HTML Forms are used to select different kinds of user input.
Create text fields
How to create text fields. The user can write text in a text field.
Create password field
How to create a password field.
(You can find more examples at the bottom of this page)
HTML Forms
HTML forms are used to pass data to a server.
An HTML form can contain input elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio-buttons, submit buttons
and more. A form can also contain select lists, textarea, fieldset, legend, and label elements.
The <form> tag is used to create an HTML form:
<form>
.
input elements
.
</form>
HTML Forms - The Input Element
The most important form element is the <input> element.
The <input> element is used to select user information.

53
An <input> element can vary in many ways, depending on the type attribute. An <input> element
can be of type text field, checkbox, password, radio button, submit button, and more.
The most common input types are described below.
Text Fields
<input type="text"> defines a one-line input field that a user can enter text into:
<form>
First name: <input type="text" name="firstname"><br>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>
First name:
Last name:
Note: The form itself is not visible. Also note that the default width of a text field is 20 characters.
Password Field
<input type="password"> defines a password field:
<form>
Password: <input type="password" name="pwd">
</form>
Password:
Note: The characters in a password field are masked (shown as asterisks or circles).
Radio Buttons
<input type="radio"> defines a radio button. Radio buttons let a user select ONLY ONE of a limited
number of choices:

54
<form>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male">Male<br>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female">Female
</form>
Male
Female
Checkboxes
<input type="checkbox"> defines a checkbox. Checkboxes let a user select ZERO or MORE options of
a limited number of choices.
<form>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike">I have a bike<br>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car">I have a car
</form>
I have a bike
I have a car
Submit Button
<input type="submit"> defines a submit button.
A submit button is used to send form data to a server. The data is sent to the page specified in the
form's action attribute. The file defined in the action attribute usually does something with the
received input:
<form name="input" action="html_form_action.asp" method="get">
Username: <input type="text" name="user">
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
Username:
Submit

55
If you type some characters in the text field above, and click the "Submit" button, the browser will
send your input to a page called "html_form_action.asp". The page will show you the received input.
More Input Examples
Radio buttons
How to create radio buttons.
Checkboxes
How to create checkboxes. A user can select or unselect a checkbox.
Simple drop-down list
How to create a simple drop-down list.
Drop-down list with a pre-selected value
How to create a drop-down list with a pre-selected value.
Textarea
How to create a multi-line text input control. In a text-area the user can write an unlimited number of
characters.
Create a button
How to create a button.
Form Examples
Fieldset around form-data
How to create a border around elements in a form.
Form with text fields and a submit button
How to create a form with two text fields and a submit button.
Form with checkboxes
How to create a form with two checkboxes and a submit button.
Form with radio buttons
How to create a form with two radio buttons, and a submit button.
Send e-mail from a form
How to send e-mail from a form.

56
HTML Form Tags
New : New tags in HTML5.
Tag Description
<form> Defines an HTML form for user input
<input> Defines an input control
<textarea> Defines a multiline input control (text area)
<label> Defines a label for an <input> element
<fieldset> Groups related elements in a form
<legend> Defines a caption for a <fieldset> element
<select> Defines a drop-down list
<optgroup> Defines a group of related options in a drop-down list
<option> Defines an option in a drop-down list
<button> Defines a clickable button
<datalist>New Specifies a list of pre-defined options for input controls
<keygen>New Defines a key-pair generator field (for forms)
<output>New Defines the result of a calculation

57
HTML Iframes
An iframe is used to display a web page within a web page.
Syntax for adding an iframe:
<iframe src="URL"></iframe>
The URL points to the location of the separate page.
Iframe - Set Height and Width
The height and width attributes are used to specify the height and width of the iframe.
The attribute values are specified in pixels by default, but they can also be in percent (like "80%").
Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" width="200" height="200"></iframe>
Iframe - Remove the Border
The frameborder attribute specifies whether or not to display a border around the iframe.
Set the attribute value to "0" to remove the border:
Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe>
Use iframe as a Target for a Link
An iframe can be used as the target frame for a link.

58
The target attribute of a link must refer to the name attribute of the iframe:
Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" name="iframe_a"></iframe>
<p><a href="http://www.w3schools.com" target="iframe_a">W3Schools.com</a></p>
HTML iframe Tag
Tag Description
<iframe> Defines an inline frame

59
HTML Colors
Colors are displayed combining RED, GREEN, and BLUE light.
Color Values
HTML colors are defined using a hexadecimal notation (HEX) for the combination of Red, Green, and
Blue color values (RGB).
The lowest value that can be given to one of the light sources is 0 (in HEX: 00). The highest value is
255 (in HEX: FF).
HEX values are specified as 3 pairs of two-digit numbers, starting with a # sign.
Color Values
Color Color HEX Color RGB
#000000 rgb(0,0,0)
#FF0000 rgb(255,0,0)
#00FF00 rgb(0,255,0)
#0000FF rgb(0,0,255)
#FFFF00 rgb(255,255,0)
#00FFFF rgb(0,255,255)
#FF00FF rgb(255,0,255)
#C0C0C0 rgb(192,192,192)
#FFFFFF rgb(255,255,255)

60
16 Million Different Colors
The combination of Red, Green, and Blue values from 0 to 255, gives more than 16 million different
colors (256 x 256 x 256).
If you look at the color table below, you will see the result of varying the red light from 0 to 255, while
keeping the green and blue light at zero.
To see the full list of color mixes when RED varies from 0 to 255, click on one of the HEX or RGB
values below.
Red Light Color HEX Color RGB
#000000 rgb(0,0,0)
#080000 rgb(8,0,0)
#100000 rgb(16,0,0)
#180000 rgb(24,0,0)
#200000 rgb(32,0,0)
#280000 rgb(40,0,0)
#300000 rgb(48,0,0)
#380000 rgb(56,0,0)
#400000 rgb(64,0,0)
#480000 rgb(72,0,0)
#500000 rgb(80,0,0)
#580000 rgb(88,0,0)
#600000 rgb(96,0,0)
#680000 rgb(104,0,0)

61
#700000 rgb(112,0,0)
#780000 rgb(120,0,0)
#800000 rgb(128,0,0)
#880000 rgb(136,0,0)
#900000 rgb(144,0,0)
#980000 rgb(152,0,0)
#A00000 rgb(160,0,0)
#A80000 rgb(168,0,0)
#B00000 rgb(176,0,0)
#B80000 rgb(184,0,0)
#C00000 rgb(192,0,0)
#C80000 rgb(200,0,0)
#D00000 rgb(208,0,0)
#D80000 rgb(216,0,0)
#E00000 rgb(224,0,0)
#E80000 rgb(232,0,0)
#F00000 rgb(240,0,0)
#F80000 rgb(248,0,0)
#FF0000 rgb(255,0,0)

62
Shades of Gray
Gray colors are created by using an equal amount of power to all of the light sources.
To make it easier for you to select the correct shade, we have created a table of gray shades for you:
Gray Shades Color HEX Color RGB
#000000 rgb(0,0,0)
#080808 rgb(8,8,8)
#101010 rgb(16,16,16)
#181818 rgb(24,24,24)
#202020 rgb(32,32,32)
#282828 rgb(40,40,40)
#303030 rgb(48,48,48)
#383838 rgb(56,56,56)
#404040 rgb(64,64,64)
#484848 rgb(72,72,72)
#505050 rgb(80,80,80)
#585858 rgb(88,88,88)
#606060 rgb(96,96,96)
#686868 rgb(104,104,104)
#707070 rgb(112,112,112)

63
#787878 rgb(120,120,120)
#808080 rgb(128,128,128)
#888888 rgb(136,136,136)
#909090 rgb(144,144,144)
#989898 rgb(152,152,152)
#A0A0A0 rgb(160,160,160)
#A8A8A8 rgb(168,168,168)
#B0B0B0 rgb(176,176,176)
#B8B8B8 rgb(184,184,184)
#C0C0C0 rgb(192,192,192)
#C8C8C8 rgb(200,200,200)
#D0D0D0 rgb(208,208,208)
#D8D8D8 rgb(216,216,216)
#E0E0E0 rgb(224,224,224)
#E8E8E8 rgb(232,232,232)
#F0F0F0 rgb(240,240,240)
#F8F8F8 rgb(248,248,248)
#FFFFFF rgb(255,255,255)

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Web Safe Colors?
Some years ago, when computers supported max 256 different colors, a list of 216 "Web Safe Colors"
was suggested as a Web standard, reserving 40 fixed system colors.
The 216 cross-browser color palette was created to ensure that all computers would display the colors
correctly when running a 256 color palette.
This is not important today, since most computers can display millions of different colors. Anyway,
here is the list:
000000 000033 000066 000099 0000CC 0000FF
003300 003333 003366 003399 0033CC 0033FF
006600 006633 006666 006699 0066CC 0066FF
009900 009933 009966 009999 0099CC 0099FF
00CC00 00CC33 00CC66 00CC99 00CCCC 00CCFF
00FF00 00FF33 00FF66 00FF99 00FFCC 00FFFF
330000 330033 330066 330099 3300CC 3300FF
333300 333333 333366 333399 3333CC 3333FF
336600 336633 336666 336699 3366CC 3366FF
339900 339933 339966 339999 3399CC 3399FF
660000 660033 660066 660099 6600CC 6600FF
663300 663333 663366 663399 6633CC 6633FF
666600 666633 666666 666699 6666CC 6666FF
669900 669933 669966 669999 6699CC 6699FF

65
990000 990033 990066 990099 9900CC 9900FF
993300 993333 993366 993399 9933CC 9933FF
996600 996633 996666 996699 9966CC 9966FF
999900 999933 999966 999999 9999CC 9999FF
CC0000 CC0033 CC0066 CC0099 CC00CC CC00FF
CCCC00 CCCC33 CCCC66 CCCC99 CCCCCC CCCCFF
CCFF00 CCFF33 CCFF66 CCFF99 CCFFCC CCFFFF
FF0000 FF0033 FF0066 FF0099 FF00CC FF00FF
FFCC00 FFCC33 FFCC66 FFCC99 FFCCCC FFCCFF
FFFF00 FFFF33 FFFF66 FFFF99 FFFFCC FFFFFF

66
HTML Color Names
Color Names Supported by All Browsers
140 color names are defined in the HTML and CSS color specification (17 standard colors plus 123
more). The table below lists them all, along with their hexadecimal values.
Tip: The 17 standard colors are: aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime, maroon, navy, olive,
orange, purple, red, silver, teal, white, and yellow.
Click on a color name (or a hex value) to view the color as the background-color along with different
text colors:
Sorted by Color Name
Same list sorted by hex values
Color Name HEX Color Shades Mix
AliceBlue #F0F8FF Shades Mix
AntiqueWhite #FAEBD7 Shades Mix
Aqua #00FFFF Shades Mix
Aquamarine #7FFFD4 Shades Mix
Azure #F0FFFF Shades Mix
Beige #F5F5DC Shades Mix
Bisque #FFE4C4 Shades Mix
Black #000000 Shades Mix
BlanchedAlmond #FFEBCD Shades Mix

67
Blue #0000FF Shades Mix
BlueViolet #8A2BE2 Shades Mix
Brown #A52A2A Shades Mix
BurlyWood #DEB887 Shades Mix
CadetBlue #5F9EA0 Shades Mix
Chartreuse #7FFF00 Shades Mix
Chocolate #D2691E Shades Mix
Coral #FF7F50 Shades Mix
CornflowerBlue #6495ED Shades Mix
Cornsilk #FFF8DC Shades Mix
Crimson #DC143C Shades Mix
Cyan #00FFFF Shades Mix
DarkBlue #00008B Shades Mix
DarkCyan #008B8B Shades Mix
DarkGoldenRod #B8860B Shades Mix
DarkGray #A9A9A9 Shades Mix
DarkGreen #006400 Shades Mix
DarkKhaki #BDB76B Shades Mix
DarkMagenta #8B008B Shades Mix

68
DarkOliveGreen #556B2F Shades Mix
DarkOrange #FF8C00 Shades Mix
DarkOrchid #9932CC Shades Mix
DarkRed #8B0000 Shades Mix
DarkSalmon #E9967A Shades Mix
DarkSeaGreen #8FBC8F Shades Mix
DarkSlateBlue #483D8B Shades Mix
DarkSlateGray #2F4F4F Shades Mix
DarkTurquoise #00CED1 Shades Mix
DarkViolet #9400D3 Shades Mix
DeepPink #FF1493 Shades Mix
DeepSkyBlue #00BFFF Shades Mix
DimGray #696969 Shades Mix
DodgerBlue #1E90FF Shades Mix
FireBrick #B22222 Shades Mix
FloralWhite #FFFAF0 Shades Mix
ForestGreen #228B22 Shades Mix
Fuchsia #FF00FF Shades Mix
Gainsboro #DCDCDC Shades Mix

69
GhostWhite #F8F8FF Shades Mix
Gold #FFD700 Shades Mix
GoldenRod #DAA520 Shades Mix
Gray #808080 Shades Mix
Green #008000 Shades Mix
GreenYellow #ADFF2F Shades Mix
HoneyDew #F0FFF0 Shades Mix
HotPink #FF69B4 Shades Mix
IndianRed #CD5C5C Shades Mix
Indigo #4B0082 Shades Mix
Ivory #FFFFF0 Shades Mix
Khaki #F0E68C Shades Mix
Lavender #E6E6FA Shades Mix
LavenderBlush #FFF0F5 Shades Mix
LawnGreen #7CFC00 Shades Mix
LemonChiffon #FFFACD Shades Mix
LightBlue #ADD8E6 Shades Mix
LightCoral #F08080 Shades Mix
LightCyan #E0FFFF Shades Mix

70
LightGoldenRodYellow #FAFAD2 Shades Mix
LightGray #D3D3D3 Shades Mix
LightGreen #90EE90 Shades Mix
LightPink #FFB6C1 Shades Mix
LightSalmon #FFA07A Shades Mix
LightSeaGreen #20B2AA Shades Mix
LightSkyBlue #87CEFA Shades Mix
LightSlateGray #778899 Shades Mix
LightSteelBlue #B0C4DE Shades Mix
LightYellow #FFFFE0 Shades Mix
Lime #00FF00 Shades Mix
LimeGreen #32CD32 Shades Mix
Linen #FAF0E6 Shades Mix
Magenta #FF00FF Shades Mix
Maroon #800000 Shades Mix
MediumAquaMarine #66CDAA Shades Mix
MediumBlue #0000CD Shades Mix
MediumOrchid #BA55D3 Shades Mix
MediumPurple #9370DB Shades Mix

71
MediumSeaGreen #3CB371 Shades Mix
MediumSlateBlue #7B68EE Shades Mix
MediumSpringGreen #00FA9A Shades Mix
MediumTurquoise #48D1CC Shades Mix
MediumVioletRed #C71585 Shades Mix
MidnightBlue #191970 Shades Mix
MintCream #F5FFFA Shades Mix
MistyRose #FFE4E1 Shades Mix
Moccasin #FFE4B5 Shades Mix
NavajoWhite #FFDEAD Shades Mix
Navy #000080 Shades Mix
OldLace #FDF5E6 Shades Mix
Olive #808000 Shades Mix
OliveDrab #6B8E23 Shades Mix
Orange #FFA500 Shades Mix
OrangeRed #FF4500 Shades Mix
Orchid #DA70D6 Shades Mix
PaleGoldenRod #EEE8AA Shades Mix
PaleGreen #98FB98 Shades Mix

72
PaleTurquoise #AFEEEE Shades Mix
PaleVioletRed #DB7093 Shades Mix
PapayaWhip #FFEFD5 Shades Mix
PeachPuff #FFDAB9 Shades Mix
Peru #CD853F Shades Mix
Pink #FFC0CB Shades Mix
Plum #DDA0DD Shades Mix
PowderBlue #B0E0E6 Shades Mix
Purple #800080 Shades Mix
Red #FF0000 Shades Mix
RosyBrown #BC8F8F Shades Mix
RoyalBlue #4169E1 Shades Mix
SaddleBrown #8B4513 Shades Mix
Salmon #FA8072 Shades Mix
SandyBrown #F4A460 Shades Mix
SeaGreen #2E8B57 Shades Mix
SeaShell #FFF5EE Shades Mix
Sienna #A0522D Shades Mix
Silver #C0C0C0 Shades Mix

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SkyBlue #87CEEB Shades Mix
SlateBlue #6A5ACD Shades Mix
SlateGray #708090 Shades Mix
Snow #FFFAFA Shades Mix
SpringGreen #00FF7F Shades Mix
SteelBlue #4682B4 Shades Mix
Tan #D2B48C Shades Mix
Teal #008080 Shades Mix
Thistle #D8BFD8 Shades Mix
Tomato #FF6347 Shades Mix
Turquoise #40E0D0 Shades Mix
Violet #EE82EE Shades Mix
Wheat #F5DEB3 Shades Mix
White #FFFFFF Shades Mix
WhiteSmoke #F5F5F5 Shades Mix
Yellow #FFFF00 Shades Mix
YellowGreen #9ACD32 Shades Mix

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HTML Color Values
Sorted by Hex Value
Same list sorted by color name

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

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HTML Scripts
JavaScripts make HTML pages more dynamic and interactive.
Insert a script
How to insert a script into an HTML document.
Use of the <noscript> tag
How to handle browsers that do not support scripting, or have scripting disabled.
The HTML <script> Tag
The <script> tag is used to define a client-side script, such as a JavaScript.
The <script> element either contains scripting statements or it points to an external script file through
the src attribute.
Common uses for JavaScript are image manipulation, form validation, and dynamic changes of
content.
The script below writes Hello World! to the HTML output:
Example
<script>
document.write("Hello World!")
</script>
Tip: To learn more about JavaScript, visit our JavaScript tutorial!
The HTML <noscript> Tag
The <noscript> tag is used to provide an alternate content for users that have disabled scripts in their
browser or have a browser that doesn’t support client-side scripting.

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The <noscript> element can contain all the elements that you can find inside the <body> element of
a normal HTML page.
The content inside the <noscript> element will only be displayed if scripts are not supported, or are
disabled in the user’s browser:
Example
<script>
document.write("Hello World!")
</script>
<noscript>Sorry, your browser does not support JavaScript!</noscript>
A Taste of JavaScript (From Our JavaScript Tutorial)
Here are some examples of what JavaScript can do:
JavaScript can write directly into the HTML output stream:
document.write("<p>This is a paragraph</p>");
JavaScript can react to events:
<button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Click Me!</button>
JavaScript can manipulate HTML styles:
document.getElementById("demo").style.color="#ff0000";
HTML Script Tags
Tag Description
<noscript> Defines an alternate content for users that do not support client-side scripts

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HTML Entities
Reserved characters in HTML must be replaced with character entities.
HTML Entities
Some characters are reserved in HTML.
It is not possible to use the less than (<) or greater than (>) signs in your text, because the browser
will mix them with tags.
To actually display reserved characters, we must use character entities in the HTML source code.
A character entity looks like this:
&entity_name;
OR
&#entity_number;
To display a less than sign we must write: < or <
Tip: The advantage of using an entity name, instead of a number, is that the name is easier to
remember. However, the disadvantage is that browsers may not support all entity names (the support
for entity numbers is very good).
Non-breaking Space
A common character entity used in HTML is the non-breaking space ( ).
Browsers will always truncate spaces in HTML pages. If you write 10 spaces in your text, the browser
will remove 9 of them, before displaying the page. To add spaces to your text, you can use the  
character entity.

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HTML Entities Example
Experiment with HTML character entities: Try it yourself
HTML Useful Character Entities
Note: Entity names are case sensitive!
Result Description Entity Name Entity Number
non-breaking space    
< less than < <
> greater than > >
& ampersand & &
¢ cent ¢ ¢
£ pound £ £
¥ yen ¥ ¥
€ euro € €
§ section § §
© copyright © ©
® registered trademark ® ®
™ trademark ™ ™
For a complete reference of all character entities, visit our HTML Entities Reference.

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HTML Uniform Resource Locators
A URL is another word for a web address.
A URL can be composed of words, such as "w3schools.com", or an Internet Protocol
(IP) address: 192.68.20.50. Most people enter the name of the website when surfing,
because names are easier to remember than numbers.
URL - Uniform Resource Locator
Web browsers request pages from web servers by using a URL.
When you click on a link in an HTML page, an underlying <a> tag points to an address on the world
wide web.
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is used to address a document (or other data) on the world wide
web.
A web address, like this: http://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp follows these syntax rules:
scheme://host.domain:port/path/filename
Explanation:
 scheme - defines the type of Internet service. The most common type is http
 host - defines the domain host (the default host for http is www)
 domain - defines the Internet domain name, like w3schools.com
 port - defines the port number at the host (the default port number for http is 80)
 path - defines a path at the server (If omitted, the document must be stored at the root
directory of the web site)
 filename - defines the name of a document/resource
Common URL Schemes
The table below lists some common schemes:
Scheme Short for.... Which pages will the scheme be used for...
http HyperText Transfer Protocol Common web pages starts with http://. Not encrypted
https Secure HyperText Transfer
Protocol
Secure web pages. All information exchanged are encrypted

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ftp File Transfer Protocol For downloading or uploading files to a website. Useful for
domain maintenance
file A file on your computer
URL Encoding
URLs can only be sent over the Internet using the ASCII character-set.
Since URLs often contain characters outside the ASCII set, the URL has to be converted into a valid
ASCII format.
URL encoding converts characters into a format that can be transmitted over the Internet.
URL encoding replaces non ASCII characters with a "%" followed by two hexadecimal digits.
URLs cannot contain spaces. URL encoding normally replaces a space with a + sign.
Try It Yourself
If you click the "Submit" button below, the browser will URL encode the input before it is sent to the
server. A page at the server will display the received input.
Hello Günter Submit
Try some other input and click Submit again.
URL Encoding Examples
Character URL-encoding
€ %80
£ %A3
© %A9
® %AE
À %C0
Á %C1

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Â %C2
Ã %C3
Ä %C4
Å %C5
For a complete reference of all URL encodings, visit our URL Encoding Reference.

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HTML Quick List
HTML Quick List from W3Schools. Print it, fold it, and put it in your pocket.
HTML Basic Document
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title of document goes here</title>
</head>
<body>
Visible text goes here...
</body>
</html>
Basic Tags
<h1>Largest Heading</h1>
<h2> . . . </h2>
<h3> . . . </h3>
<h4> . . . </h4>
<h5> . . . </h5>
<h6>Smallest Heading</h6>
<br> (line break)
<hr> (horizontal rule)

Formatting
<b>Bold text</b>
<code>Computer code</code>
<em>Emphasized text</em>
<i>Italic text</i>
<kbd>Keyboard input</kbd>
<pre>Preformatted text</pre>
<small>Smaller text</small>
<strong>Important text</strong>
<abbr> (abbreviation)
<address> (contact information)

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<bdo> (text direction)
<blockquote> (a section quoted from another source)
<cite> (title of a work)
<del> (deleted text)
<ins> (inserted text)
<sub> (subscripted text)
<sup> (superscripted text)
Links
Ordinary link: <a href="http://www.example.com/">Link-text goes here</a>
Image-link: <a href="http://www.example.com/"><img src="URL" alt="Alternate Text"></a>
Mailto link: <a href="mailto:webmaster@example.com">Send e-mail</a>
Bookmark:
<a id="tips">Tips Section</a>
<a href="#tips">Jump to the Tips Section</a>
Images
<img src="URL" alt="Alternate Text" height="42" width="42">
Styles/Sections
h1 {color:red;}
p {color:blue;}
</style>
<div>A block-level section in a document</div>
<span>An inline section in a document</span>
Unordered list
<ul>
<li>Item</li>
<li>Item</li>
</ul>
Ordered list
<ol>
<li>First item</li>
<li>Second item</li>
</ol>
Definition list
<dl>
<dt>Item 1</dt>
<dd>Describe item 1</dd>

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<dt>Item 2</dt>
<dd>Describe item 2</dd>
</dl>
Tables
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>table header</th>
<th>table header</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>table data</td>
<td>table data</td>
</tr>
</table>
Iframe
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm"></iframe>
Forms
<form action="demo_form.asp" method="post/get">
<input type="text" name="email" size="40" maxlength="50">
<input type="password">
<input type="checkbox" checked="checked">
<input type="radio" checked="checked">
<input type="submit" value="Send">
<input type="reset">
<input type="hidden">
<select>
<option>Apples</option>
<option selected="selected">Bananas</option>
<option>Cherries</option>
</select>
<textarea name="comment" rows="60" cols="20"></textarea>
</form>
Entities
< is the same as <
> is the same as >
© is the same as ©

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You Have Learned HTML, Now What?
HTML Summary
This tutorial has taught you how to use HTML to create your own web site.
HTML is the universal markup language for the Web. HTML lets you format text, add graphics, create
links, input forms, frames and tables, etc., and save it all in a text file that any browser can read and
display.
The key to HTML is the tags, which indicates what content is coming up.
For more information on HTML, please take a look at our HTML examples and our HTML reference.
Now You Know HTML, What's Next?
Learn CSS
CSS is used to control the style and layout of multiple Web pages all at once.
With CSS, all formatting can be removed from the HTML document and stored in a separate file.
CSS gives you total control of the layout, without messing up the document content.
To learn how to create style sheets, please visit our CSS tutorial.
Learn JavaScript
JavaScript can make your web site more dynamic.
A static web site is nice when you just want to show flat content, but a dynamic web site can react to
events and allow user interaction.
JavaScript is the most popular scripting language on the internet and it works with all major browsers.
If you want to learn more about JavaScript, please visit our JavaScript tutorial.

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Hosting your own Web site
Hosting your web site on your own server is always an option. Here are some points to consider:
Hardware Expenses
To run a "real" web site, you will have to buy some powerful server hardware. Don't expect that a low
cost PC will do the job. You will also need a permanent (24 hours a day ) high-speed connection.
Software Expenses
Remember that server-licenses often are higher than client-licenses. Also note that server-licenses
might have limits on number of users.
Labor Expenses
Don't expect low labor expenses. You have to install your own hardware and software. You also have
to deal with bugs and viruses, and keep your server constantly running in an environment where
"everything could happen".
Using an Internet Service Provider
Renting a server from an Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a common option.
Most small companies store their web site on a server provided by an ISP. Here are some advantages:
Connection Speed
Most ISPs have very fast connections to the Internet.
Powerful Hardware
ISPs often have powerful web servers that can be shared by several companies. You can also expect
them to have an effective load balancing, and necessary backup servers.
Security and Stability
ISPs are specialists on web hosting. Expect their servers to have more than 99% up time, the latest
software patches, and the best virus protection.

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Things to Consider with an ISP
24-hour support
Make sure your ISP offers 24-hours support. Don't put yourself in a situation where you cannot fix
critical problems without having to wait until the next working day. Toll-free phone could be vital if
you don't want to pay for long distance calls.
Daily Backup
Make sure your ISP runs a daily backup routine, otherwise you may lose some valuable data.
Traffic Volume
Study the ISP's traffic volume restrictions. Make sure that you don't have to pay a fortune for
unexpected high traffic if your web site becomes popular.
Bandwidth or Content Restrictions
Study the ISP's bandwidth and content restrictions. If you plan to publish pictures or broadcast video
or sound, make sure that you can.
E-mail Capabilities
Make sure your ISP supports the e-mail capabilities you need.
Database Access
If you plan to use data from databases on your web site, make sure your ISP supports the database
access you need.

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HTML - XHTML
XHTML is HTML written as XML.
What Is XHTML?
 XHTML stands for EXtensible HyperText Markup Language
 XHTML is almost identical to HTML 4.01
 XHTML is a stricter and cleaner version of HTML 4.01
 XHTML is HTML defined as an XML application
 XHTML is supported by all major browsers.
Why XHTML?
Many pages on the internet contain "bad" HTML.
The following HTML code will work fine if you view it in a browser (even if it does NOT follow the HTML
rules):
<html>
<head>
<title>This is bad HTML</title>
<body>
<h1>Bad HTML
</body>
XML is a markup language where documents must be marked up correctly and "well-formed".
If you want to study XML, please read our XML tutorial.
Today's market consists of different browser technologies. Some browsers run on computers, and
some browsers run on mobile phones or other small devices. Smaller devices often lack the resources
or power to interpret a "bad" markup language.
Therefore - by combining the strengths of HTML and XML, XHTML was developed. XHTML is HTML
redesigned as XML.

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The Most Important Differences from HTML:
Document Structure
 XHTML DOCTYPE is mandatory
 The XML namespace attribute in <html> is mandatory
 <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> is mandatory
XHTML Elements
 XHTML elements must be properly nested
 XHTML elements must always be closed
 XHTML elements must be in lowercase
 XHTML documents must have one root element
XHTML Attributes
 Attribute names must be in lower case
 Attribute values must be quoted
 Attribute minimization is forbidden
<!DOCTYPE ....> Is Mandatory
An XHTML document must have an XHTML DOCTYPE declaration.
A complete list of all the XHTML Doctypes is found in our HTML Tags Reference.
The <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> elements must also be present, and the xmlns attribute in
<html>, must specify the xml namespace for the document.
The example below shows an XHTML document with a minimum of required tags:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Title of document</title>
</head>
<body>
......
</body>
</html>

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XHTML Elements Must Be Properly Nested
In HTML, some elements can be improperly nested within each other, like this:
<b><i>This text is bold and italic</b></i>
In XHTML, all elements must be properly nested within each other, like this:
<b><i>This text is bold and italic</i></b>
XHTML Elements Must Always Be Closed
This is wrong:
<p>This is another paragraph
This is correct:
<p>This is another paragraph</p>
Empty Elements Must Also Be Closed
This is wrong:
A break: <br>
A horizontal rule: <hr>
An image: <img src="happy.gif" alt="Happy face">
This is correct:
A break: <br />
A horizontal rule: <hr />
An image: <img src="happy.gif" alt="Happy face" />

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XHTML Elements Must Be In Lower Case
This is wrong:
<BODY>
<P>This is a paragraph</P>
</BODY>
This is correct:
<body>
</body>
Attribute Names Must Be In Lower Case
This is wrong:
<table WIDTH="100%">
This is correct:
<table width="100%">
Attribute Values Must Be Quoted
This is wrong:
<table width=100%>
This is correct:
<table width="100%">

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Attribute Minimization Is Forbidden
This is wrong:
<input checked>
<input readonly>
<input disabled>
<option selected>
This is correct:
<input checked="checked">
<input readonly="readonly">
<input disabled="disabled">
<option selected="selected">
How to Convert from HTML to XHTML
1. Add an XHTML <!DOCTYPE> to the first line of every page
2. Add an xmlns attribute to the html element of every page
3. Change all element names to lowercase
4. Close all empty elements
5. Change all attribute names to lowercase
6. Quote all attribute values

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HTML5 Introduction
HTML5 is The New HTML Standard
HTML5
 New Elements
 New Attributes
 Full CSS3 Support
 Video and Audio
 2D/3D Graphics
 Local Storage
 Local SQL Database
 Web Applications
Examples in Each Chapter
With our HTML editor, you can edit the HTML, and click on a button to view the result.
Example
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<body>
<video width="320" height="240" controls>
<source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
<source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg">
Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>
</body>
</html>
What is HTML5?
HTML5 will be the new standard for HTML.
The previous version of HTML, HTML 4.01, came in 1999. The web has changed a lot since then.
HTML5 is still a work in progress. However, the major browsers support many of the new HTML5
elements and APIs.

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How Did HTML5 Get Started?
HTML5 is a cooperation between the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the Web Hypertext
Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG).
WHATWG was working with web forms and applications, and W3C was working with XHTML 2.0. In
2006, they decided to cooperate and create a new version of HTML.
Some rules for HTML5 were established:
 New features should be based on HTML, CSS, DOM, and JavaScript
 Reduce the need for external plugins (like Flash)
 Better error handling
 More markup to replace scripting
 HTML5 should be device independent
 The development process should be visible to the public
The HTML5 <!DOCTYPE>
In HTML5 there is only one <!doctype> declaration, and it is very simple:
<!DOCTYPE html>
Minimum HTML5 Document
Below is a simple HTML5 document, with the minimum of required tags:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title of the document</title>
</head>
<body>
Content of the document......
</body>
</html>

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HTML5 - New Features
Some of the most interesting new features in HTML5:
 The <canvas> element for 2D drawing
 The <video> and <audio> elements for media playback
 Support for local storage
 New content-specific elements, like <article>, <footer>, <header>, <nav>, <section>
 New form controls, like calendar, date, time, email, url, search
Browser Support for HTML5
HTML5 is not yet an official standard, and no browsers have full HTML5 support.
But all major browsers (Safari, Chrome, Firefox, Opera, Internet Explorer) continue to add new HTML5
features to their latest versions.

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HTML5 New Elements
New Elements in HTML5
The internet, and the use of the internet, has changed a lot since HTML 4.01 became a standard in
1999.
Today, several elements in HTML 4.01 are obsolete, never used, or not used the way they were
intended. All those elements are removed or re-written in HTML5.
To better handle today's internet use, HTML5 also includes new elements for drawing graphics, adding
media content, better page structure, better form handling, and several APIs to drag/drop elements,
find Geolocation, include web storage, application cache, web workers, etc.
The New <canvas> Element
Tag Description
<canvas> Used to draw graphics, on the fly, via scripting (usually JavaScript)
New Media Elements
Tag Description
<audio> Defines sound content
<video> Defines a video or movie
<source> Defines multiple media resources for <video> and <audio>
<embed> Defines a container for an external application or interactive content (a plug-in)
<track> Defines text tracks for <video> and <audio>
New Form Elements
Tag Description
<datalist> Specifies a list of pre-defined options for input controls
<keygen> Defines a key-pair generator field (for forms)

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<output> Defines the result of a calculation
New Semantic/Structural Elements
HTML5 offers new elements for better structure:
Tag Description
<article> Defines an article
<aside> Defines content aside from the page content
<bdi> Isolates a part of text that might be formatted in a different direction from other text
outside it
<command> Defines a command button that a user can invoke
<details> Defines additional details that the user can view or hide
<dialog> Defines a dialog box or window
<summary> Defines a visible heading for a <details> element
<figure> Specifies self-contained content, like illustrations, diagrams, photos, code listings, etc.
<figcaption> Defines a caption for a <figure> element
<footer> Defines a footer for a document or section
<header> Defines a header for a document or section
<meter> Defines a scalar measurement within a known range (a gauge)
<nav> Defines navigation links
<progress> Represents the progress of a task
<ruby> Defines a ruby annotation (for East Asian typography)
<rt> Defines an explanation/pronunciation of characters (for East Asian typography)
<rp> Defines what to show in browsers that do not support ruby annotations
<section> Defines a section in a document
<time> Defines a date/time
<wbr> Defines a possible line-break

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Removed Elements
The following HTML 4.01 elements are removed from HTML5:
 <acronym>
 <applet>
 <basefont>
 <big>
 <center>
 <dir>
 <font>
 <frame>
 <frameset>
 <noframes>
 <strike>
 <tt>

106
HTML5 Canvas
The <canvas> element is used to draw graphics, on the fly, on a web page.
Draw a red rectangle, a gradient rectangle, a multicolor rectangle, and some multicolor
text onto the canvas:
What is Canvas?
The HTML5 <canvas> element is used to draw graphics, on the fly, via scripting (usually JavaScript).
The <canvas> element is only a container for graphics. You must use a script to actually draw the
graphics.
Canvas has several methods for drawing paths, boxes, circles, characters, and adding images.
Browser Support
Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox, Opera, Chrome, and Safari support the <canvas> element.
Note: Internet Explorer 8 and earlier versions, do not support the <canvas> element.
Create a Canvas
A canvas is a rectangular area on an HTML page, and it is specified with the <canvas> element.
Note: By default, the <canvas> element has no border and no content.
The markup looks like this:
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="200" height="100"></canvas>
Note: Always specify an id attribute (to be referred to in a script), and a width and height attribute to
define the size of the canvas.
Tip: You can have multiple <canvas> elements on one HTML page.

107
To add a border, use the style attribute:
Example
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="200" height="100"
style="border:1px solid #000000;">
</canvas>
Draw Onto The Canvas With JavaScript
All drawing on the canvas must be done inside a JavaScript:
Example
<script>
var c=document.getElementById("myCanvas");
var ctx=c.getContext("2d");
ctx.fillStyle="#FF0000";
ctx.fillRect(0,0,150,75);
</script>
Example explained:
First, find the <canvas> element:
Then, call its getContext() method (you must pass the string "2d" to the getContext() method):
The getContext("2d") object is a built-in HTML5 object, with many properties and methods for drawing
paths, boxes, circles, text, images, and more.
The next two lines draw a red rectangle:
ctx.fillStyle="#FF0000";
The fillStyle property can be a CSS color, a gradient, or a pattern. The default fillStyle is #000000
(black).
The fillRect(x,y,width,height) method draws a rectangle filled with the current fill style.

108
Canvas Coordinates
The canvas is a two-dimensional grid.
The upper-left corner of the canvas has coordinate (0,0)
So, the fillRect() method above had the parameters (0,0,150,75).
This means: Start at the upper-left corner (0,0) and draw a 150x75 pixels rectangle.
Coordinates Example
Mouse over the rectangle below to see its x and y coordinates:
Canvas - Paths
To draw straight lines on a canvas, we will use the following two methods:
 moveTo(x,y) defines the starting point of the line
 lineTo(x,y) defines the ending point of the line
To actually draw the line, we must use one of the "ink" methods, like stroke().
Example
Define a starting point in position (0,0), and an ending point in position (200,100). Then use the
stroke() method to actually draw the line:

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JavaScript:
ctx.moveTo(0,0);
ctx.lineTo(200,100);
ctx.stroke();
To draw a circle on a canvas, we will use the following method:
 arc(x,y,r,start,stop)
To actually draw the circle, we must use one of the "ink" methods, like stroke() or fill().
Example
Create a circle with the arc() method:
JavaScript:
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(95,50,40,0,2*Math.PI);
ctx.stroke();
Canvas - Text
To draw text on a canvas, the most important property and methods are:
 font - defines the font properties for text
 fillText(text,x,y) - Draws "filled" text on the canvas
 strokeText(text,x,y) - Draws text on the canvas (no fill)
Using fillText():

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Example
Write a 30px high filled text on the canvas, using the font "Arial":
JavaScript:
ctx.font="30px Arial";
ctx.fillText("Hello World",10,50);
Using strokeText():
Example
Write a 30px high text (no fill) on the canvas, using the font "Arial":
JavaScript:
ctx.font="30px Arial";
ctx.strokeText("Hello World",10,50);
Canvas - Gradients
Gradients can be used to fill rectangles, circles, lines, text, etc. Shapes on the canvas are not limited
to solid colors.
There are two different types of gradients:
 createLinearGradient(x,y,x1,y1) - Creates a linear gradient
 createRadialGradient(x,y,r,x1,y1,r1) - Creates a radial/circular gradient

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Once we have a gradient object, we must add two or more color stops.
The addColorStop() method specifies the color stops, and its position along the gradient. Gradient
positions can be anywhere between 0 to 1.
To use the gradient, set the fillStyle or strokeStyle property to the gradient, and then draw the shape,
like a rectangle, text, or a line.
Using createLinearGradient():
Example
Create a linear gradient. Fill rectangle with the gradient:
JavaScript:
// Create gradient
var grd=ctx.createLinearGradient(0,0,200,0);
grd.addColorStop(0,"red");
grd.addColorStop(1,"white");
// Fill with gradient
ctx.fillStyle=grd;
Using createRadialGradient():
Example
Create a radial/circular gradient. Fill rectangle with the gradient:
JavaScript:

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// Create gradient
var grd=ctx.createRadialGradient(75,50,5,90,60,100);
grd.addColorStop(0,"red");
grd.addColorStop(1,"white");
// Fill with gradient
ctx.fillStyle=grd;
Canvas - Images
To draw an image on a canvas, we will use the following method:
 drawImage(image,x,y)
Image to use:

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Example
Draw the image onto the canvas:
JavaScript:
var img=document.getElementById("scream");
ctx.drawImage(img,10,10);
HTML Canvas Reference
For a complete reference of all the properties and methods that can be used with the Canvas object
(with try-it examples on every property and method), go to our Canvas Reference.
The HTML <canvas> Tag
Tag Description
<canvas> Used to draw graphics, on the fly, via scripting (usually JavaScript)

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HTML5 Inline SVG
HTML5 has support for inline SVG.
What is SVG?
 SVG stands for Scalable Vector Graphics
 SVG is used to define vector-based graphics for the Web
 SVG defines the graphics in XML format
 SVG graphics do NOT lose any quality if they are zoomed or resized
 Every element and every attribute in SVG files can be animated
 SVG is a W3C recommendation
SVG Advantages
Advantages of using SVG over other image formats (like JPEG and GIF) are:
 SVG images can be created and edited with any text editor
 SVG images can be searched, indexed, scripted, and compressed
 SVG images are scalable
 SVG images can be printed with high quality at any resolution
 SVG images are zoomable (and the image can be zoomed without degradation)
Browser Support
Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox, Opera, Chrome, and Safari support inline SVG.
Embed SVG Directly Into HTML Pages
In HTML5, you can embed SVG elements directly into your HTML page:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1" height="190">
<polygon points="100,10 40,180 190,60 10,60 160,180"
style="fill:lime;stroke:purple;stroke-width:5;fill-rule:evenodd;">
</svg>
</body>
</html>
Result:
To learn more about SVG, please read our SVG Tutorial.
Differences Between SVG and Canvas
SVG is a language for describing 2D graphics in XML.
Canvas draws 2D graphics, on the fly (with a JavaScript).
SVG is XML based, which means that every element is available within the SVG DOM. You can attach
JavaScript event handlers for an element.
In SVG, each drawn shape is remembered as an object. If attributes of an SVG object are changed,
the browser can automatically re-render the shape.
Canvas is rendered pixel by pixel. In canvas, once the graphic is drawn, it is forgotten by the browser.
If its position should be changed, the entire scene needs to be redrawn, including any objects that
might have been covered by the graphic.
Comparison of Canvas and SVG
The table below shows some important differences between Canvas and SVG:
Canvas SVG
 Resolution dependent
 No support for event handlers
 Poor text rendering capabilities
 You can save the resulting image as .png or .jpg
 Well suited for graphic-intensive games
 Resolution independent
 Support for event handlers
 Best suited for applications with large
rendering areas (Google Maps)
 Slow rendering if complex (anything
that uses the DOM a lot will be slow)
 Not suited for game applications

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HTML5 Drag and Drop
Drag and drop is a part of the HTML5 standard.
Drag the W3Schools image into the rectangle.
Drag and Drop
Drag and drop is a very common feature. It is when you "grab" an object and drag it to a different
location.
In HTML5, drag and drop is part of the standard, and any element can be draggable.
Browser Support
Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox, Opera, Chrome, and Safari support drag and drop.
Note: Drag and drop does not work in Safari 5.1.2.
HTML5 Drag and Drop Example
The example below is a simple drag and drop example:
Example
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<script>
function allowDrop(ev)
{
ev.preventDefault();
}
function drag(ev)

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{
ev.dataTransfer.setData("Text",ev.target.id);
}
function drop(ev)
{
var data=ev.dataTransfer.getData("Text");
ev.target.appendChild(document.getElementById(data));
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="div1" ondrop="drop(event)"
ondragover="allowDrop(event)"></div>
<img id="drag1" src="img_logo.gif" draggable="true"
ondragstart="drag(event)" width="336" height="69">
</body>
</html>
It might seem complicated, but lets go through all the different parts of a drag and drop event.
Make an Element Draggable
First of all: To make an element draggable, set the draggable attribute to true:
<img draggable="true">
What to Drag - ondragstart and setData()
Then, specify what should happen when the element is dragged.
In the example above, the ondragstart attribute calls a function, drag(event), that specifies what data
to be dragged.
The dataTransfer.setData() method sets the data type and the value of the dragged data:
function drag(ev)
{
ev.dataTransfer.setData("Text",ev.target.id);
}
In this case, the data type is "Text" and the value is the id of the draggable element ("drag1").

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Where to Drop - ondragover
The ondragover event specifies where the dragged data can be dropped.
By default, data/elements cannot be dropped in other elements. To allow a drop, we must prevent the
default handling of the element.
This is done by calling the event.preventDefault() method for the ondragover event:
event.preventDefault()
Do the Drop - ondrop
When the dragged data is dropped, a drop event occurs.
In the example above, the ondrop attribute calls a function, drop(event):
function drop(ev)
{
var data=ev.dataTransfer.getData("Text");
ev.target.appendChild(document.getElementById(data));
}
Code explained:
 Call preventDefault() to prevent the browser default handling of the data (default is open as
link on drop)
 Get the dragged data with the dataTransfer.getData("Text") method. This method will return
any data that was set to the same type in the setData() method
 The dragged data is the id of the dragged element ("drag1")
 Append the dragged element into the drop element
More Examples
Drag image back and forth
How to drag (and drop) an image back and forth between two <div> elements.

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HTML5 Geolocation
HTML5 Geolocation is used to locate a user's position Try It
Locate the User's Position
The HTML5 Geolocation API is used to get the geographical position of a user.
Since this can compromise user privacy, the position is not available unless the user approves it.
Browser Support
Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox, Chrome, Safari and Opera support Geolocation.
Note: Geolocation is much more accurate for devices with GPS, like iPhone.
HTML5 - Using Geolocation
Use the getCurrentPosition() method to get the user's position.
The example below is a simple Geolocation example returning the latitude and longitude of the user's
position:
Example
<script>
var x=document.getElementById("demo");
function getLocation()
{
if (navigator.geolocation)
{
navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(showPosition);
}
else{x.innerHTML="Geolocation is not supported by this browser.";}
}
function showPosition(position)
{
x.innerHTML="Latitude: " + position.coords.latitude +
"<br>Longitude: " + position.coords.longitude;

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}
</script>
Example explained:
 Check if Geolocation is supported
 If supported, run the getCurrentPosition() method. If not, display a message to the user
 If the getCurrentPosition() method is successful, it returns a coordinates object to the function
specified in the parameter ( showPosition )
 The showPosition() function gets the displays the Latitude and Longitude
The example above is a very basic Geolocation script, with no error handling.
Handling Errors and Rejections
The second parameter of the getCurrentPosition() method is used to handle errors. It specifies a
function to run if it fails to get the user's location:
Example
function showError(error)
{
switch(error.code)
{
case error.PERMISSION_DENIED:
x.innerHTML="User denied the request for Geolocation."
break;
case error.POSITION_UNAVAILABLE:
x.innerHTML="Location information is unavailable."
break;
case error.TIMEOUT:
x.innerHTML="The request to get user location timed out."
break;
case error.UNKNOWN_ERROR:
x.innerHTML="An unknown error occurred."
break;
}
}
Error Codes:
 Permission denied - The user did not allow Geolocation
 Position unavailable - It is not possible to get the current location
 Timeout - The operation timed out

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Displaying the Result in a Map
To display the result in a map, you need access to a map service that can use latitude and longitude,
like Google Maps:
Example
{
var latlon=position.coords.latitude+","+position.coords.longitude;
var img_url="http://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?center="
+latlon+"&zoom=14&size=400x300&sensor=false";
document.getElementById("mapholder").innerHTML="<img src='"+img_url+"'>";
}
In the example above we use the returned latitude and longitude data to show the location in a
Google map (using a static image).
Google Map Script
How to use a script to show an interactive map with a marker, zoom and drag options.
Location-specific Information
This page demonstrated how to show a user's position on a map. However, Geolocation is also very
useful for location-specific information.
Examples:
 Up-to-date local information
 Showing Points-of-interest near the user
 Turn-by-turn navigation (GPS)
The getCurrentPosition() Method - Return Data
The getCurrentPosition() method returns an object if it is successful. The latitude, longitude and
accuracy properties are always returned. The other properties below are returned if available.
Property Description
coords.latitude The latitude as a decimal number
coords.longitude The longitude as a decimal number
coords.accuracy The accuracy of position

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coords.altitude The altitude in meters above the mean sea level
coords.altitudeAccuracy The altitude accuracy of position
coords.heading The heading as degrees clockwise from North
coords.speed The speed in meters per second
timestamp The date/time of the response
Geolocation object - Other interesting Methods
watchPosition() - Returns the current position of the user and continues to return updated position as
the user moves (like the GPS in a car).
clearWatch() - Stops the watchPosition() method.
The example below shows the watchPosition() method. You need an accurate GPS device to test this
(like iPhone):
Example
<script>
var x=document.getElementById("demo");
function getLocation()
{
if (navigator.geolocation)
{
navigator.geolocation.watchPosition(showPosition);
}
else{x.innerHTML="Geolocation is not supported by this browser.";}
}
{
x.innerHTML="Latitude: " + position.coords.latitude +
"<br>Longitude: " + position.coords.longitude;
}
</script>

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HTML5 Video
Many modern websites show videos. HTML5 provides a standard for showing them.
Check if your browser supports HTML5 video
Yeah! Full support!
Video on the Web
Until now, there has not been a standard for showing a video/movie on a web page.
Today, most videos are shown through a plug-in (like flash). However, different browsers may have
different plug-ins.
HTML5 defines a new element which specifies a standard way to embed a video/movie on a web page:
the <video> element.
Browser Support
Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox, Opera, Chrome, and Safari support the <video> element.
Note: Internet Explorer 8 and earlier versions, do not support the <video> element.
HTML5 Video - How It Works
To show a video in HTML5, this is all you need:
Example
</video>
The control attribute adds video controls, like play, pause, and volume.

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It is also a good idea to always include width and height attributes. If height and width are set, the
space required for the video is reserved when the page is loaded. However, without these attributes,
the browser does not know the size of the video, and cannot reserve the appropriate space to it. The
effect will be that the page layout will change during loading (while the video loads).
You should also insert text content between the <video> and </video> tags for browsers that do not
support the <video> element.
The <video> element allows multiple <source> elements. <source> elements can link to different
video files. The browser will use the first recognized format.
Video Formats and Browser Support
Currently, there are 3 supported video formats for the <video> element: MP4, WebM, and Ogg:
Browser MP4 WebM Ogg
Internet Explorer 9+ YES NO NO
Chrome 6+ YES YES YES
Firefox 3.6+ NO YES YES
Safari 5+ YES NO NO
Opera 10.6+ NO YES YES
 MP4 = MPEG 4 files with H264 video codec and AAC audio codec
 WebM = WebM files with VP8 video codec and Vorbis audio codec
 Ogg = Ogg files with Theora video codec and Vorbis audio codec
MIME Types for Video Formats
Format MIME-type
MP4 video/mp4
WebM video/webm
Ogg video/ogg
HTML5 <video> - DOM Methods and Properties
HTML5 has DOM methods, properties, and events for the <video> and <audio> elements.

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These methods, properties, and events allow you to manipulate <video> and <audio> elements using
JavaScript.
There are methods for playing, pausing, and loading, for example and there are properties (like
duration and volume). There are also DOM events that can notify you when the <video> element
begins to play, is paused, is ended, etc.
The example below illustrate, in a simple way, how to address a <video> element, read and set
properties, and call methods.
Example 1
Create simple play/pause + resize controls for a video:
Play/Pause Big Small Normal
Video courtesy of Big Buck Bunny.
The example above calls two methods: play() and pause(). It also uses two properties: paused and
width.
For a full reference go to our HTML5 Audio/Video DOM Reference.

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HTML5 Video Tags
Tag Description
<video> Defines a video or movie
<source> Defines multiple media resources for media elements, such as <video> and
<audio>
<track> Defines text tracks in media players

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HTML5 Audio
HTML5 provides a standard for playing audio files.
Audio on the Web
Until now, there has not been a standard for playing audio files on a web page.
Today, most audio files are played through a plug-in (like flash). However, different browsers may
have different plug-ins.
HTML5 defines a new element which specifies a standard way to embed an audio file on a web page:
the <audio> element.
Browser Support
Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox, Opera, Chrome, and Safari support the <audio> element.
Note: Internet Explorer 8 and earlier versions, do not support the <audio> element.
HTML5 Audio - How It Works
To play an audio file in HTML5, this is all you need:
Example
<audio controls>
<source src="horse.ogg" type="audio/ogg">
<source src="horse.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
The control attribute adds audio controls, like play, pause, and volume.
You should also insert text content between the <audio> and </audio> tags for browsers that do not
support the <audio> element.

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The <audio> element allows multiple <source> elements. <source> elements can link to different
audio files. The browser will use the first recognized format.
Audio Formats and Browser Support
Currently, there are 3 supported file formats for the <audio> element: MP3, Wav, and Ogg:
Browser MP3 Wav Ogg
Internet Explorer 9+ YES NO NO
Chrome 6+ YES YES YES
Firefox 3.6+ NO YES YES
Safari 5+ YES YES NO
Opera 10+ NO YES YES
MIME Types for Audio Formats
Format MIME-type
MP3 audio/mpeg
Ogg audio/ogg
Wav audio/wav

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HTML5 Audio Tags
Tag Description
<audio> Defines sound content
<source> Defines multiple media resources for media elements, such as <video> and
<audio>

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HTML5 Input Types
HTML5 New Input Types
HTML5 has several new input types for forms. These new features allow better input control and
validation.
This chapter covers the new input types:
 color
 date
 datetime
 datetime-local
 email
 month
 number
 range
 search
 tel
 time
 url
 week
Note: Not all major browsers support all the new input types. However, you can already start using
them; If they are not supported, they will behave as regular text fields.
Input Type: color
The color type is used for input fields that should contain a color.
Example
Select a color from a color picker:
Select your favorite color: <input type="color" name="favcolor">
Input Type: date
The date type allows the user to select a date.

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Example
Define a date control:
Birthday: <input type="date" name="bday">
Input Type: datetime
The datetime type allows the user to select a date and time (with time zone).
Example
Define a date and time control (with time zone):
Birthday (date and time):<input type="datetime" name="bdaytime">
Input Type: datetime-local
The datetime-local type allows the user to select a date and time (no time zone).
Example
Define a date and time control (no time zone):
Birthday (date and time):<input type="datetime-local" name="bdaytime">
Input Type: email
The email type is used for input fields that should contain an e-mail address.
Example
Define a field for an e-mail address (will be automatically validated when submitted):
E-mail: <input type="email" name="email">
Tip: Safari on iPhone recognizes the email type, and changes the on-screen keyboard to match it
(adds @ and .com options).

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Input Type: month
The month type allows the user to select a month and year.
Example
Define a month and year control (no time zone):
Birthday (month and year):<input type="month" name="bdaymonth">
Input Type: number
The number type is used for input fields that should contain a numeric value.
You can also set restrictions on what numbers are accepted:
Example
Define a numeric field (with restrictions):
Quantity (between 1 and 5):<input type="number" name="quantity" min="1"
max="5">
Use the following attributes to specify restrictions:
 max - specifies the maximum value allowed
 min - specifies the minimum value allowed
 step - specifies the legal number intervals
 value - Specifies the default value
Try an example with all the restriction attributes: Try it yourself
Input Type: range
The range type is used for input fields that should contain a value from a range of numbers.
You can also set restrictions on what numbers are accepted.

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Example
Define a control for entering a number whose exact value is not important (like a slider control):
<input type="range" name="points" min="1" max="10">
Use the following attributes to specify restrictions:
 max - specifies the maximum value allowed
 min - specifies the minimum value allowed
 step - specifies the legal number intervals
 value - Specifies the default value
Input Type: search
The search type is used for search fields (a search field behaves like a regular text field).
Example
Define a search field (like a site search, or Google search):
Search Google: <input type="search" name="googlesearch">
Input Type: tel
Example
Define a field for entering a telephone number:
Telephone: <input type="tel" name="usrtel">
Input Type: time
The time type allows the user to select a time.
Example
Define a control for entering a time (no time zone):
Select a time: <input type="time" name="usr_time">

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Input Type: url
The url type is used for input fields that should contain a URL address.
The value of the url field is automatically validated when the form is submitted.
Example
Define a field for entering a URL:
Add your homepage: <input type="url" name="homepage">
Tip: Safari on iPhone recognizes the url input type, and changes the on-screen keyboard to match it
(adds .com option).
Input Type: week
The week type allows the user to select a week and year.
Example
Define a week and year control (no time zone):
Select a week: <input type="week" name="week_year">
HTML5 <input> Tag
Tag Description

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HTML5 Form Elements
HTML5 New Form Elements
HTML5 has the following new form elements:
 <datalist>
 <keygen>
 <output>
Note: Not all major browsers support all the new form elements. However, you can already start
using them; If they are not supported, they will behave as regular text fields.
HTML5 <datalist> Element
The <datalist> element specifies a list of pre-defined options for an <input> element.
The <datalist> element is used to provide an "autocomplete" feature on <input> elements. Users will
see a drop-down list of pre-defined options as they input data.
Use the <input> element's list attribute to bind it together with a <datalist> element.
Example
An <input> element with pre-defined values in a <datalist>:
<input list="browsers">
<datalist id="browsers">
<option value="Internet Explorer">
<option value="Firefox">
<option value="Chrome">
<option value="Opera">
<option value="Safari">
</datalist>
HTML5 <keygen> Element
The purpose of the <keygen> element is to provide a secure way to authenticate users.
The <keygen> tag specifies a key-pair generator field in a form.

136
When the form is submitted, two keys are generated, one private and one public.
The private key is stored locally, and the public key is sent to the server. The public key could be used
to generate a client certificate to authenticate the user in the future.
Example
A form with a keygen field:
<form action="demo_keygen.asp" method="get">
Username: <input type="text" name="usr_name">
Encryption: <keygen name="security">
<input type="submit">
</form>
HTML5 <output> Element
The <output> element represents the result of a calculation (like one performed by a script).
Example
Perform a calculation and show the result in an <output> element:
<form oninput="x.value=parseInt(a.value)+parseInt(b.value)">0
<input type="range" id="a" value="50">100 +
<input type="number" id="b" value="50">=
<output name="x" for="a b"></output>
</form>
HTML5 New Form Elements
Tag Description
<datalist> Specifies a list of pre-defined options for an <input> element
<keygen> Specifies a key-pair generator field in a form
<output> Represents the result of a calculation

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HTML5 Form Attributes
HTML5 New Form Attributes
HTML5 has several new attributes for <form> and <input>.
New attributes for <form>:
 autocomplete
 novalidate
New attributes for <input>:
 autocomplete
 autofocus
 form
 formaction
 formenctype
 formmethod
 formnovalidate
 formtarget
 height and width
 list
 min and max
 multiple
 pattern (regexp)
 placeholder
 required
 step
<form> / <input> autocomplete Attribute
The autocomplete attribute specifies whether a form or input field should have autocomplete on or off.
When autocomplete is on, the browser automatically complete values based on values that the user
has entered before.
Tip: It is possible to have autocomplete "on" for the form, and "off" for specific input fields, or vice
versa.
Note: The autocomplete attribute works with <form> and the following <input> types: text, search,
url, tel, email, password, datepickers, range, and color.

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Example
An HTML form with autocomplete on (and off for one input field):
<form action="demo_form.asp" autocomplete="on">
First name:<input type="text" name="fname"><br>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lname"><br>
E-mail: <input type="email" name="email" autocomplete="off"><br>
</form>
Tip: In some browsers you may need to activate the autocomplete function for this to work.
<form> novalidate Attribute
The novalidate attribute is a boolean attribute.
When present, it specifies that the form-data (input) should not be validated when submitted.
Example
Indicates that the form is not to be validated on submit:
<form action="demo_form.asp" novalidate>
E-mail: <input type="email" name="user_email">
</form>
<input> autofocus Attribute
The autofocus attribute is a boolean attribute.
When present, it specifies that an <input> element should automatically get focus when the page
loads.
Example
Let the "First name" input field automatically get focus when the page loads:
First name:<input type="text" name="fname" autofocus>

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<input> form Attribute
The form attribute specifies one or more forms an <input> element belongs to.
Tip: To refer to more than one form, use a space-separated list of form ids.
Example
An input field located outside the HTML form (but still a part of the form):
<form action="demo_form.asp" id="form1">
First name: <input type="text" name="fname"><br>
</form>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lname" form="form1">
<input> formaction Attribute
The formaction attribute specifies the URL of a file that will process the input control when the form is
submitted.
The formaction attribute overrides the action attribute of the <form> element.
Note: The formaction attribute is used with type="submit" and type="image".
Example
An HTML form with two submit buttons, with different actions:
<form action="demo_form.asp">
<input type="submit" value="Submit"><br>
<input type="submit" formaction="demo_admin.asp"
value="Submit as admin">
</form>
<input> formenctype Attribute
The formenctype attribute specifies how the form-data should be encoded when submitting it to the
server (only for forms with method="post")
The formenctype attribute overrides the enctype attribute of the <form> element.

140
Note: The formenctype attribute is used with type="submit" and type="image".
Example
Send form-data that is default encoded (the first submit button), and encoded as "multipart/form-
data" (the second submit button):
<form action="demo_post_enctype.asp" method="post">
<input type="submit" formenctype="multipart/form-data"
value="Submit as Multipart/form-data">
</form>
<input> formmethod Attribute
The formmethod attribute defines the HTTP method for sending form-data to the action URL.
The formmethod attribute overrides the method attribute of the <form> element.
Note: The formmethod attribute can be used with type="submit" and type="image".
Example
The second submit button overrides the HTTP method of the form:
<form action="demo_form.asp" method="get">
<input type="submit" formmethod="post" formaction="demo_post.asp"
value="Submit using POST">
</form>
<input> formnovalidate Attribute
The novalidate attribute is a boolean attribute.
When present, it specifies that the <input> element should not be validated when submitted.
The formnovalidate attribute overrides the novalidate attribute of the <form> element.
Note: The formnovalidate attribute can be used with type="submit".

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Example
A form with two submit buttons (with and without validation):
E-mail: <input type="email" name="userid"><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit"><br>
<input type="submit" formnovalidate value="Submit without validation">
</form>
<input> formtarget Attribute
The formtarget attribute specifies a name or a keyword that indicates where to display the response
that is received after submitting the form.
The formtarget attribute overrides the target attribute of the <form> element.
Note: The formtarget attribute can be used with type="submit" and type="image".
Example
A form with two submit buttons, with different target windows:
<input type="submit" value="Submit as normal">
<input type="submit" formtarget="_blank"
value="Submit to a new window">
</form>
<input> height and width Attributes
The height and width attributes specify the height and width of an <input> element.
Note: The height and width attributes are only used with <input type="image">.
Tip: Always specify both the height and width attributes for images. If height and width are set, the
space required for the image is reserved when the page is loaded. However, without these attributes,
the browser does not know the size of the image, and cannot reserve the appropriate space to it. The
effect will be that the page layout will change during loading (while the images load).
Example

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Define an image as the submit button, with height and width attributes:
<input type="image" src="img_submit.gif" alt="Submit" width="48" height="48">
<input> list Attribute
The list attribute refers to a <datalist> element that contains pre-defined options for an <input>
element.
Example
An <input> element with pre-defined values in a <datalist>:
<input list="browsers">
<datalist id="browsers">
<option value="Internet Explorer">
<option value="Firefox">
<option value="Chrome">
<option value="Opera">
<option value="Safari">
</datalist>
<input> min and max Attributes
The min and max attributes specify the minimum and maximum value for an <input> element.
Note: The min and max attributes works with the following input types: number, range, date,
datetime, datetime-local, month, time and week.
Example
<input> elements with min and max values:
Enter a date before 1980-01-01:
<input type="date" name="bday" max="1979-12-31">
Enter a date after 2000-01-01:
<input type="date" name="bday" min="2000-01-02">
Quantity (between 1 and 5):
<input type="number" name="quantity" min="1" max="5">

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<input> multiple Attribute
The multiple attribute is a boolean attribute.
When present, it specifies that the user is allowed to enter more than one value in the <input>
element.
Note: The multiple attribute works with the following input types: email, and file.
Example
A file upload field that accepts multiple values:
Select images: <input type="file" name="img" multiple>
<input> pattern Attribute
The pattern attribute specifies a regular expression that the <input> element's value is checked
against.
Note: The pattern attribute works with the following input types: text, search, url, tel, email, and
password.
Tip: Use the global title attribute to describe the pattern to help the user.
Tip: Learn more about regular expressions in our JavaScript tutorial.
Example
An input field that can contain only three letters (no numbers or special characters):
Country code: <input type="text" name="country_code" pattern="[A-Za-z]{3}"
title="Three letter country code">
<input> placeholder Attribute
The placeholder attribute specifies a short hint that describes the expected value of an input field (e.g.
a sample value or a short description of the expected format).
The short hint is displayed in the input field before the user enters a value.
Note: The placeholder attribute works with the following input types: text, search, url, tel, email, and
password.

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Example
An input field with a placeholder text:
<input type="text" name="fname" placeholder="First name">
<input> required Attribute
The required attribute is a boolean attribute.
When present, it specifies that an input field must be filled out before submitting the form.
Note: The required attribute works with the following input types: text, search, url, tel, email,
password, date pickers, number, checkbox, radio, and file.
Example
A required input field:
Username: <input type="text" name="usrname" required>
<input> step Attribute
The step attribute specifies the legal number intervals for an <input> element.
Example: if step="3", legal numbers could be -3, 0, 3, 6, etc.
Tip: The step attribute can be used together with the max and min attributes to create a range of
legal values.
Note: The step attribute works with the following input types: number, range, date, datetime,
datetime-local, month, time and week.
Example
An input field with a specified legal number intervals:
<input type="number" name="points" step="3">

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HTML5 <input> Tag
Tag Description

146
HTML5 Semantic Elements
Semantic = Meaning.
Semantic elements = Elements with meaning.
What are Semantic Elements?
A semantic element clearly describes its meaning to both the browser and the developer.
Examples of non-semantic elements: <div> and <span> - Tells nothing about its content.
Examples of semantic elements: <form>, <table>, and <img> - Clearly defines its content.
Browser Support
Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox, Chrome, Safari and Opera supports the semantic elements described in
this chapter.
Note: Internet Explorer 8 and earlier does not support these elements. However, there is a solution.
Look at the end of this chapter.
New Semantic Elements in HTML5
Many of existing web sites today contains HTML code like this: <div id="nav">, <div
class="header">, or <div id="footer">, to indicate navigation links, header, and footer.
HTML5 offers new semantic elements to clearly define different parts of a web page:
 <header>
 <nav>
 <section>
 <article>
 <aside>
 <figcaption>
 <figure>
 <footer>

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HTML5 <section> Element
The <section> element defines a section in a document.
According to W3C's HTML5 documentation: "A section is a thematic grouping of content, typically with
a heading."
Example
<section>
<h1>WWF</h1>
<p>The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is....</p>
</section>
HTML5 <article> Element
The <article> element specifies independent, self-contained content.
An article should make sense on its own and it should be possible to distribute it independently from
the rest of the web site.
Examples of where an <article> element can be used:
 Forum post
 Blog post
 News story
 Comment

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Example
<article>
<h1>Internet Explorer 9</h1>
<p>Windows Internet Explorer 9 (abbreviated as IE9) was released to
the public on March 14, 2011 at 21:00 PDT.....</p>
</article>
HTML5 <nav> Element
The <nav> element defines a set of navigation links.
The <nav> element is intended for large blocks of navigation links. However, not all links in a
document should be inside a <nav> element!
Example
<nav>
<a href="/html/">HTML</a> |
<a href="/css/">CSS</a> |
<a href="/js/">JavaScript</a> |
<a href="/jquery/">jQuery</a>
</nav>
HTML5 <aside> Element
The <aside> element defines some content aside from the content it is placed in (like a sidebar).
The aside content should be related to the surrounding content.
Example
<p>My family and I visited The Epcot center this summer.</p>
<aside>
<h4>Epcot Center</h4>
<p>The Epcot Center is a theme park in Disney World, Florida.</p>
</aside>
HTML5 <header> Element
The <header> element specifies a header for a document or section.
The <header> element should be used as a container for introductory content.
You can have several <header> elements in one document.

149
The following example defines a header for an article:
Example
<article>
<header>
<h1>Internet Explorer 9</h1>
<p><time pubdate datetime="2011-03-15"></time></p>
</header>
<p>Windows Internet Explorer 9 (abbreviated as IE9) was released to
the public on March 14, 2011 at 21:00 PDT.....</p>
</article>
HTML5 <footer> Element
The <footer> element specifies a footer for a document or section.
A <footer> element should contain information about its containing element.
A footer typically contains the author of the document, copyright information, links to terms of use,
contact information, etc.
You can have several <footer> elements in one document.
Example
<footer>
<p>Posted by: Hege Refsnes</p>
<p><time pubdate datetime="2012-03-01"></time></p>
</footer>
HTML5 <figure> and <figcaption> Elements
The <figure> tag specifies self-contained content, like illustrations, diagrams, photos, code listings,
etc.
While the content of the <figure> element is related to the main flow, its position is independent of
the main flow, and if removed it should not affect the flow of the document.
The <figcaption> tag defines a caption for a <figure> element.
The <figcaption> element can be placed as the first or last child of the <figure> element.
Example
<figure>
<img src="img_pulpit.jpg" alt="The Pulpit Rock" width="304" height="228">

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<figcaption>Fig1. - The Pulpit Pock, Norway.</figcaption>
</figure>
Can We Start Using These Semantic Elements?
The elements explained above are all block elements (except <figcaption>).
To get these elements to work properly in all (older) major browsers, set the display property to block
in your style sheet (this causes older browsers to render these elements correctly):
header, section, footer, aside, nav, article, figure
{
display: block;
}
Problem With Internet Explorer 8 And Earlier
IE8 and earlier does not know how to render CSS on elements that it doesn’t recognize. You cannot
style <header>, <section>, <footer>, <aside>, <nav>, <article>, <figure>, or other new HTML5
elements.
Thankfully, Sjoerd Visscher has discovered a JavaScript workaround called HTML5 Shiv; to enable
styling of HTML5 elements in versions of Internet Explorer prior to version 9.
You can download and read more about the HTML5 Shiv at:
http://code.google.com/p/html5shiv/
To enable the HTML5 Shiv (after downloading), insert the following code into the <head> element:

That code above is a comment that only IE reads, for versions earlier than IE9. It must be placed in
the <head> element because Internet Explorer needs to know about the elements before it renders
them.
Semantic Elements in HTML5
Tag Description
<article> Defines an article
<aside> Defines content aside from the page content
<figcaption> Defines a caption for a <figure> element

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<figure> Specifies self-contained content, like illustrations, diagrams, photos, code
listings, etc.
<footer> Defines a footer for a document or section
<header> Specifies a header for a document or section
<nav> Defines navigation links
<section> Defines a section in a document
<time> Defines a date/time

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HTML5 Web Storage
HTML5 web storage, a better local storage than cookies.
What is HTML5 Web Storage?
With HTML5, web pages can store data locally within the user's browser.
Earlier, this was done with cookies. However, Web Storage is more secure and faster. The data is not
included with every server request, but used ONLY when asked for. It is also possible to store large
amounts of data, without affecting the website's performance.
The data is stored in key/value pairs, and a web page can only access data stored by itself.
Browser Support
Web storage is supported in Internet Explorer 8+, Firefox, Opera, Chrome, and Safari.
Note: Internet Explorer 7 and earlier versions, do not support web storage.
localStorage and sessionStorage
There are two new objects for storing data on the client:
 localStorage - stores data with no expiration date
 sessionStorage - stores data for one session
Before using web storage, check browser support for localStorage and sessionStorage:
if(typeof(Storage)!=="undefined")
{
// Yes! localStorage and sessionStorage support!
// Some code.....
}
else
{

153
// Sorry! No web storage support..
}
The localStorage Object
The localStorage object stores the data with no expiration date. The data will not be deleted when the
browser is closed, and will be available the next day, week, or year.
Example
localStorage.lastname="Smith";
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML="Last name: "
+ localStorage.lastname;
Example explained:
 Create a localStorage key/value pair with key="lastname" and value="Smith"
 Retrieve the value of the "lastname" key and insert it into the element with id="result"
Tip: Key/value pairs are always stored as strings. Remember to convert them to another format when
needed.
The following example counts the number of times a user has clicked a button. In this code the value
string is converted to a number to be able to increase the counter:
Example
if (localStorage.clickcount)
{
localStorage.clickcount=Number(localStorage.clickcount)+1;
}
else
{
localStorage.clickcount=1;
}
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML="You have clicked the button " +
localStorage.clickcount + " time(s).";
The sessionStorage Object
The sessionStorage object is equal to the localStorage object, except that it stores the data for only
one session. The data is deleted when the user closes the browser window.
The following example counts the number of times a user has clicked a button, in the current session:
Example
if (sessionStorage.clickcount)
{

154
sessionStorage.clickcount=Number(sessionStorage.clickcount)+1;
}
else
{
sessionStorage.clickcount=1;
}
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML="You have clicked the button " +
sessionStorage.clickcount + " time(s) in this session.";

155
HTML5 Application Cache
With HTML5 it is easy to make an offline version of a web application, by creating a
cache manifest file.
What is Application Cache?
HTML5 introduces application cache, which means that a web application is cached, and accessible
without an internet connection.
Application cache gives an application three advantages:
1. Offline browsing - users can use the application when they're offline
2. Speed - cached resources load faster
3. Reduced server load - the browser will only download updated/changed resources from the
server
Browser Support
Internet Explorer 10, Firefox, Chrome, Safari and Opera support Application cache.
HTML5 Cache Manifest Example
The example below shows an HTML document with a cache manifest (for offline browsing):
Example
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html manifest="demo.appcache">
<body>
The content of the document......
</body>
</html>

156
Cache Manifest Basics
To enable application cache, include the manifest attribute in the document's <html> tag:
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html manifest="demo.appcache">
...
</html>
Every page with the manifest attribute specified will be cached when the user visits it. If the manifest
attribute is not specified, the page will not be cached (unless the page is specified directly in the
manifest file).
The recommended file extension for manifest files is: ".appcache"
A manifest file needs to be served with the correct MIME-type, which is "text/cache-manifest".
Must be configured on the web server.
The Manifest File
The manifest file is a simple text file, which tells the browser what to cache (and what to never
cache).
The manifest file has three sections:
 CACHE MANIFEST - Files listed under this header will be cached after they are downloaded
for the first time
 NETWORK - Files listed under this header require a connection to the server, and will never
be cached
 FALLBACK - Files listed under this header specifies fallback pages if a page is inaccessible
CACHE MANIFEST
The first line, CACHE MANIFEST, is required:
CACHE MANIFEST
/theme.css
/logo.gif
/main.js

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The manifest file above lists three resources: a CSS file, a GIF image, and a JavaScript file. When the
manifest file is loaded, the browser will download the three files from the root directory of the web
site. Then, whenever the user is not connected to the internet, the resources will still be available.
NETWORK
The NETWORK section below specifies that the file "login.asp" should never be cached, and will not be
available offline:
NETWORK:
login.asp
An asterisk can be used to indicate that all other resources/files require an internet connection:
NETWORK:
*
FALLBACK
The FALLBACK section below specifies that "offline.html" will be served in place of all files in the /html/
catalog, in case an internet connection cannot be established:
FALLBACK:
/html/ /offline.html
Note: The first URI is the resource, the second is the fallback.
Updating the Cache
Once an application is cached, it remains cached until one of the following happens:
 The user clears the browser's cache
 The manifest file is modified (see tip below)
 The application cache is programmatically updated
Example - Complete Cache Manifest File
CACHE MANIFEST
# 2012-02-21 v1.0.0
/theme.css
/logo.gif
/main.js
NETWORK:
login.asp

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FALLBACK:
/html/ /offline.html
Tip: Lines starting with a "#" are comment lines, but can also serve another purpose. An
application's cache is only updated when its manifest file changes. If you edit an image or change a
JavaScript function, those changes will not be re-cached. Updating the date and version in a comment
line is one way to make the browser re-cache your files.
Notes on Application Cache
Be careful with what you cache.
Once a file is cached, the browser will continue to show the cached version, even if you change the file
on the server. To ensure the browser updates the cache, you need to change the manifest file.
Note: Browsers may have different size limits for cached data (some browsers have a 5MB limit per
site).

159
HTML5 Web Workers
A web worker is a JavaScript running in the background, without affecting the
performance of the page.
What is a Web Worker?
When executing scripts in an HTML page, the page becomes unresponsive until the script is finished.
A web worker is a JavaScript that runs in the background, independently of other scripts, without
affecting the performance of the page. You can continue to do whatever you want: clicking, selecting
things, etc., while the web worker runs in the background.
Browser Support
Internet Explorer 10, Firefox, Chrome, Safari and Opera support Web workers.
HTML5 Web Workers Example
The example below creates a simple web worker that count numbers in the background:
Example
Count numbers:
Start Worker Stop Worker

160
Check Web Worker Support
Before creating a web worker, check whether the user's browser supports it:
if(typeof(Worker)!=="undefined")
{
// Yes! Web worker support!
// Some code.....
}
else
{
// Sorry! No Web Worker support..
}
Create a Web Worker File
Now, let's create our web worker in an external JavaScript.
Here, we create a script that counts. The script is stored in the "demo_workers.js" file:
var i=0;
function timedCount()
{
i=i+1;
postMessage(i);
setTimeout("timedCount()",500);
}
timedCount();
The important part of the code above is the postMessage() method - which is used to posts a
message back to the HTML page.
Note: Normally web workers are not used for such simple scripts, but for more CPU intensive tasks.
Create a Web Worker Object
Now that we have the web worker file, we need to call it from an HTML page.
The following lines checks if the worker already exists, if not - it creates a new web worker object and
runs the code in "demo_workers.js":

161
if(typeof(w)=="undefined")
{
w=new Worker("demo_workers.js");
}
Then we can send and receive messages from the web worker.
Add an "onmessage" event listener to the web worker.
w.onmessage=function(event){
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML=event.data;
};
When the web worker posts a message, the code within the event listener is executed. The data from
the web worker is stored in event.data.
Terminate a Web Worker
When a web worker object is created, it will continue to listen for messages (even after the external
script is finished) until it is terminated.
To terminate a web worker, and free browser/computer resources, use the terminate() method:
w.terminate();
Full Web Worker Example Code
We have already seen the Worker code in the .js file. Below is the code for the HTML page:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<p>Count numbers: <output id="result"></output></p>
<button onclick="startWorker()">Start Worker</button>
<button onclick="stopWorker()">Stop Worker</button>
<br><br>
<script>
var w;
function startWorker()
{
if(typeof(Worker)!=="undefined")
{
if(typeof(w)=="undefined")
{

162
w=new Worker("demo_workers.js");
}
w.onmessage = function (event) {
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML=event.data;
};
}
else
{
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML="Sorry, your browser does not
support Web Workers...";
}
}
function stopWorker()
{
w.terminate();
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Web Workers and the DOM
Since web workers are in external files, they do not have access to the following JavaScript objects:
 The window object
 The document object
 The parent object

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HTML5 Server-Sent Events
HTML5 Server-Sent Events allow a web page to get updates from a server.
Server-Sent Events - One Way Messaging
A server-sent event is when a web page automatically gets updates from a server.
This was also possible before, but the web page would have to ask if any updates were available. With
server-sent events, the updates come automatically.
Examples: Facebook/Twitter updates, stock price updates, news feeds, sport results, etc.
Browser Support
Server-Sent Events are supported in all major browsers, except Internet Explorer.
Receive Server-Sent Event Notifications
The EventSource object is used to receive server-sent event notifications:
Example
var source=new EventSource("demo_sse.php");
source.onmessage=function(event)
{
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML+=event.data + "<br>";
};
Example explained:
 Create a new EventSource object, and specify the URL of the page sending the updates (in
this example "demo_sse.php")
 Each time an update is received, the onmessage event occurs
 When an onmessage event occurs, put the received data into the element with id="result"

164
Check Server-Sent Events Support
In the tryit example above there were some extra lines of code to check browser support for server-
sent events:
if(typeof(EventSource)!=="undefined")
{
// Yes! Server-sent events support!
// Some code.....
}
else
{
// Sorry! No server-sent events support..
}
Server-Side Code Example
For the example above to work, you need a server capable of sending data updates (like PHP or ASP).
The server-side event stream syntax is simple. Set the "Content-Type" header to "text/event-stream".
Now you can start sending event streams.
Code in PHP (demo_sse.php):
<?php
header('Content-Type: text/event-stream');
header('Cache-Control: no-cache');
$time = date('r');
echo "data: The server time is: {$time}nn";
flush();
?>
Code in ASP (VB) (demo_sse.asp):
<%
Response.ContentType="text/event-stream"
Response.Expires=-1
Response.Write("data: " & now())
Response.Flush()
%>
Code explained:
 Set the "Content-Type" header to "text/event-stream"
 Specify that the page should not cache
 Output the data to send (Always start with "data: ")
 Flush the output data back to the web page

165
The EventSource Object
In the examples above we used the onmessage event to get messages. But other events are also
available:
Events Description
onopen When a connection to the server is opened
onmessage When a message is received
onerror When an error occurs

166
HTML Multimedia
Multimedia on the web is sound, music, videos, and animations.
Modern web browsers have support for many multimedia formats.
What is Multimedia?
Multimedia comes in many different formats. It can be almost anything you can hear or see.
Examples: Pictures, music, sound, videos, records, films, animations, and more.
Modern Web pages have often embedded multimedia elements, and modern browsers have support
for various multimedia formats.
In this tutorial you will learn about different multimedia formats.
Browser Support
The first Internet browsers had support for text only, and even the text support was limited to a single
font in a single color. Then came browsers with support for colors, fonts and text styles, and support
for pictures was added.
The support for sounds, animations, and videos is handled in different ways by various browsers.
Some multimedia elements is supported, and some requires an extra helper program (a plug-in).
You will learn more about plug-ins in the next chapters.
Multimedia Formats
Multimedia elements (like sounds or videos) are stored in media files.
The most common way to discover the type of a file, is to look at the file extension. When a browser
sees the file extension .htm or .html, it will treat the file as an HTML file. The .xml extension indicates
an XML file, and the .css extension indicates a style sheet file. Pictures are recognized by extensions
like .gif, .png and .jpg.
Multimedia files also have their own formats with different extensions like: .swf, .wav, .mp3, and
.mp4.

167
Video Formats
MP4 is the new and upcoming format for internet video. It is
supported by YouTube, Flash players and HTML5.
Format File Description
AVI .avi AVI (Audio Video Interleave) was developed by Microsoft. AVI is supported by all
computers running Windows, and by the most popular web browsers. It is a very
common format on the Internet, but not always possible to play on non-Windows
computers
WMV .wmv WMV (Windows Media Video) was developed by Microsoft. WMV is a common
format on the Internet, but it cannot be played on non-Windows computer without
an extra (free) component installed. Some later WMVs cannot play at all on non-
Windows computers because no player is available
MPEG .mpg
.mpeg
The MPEG (Moving Pictures Expert Group) format is the most popular format on
the Internet. It is cross-platform, and supported by all major browsers
QuickTime .mov QuickTime was developed by Apple. QuickTime is a common format on the
Internet, but QuickTime movies cannot be played on a Windows computer without
an extra (free) component installed.
RealVideo .rm
.ram
RealVideo was developed by Real Media. RealVideo allows streaming of video
(online video, Internet TV) with low bandwidths. Because of the low bandwidth
priority, the quality is often reduced
Flash .swf
.flv
Flash was developed by Macromedia. Flash requires an extra component to play.
This component comes preinstalled with all major browsers
MP4 .mp4 Mpeg-4 (MP4) is the new format for the internet. YouTube recommends using
MP4. YouTube accepts multiple formats, and then converts them all to .flv or .mp4
for distribution
Sound Formats
MP3 is the newest format for compressed recorded music. The term MP3 has become synonymous
with digital music. If your website is about recorded music, the MP3 format is the choice.

168
Format File Description
MIDI .mid
.midi
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a format for electronic music devices
like synthesizers and PC sound cards. MIDI files do not contain sound, but digital
musical instructions (notes) that can be played by electronics (like your PC's sound
card).
Click here to play The Beatles.
Since MIDI files only contains instructions; they are extremely small. The example
above is only 23K in size, but it plays for nearly 5 minutes. MIDI is supported by
many software systems/platforms. MIDI is supported by all the most popular
Internet browsers.
MP3 .mp3 MP3 files are actually the sound part of MPEG files. MPEG was originally developed
for video by the Moving Pictures Experts Group. MP3 is the most popular format for
music. The encoding system combines good compression (small files) with high
quality
RealAudio .rm
.ram
RealAudio was developed Real Media. It allows streaming of audio (online music,
Internet radio) with low bandwidths. Because of the low bandwidth priority, the
quality is often reduced
WAV .wav WAVE (more known as WAV) was developed by IBM and Microsoft. WAVs are
compatible with Windows, Macintosh, and Linux operating systems
WMA .wma WMA (Windows Media Audio), compares in quality to MP3, and is compatible with
most players, except the iPod. WMA files can be delivered as a continuous flow of
data, which makes it practical for use in Internet radio or on-line music.

169
HTML - The <object> Element
The purpose of the <object> element is to support HTML helpers (plug-ins).
HTML Helpers (Plug-ins)
A helper application is a small computer program that extends the standard functionality of the
browser. Helper applications are also called plug-ins.
Plug-ins are often used by browsers to play audio and video.
Examples of well-known plug-ins are Adobe Flash Player and QuickTime.
Plug-ins can be added to Web pages through the <object> tag or the <embed> tag.
Most plug-ins allow manual (or programmed) control over settings for volume, rewind, forward,
pause, stop, and play.
What is The Best Way to Play Audio/Video in HTML?
For the best way to embed audio or video in your Web page, please read the next chapters.
QuickTime - Play WAV Audio
Example
<object width="420" height="360"
classid="clsid:02BF25D5-8C17-4B23-BC80-D3488ABDDC6B"
codebase="http://www.apple.com/qtactivex/qtplugin.cab">
<param name="src" value="liar.wav">
<param name="controller" value="true">
</object>

170
QuickTime - Play MP4 Video
Example
classid="clsid:02BF25D5-8C17-4B23-BC80-D3488ABDDC6B"
codebase="http://www.apple.com/qtactivex/qtplugin.cab">
<param name="src" value="movie.mp4">
<param name="controller" value="true">
</object>
Adobe Flash Player - Play SWF Video
Example
classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000"
codebase="http://fpdownload.macromedia.com/
pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=8,0,0,0">
<param name="SRC" value="bookmark.swf">
<embed src="bookmark.swf" width="400" height="40">
</embed>
</object>
Windows Media Player - Play WMV Movie
The example below shows the suggested code used to display a Windows Media file.
Example
<object width="100%" height="100%"
type="video/x-ms-asf" url="3d.wmv" data="3d.wmv"
classid="CLSID:6BF52A52-394A-11d3-B153-00C04F79FAA6">
<param name="url" value="3d.wmv">
<param name="filename" value="3d.wmv">
<param name="autostart" value="1">
<param name="uiMode" value="full">
<param name="autosize" value="1">
<param name="playcount" value="1">
<embed type="application/x-mplayer2" src="3d.wmv" width="100%" height="100%"
autostart="true" showcontrols="true"
pluginspage="http://www.microsoft.com/Windows/MediaPlayer/"></embed>
</object>

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Plug-ins
Plug-ins can be used for many purposes: to display maps, scan for viruses, verify your bank id, and
much more. The restrictions are few.

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HTML Audio
Sounds can be played in HTML by many different methods.
Problems, Problems, and Solutions
Playing audio in HTML is not easy!
You must know a lot of tricks to make sure your audio files will play in all browsers (Internet Explorer,
Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera) and on all hardware (PC, Mac , iPad, iPhone).
Using Plug-ins
A plug-in is a small computer program that extends the standard functionality of the browser.
Plug-ins can be added to HTML pages using the <object> tag or the <embed> tag.
These tags define containers for resources (normally non-HTML resources), which, depending on the
type, will either be displayed by the browsers, or by an external plug-in.
Using The<embed> Element
The <embed> tag defines a container for external (non-HTML) content.
The following code fragment should play an MP3 file embedded in a web page:
Example
<embed height="50" width="100" src="horse.mp3">
Problems:
 Different browsers support different audio formats
 If a browser does not support the file format, the audio will not play without a plug-in
 If the plug-in is not installed on the users' computer, the audio will not play
 If you convert the file to another format, it will still not play in all browsers

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Using The<object> Element
The <object tag> tag can also define a container for external (non-HTML) content.
The following code fragment should play an MP3 file embedded in a web page:
Example
<object height="50" width="100" data="horse.mp3"></object>
Problems:
 Different browsers support different audio formats
 If a browser does not support the file format, the audio will not play without a plug-in
 If the plug-in is not installed on the users' computer, the audio will not play
 If you convert the file to another format, it will still not play in all browsers
Using the HTML5 <audio> Element
The HTML5 <audio> tag defines sound, such as music or other audio streams.
The <audio> element works in all modern browsers.
The following example uses the <audio> tag, and specifies one MP3 file (for Internet Explorer,
Chrome, and Safari), and one OGG file (for Firefox and Opera). If anything fails it displays a text:
Example
<audio controls>
Your browser does not support this audio format.
</audio>
Problems:
 You must convert the audio files into different formats
 The <audio> element does not work in older browsers
The Best HTML Solution
The example below uses the HTML5 <audio> element and tries to play the audio either as MP3 or
OGG. If it fails, the code "falls back" to try the <embed> element:

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Example
<audio controls height="100" width="100">
<embed height="50" width="100" src="horse.mp3">
</audio>
Problems:
 You must convert the audio files into different formats
 The <embed> element cannot "fall-back" to display an error message
Yahoo Media Player - An Easy Way to Add Audio to Your
Site
The FREE Yahoo Media Player is definitely a favorite: You simply let Yahoo do the job of playing
your songs.
It plays MP3 and a lot of other formats. You can add it to your page (or blog) with a single line of
code, and easily turn your HTML page into a professional playlist:
Example
<a href="horse.mp3">Play Sound</a>
<script src="http://mediaplayer.yahoo.com/latest"></script>
To use it, insert the following JavaScript at the bottom of your web page:
<script src="http://mediaplayer.yahoo.com/latest"></script>
Then, simply link to your audio files in your HTML, and the JavaScript code automatically creates a
play button for each song:
<a href="song1.mp3">Play Song 1</a>
<a href="song2.wav">Play Song 2</a>
...
...
The Yahoo Media Player presents your readers with a small play button instead of a full player.
However, when you click the button, a full player pops up. Note that the player is always docked and
ready at the bottom of the window. Just click on it to slide it out.

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Using A Hyperlink
If a web page includes a hyperlink to a media file, most browsers will use a "helper application" to play
the file.
The following code fragment displays a link to an MP3 file. If a user clicks on the link, the browser will
launch a helper application to play the file:
Example
<a href="horse.mp3">Play the sound</a>
A Note About Inline Sounds
When sound is included in a web page, or as part of a web page, it is called inline sound.
If you plan to use inline sounds, be aware that many people will find it annoying. Also note that some
users might have turned off the inline sound option in their browser.
Our best advice is to include inline sounds only in pages where the user expects to hear sounds. An
example of this is a page which opens after the user has clicked on a link to hear a recording.
HTML Multimedia Tag
Tag Description
<embed> Defines an embedded object
<object> Defines an embedded object
<param> Defines a parameter for an object
<audio>New Defines sound content
<video>New Defines a video or movie
<source>New Defines multiple media resources for media elements (<video> and <audio>)

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<track>New Defines text tracks for media elements (<video> and <audio>)

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HTML Videos
Videos can be played in HTML by many different methods.
Playing Videos in HTML
Example
<source src="movie.webm" type="video/webm">
<object data="movie.mp4" width="320" height="240">
<embed src="movie.swf" width="320" height="240">
</object>
</video>
Problems, Problems, and Solutions
Displaying videos in HTML is not easy!
You must add a lot of tricks to make sure your video will play in all browsers (Internet Explorer,
Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera) and on all hardware (PC, Mac , iPad, iPhone).
In this chapter W3Schools summarizes the problems and the solutions.
The <embed> Element
The purpose of the <embed> tag is to embed multimedia elements in HTML pages.
The following HTML fragment displays a Flash video embedded in a web page:
Example
<embed src="intro.swf" height="200" width="200">
Problems
 If the browser does not support Flash, the video will not play
 iPad and iPhone do not support Flash videos
 If you convert the video to another format, it will still not play in all browsers

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Using The<object> Element
The purpose of the <object> tag is to embed multimedia elements in HTML pages.
The following HTML fragment displays a Flash video embedded in a web page:
Example
<object data="intro.swf" height="200" width="200"></object>
Problems:
 If the browser does not support Flash, the video will not play
 iPad and iPhone do not support Flash videos
 If you convert the video to another format, it will still not play in all browsers
Using the HTML5 <video> Element
The HTML5 <video> tag defines a video or movie.
The <video> element works in all modern browsers.
The following HTML fragment displays a video in OGG, MP4, or WEBM format:
Example
</video>
Problems:
 You must convert your videos to many different formats
 The <video> element does not work in older browsers
The Best HTML Solution
The example below uses 4 different video formats. The HTML 5 <video> element tries to play the
video either in MP4, OGG, or WEBM format. If this fails, the code "falls back" to try the <object>
element. If this also fails, it "falls back" to the <embed> element:

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HTML 5 + <object> + <embed>
<object data="movie.mp4" width="320" height="240">
<embed src="movie.swf" width="320" height="240">
</object>
</video>
Problems:
 You must convert your videos to many different formats
The YouTube Solution
The easiest way to display videos in HTML is to use YouTube (see next chapter)!
Using A Hyperlink
If a web page includes a hyperlink to a media file, most browsers will use a "helper application" to play
the file.
The following code fragment displays a link to a Flash video. If a user clicks on the link, the browser
will launch a helper application to play the file:
Example
<a href="intro.swf">Play a video file</a>
A Note About Inline Videos
When a video is included in a web page it is called inline video.
If you plan to use inline videos, be aware that many people find it annoying. Also note that some
users might have turned off the inline video option in their browser.
Our best advice is to include inline videos only in pages where the user expects to see a video. An
example of this is a page which opens after the user has clicked on a link to see the video.

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HTML Multimedia Tags
Tag Description
<embed> Defines an embedded object
<source>New Defines multiple media resources for media elements (<video> and <audio>)

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HTML - YouTube Videos
The easiest way to play videos (others or your own) in HTML is to use YouTube.
Playing a YouTube Video in HTML
If you want to play a video in a web page, you can upload the video to YouTube and insert the proper
HTML code to display the video:
Example - YouTube iFrame
<iframe width="420" height="345"
src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/XGSy3_Czz8k">
</iframe>
Example - YouTube Embedded
<embed>
width="420" height="345"
src="http://www.youtube.com/v/XGSy3_Czz8k"
type="application/x-shockwave-flash">
</embed>

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HTML Reference - (HTML5 Compliant)
Ordered Alphabetically
Tag Description
 Defines a comment
<!DOCTYPE> Defines the document type
<abbr> Defines an abbreviation
<acronym> Not supported in HTML5. Defines an acronym
<address> Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document
<applet> Not supported in HTML5. Deprecated in HTML 4.01. Defines an
embedded applet
<area> Defines an area inside an image-map
<article>New Defines an article
<aside>New Defines content aside from the page content
<base> Specifies the base URL/target for all relative URLs in a document
<basefont> Not supported in HTML5. Deprecated in HTML 4.01. Specifies a default
color, size, and font for all text in a document

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<bdi>New Isolates a part of text that might be formatted in a different direction
from other text outside it
<bdo> Overrides the current text direction
<big> Not supported in HTML5. Defines big text
<br> Defines a single line break
<canvas>New Used to draw graphics, on the fly, via scripting (usually JavaScript)
<center> Not supported in HTML5. Deprecated in HTML 4.01. Defines centered
text
<code> Defines a piece of computer code
<col> Specifies column properties for each column within a <colgroup>
element
<command>New Defines a command button that a user can invoke
<dd> Defines a description/value of a term in a description list
<del> Defines text that has been deleted from a document

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<details>New Defines additional details that the user can view or hide
<dialog>New Defines a dialog box or window
<dir> Not supported in HTML5. Deprecated in HTML 4.01. Defines a directory
list
<div> Defines a section in a document
<embed>New Defines a container for an external (non-HTML) application
<figcaption>New Defines a caption for a <figure> element
<figure>New Specifies self-contained content
<font> Not supported in HTML5. Deprecated in HTML 4.01. Defines font, color,
and size for text
<footer>New Defines a footer for a document or section
<frame> Not supported in HTML5. Defines a window (a frame) in a frameset
<frameset> Not supported in HTML5. Defines a set of frames

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<header>New Defines a header for a document or section
<hr> Defines a thematic change in the content
<html> Defines the root of an HTML document
<ins> Defines a text that has been inserted into a document
<kbd> Defines keyboard input
(most used to link to style sheets)
<map> Defines a client-side image-map
<mark>New Defines marked/highlighted text
<menu> Defines a list/menu of commands

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<meter>New Defines a scalar measurement within a known range (a gauge)
<nav>New Defines navigation links
<noframes> Not supported in HTML5. Defines an alternate content for users that do
not support frames
<noscript> Defines an alternate content for users that do not support client-side
scripts
<progress>New Represents the progress of a task
<q> Defines a short quotation
<rp>New Defines what to show in browsers that do not support ruby annotations
<rt>New Defines an explanation/pronunciation of characters (for East Asian
typography)
<ruby>New Defines a ruby annotation (for East Asian typography)
<s> Defines text that is no longer correct

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<samp> Defines sample output from a computer program
<section>New Defines a section in a document
<source>New Defines multiple media resources for media elements (<video> and
<audio>)
<span> Defines a section in a document
<strike> Not supported in HTML5. Deprecated in HTML 4.01. Defines
strikethrough text
<summary>New Defines a visible heading for a <details> element

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<time>New Defines a date/time
<title> Defines a title for the document
<tt> Not supported in HTML5. Defines teletype text
<u> Defines text that should be stylistically different from normal text
<wbr>New Defines a possible line-break

189
HTML Reference - (HTML5 Compliant)
Ordered by Function
Tag Description
Basic
<!DOCTYPE> Defines the document type
<html> Defines an HTML document
<title> Defines a title for the document
<br> Inserts a single line break
<hr> Defines a thematic change in the content
 Defines a comment
Formatting
<acronym> Not supported in HTML5. Defines an acronym
<abbr> Defines an abbreviation
<address> Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document/article

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<bdi>New Isolates a part of text that might be formatted in a different direction
from other text outside it
<bdo> Overrides the current text direction
<big> Not supported in HTML5. Defines big text
<center> Not supported in HTML5. Deprecated in HTML 4.01. Defines centered
text
<code> Defines a piece of computer code
<del> Defines text that has been deleted from a document
<font> Not supported in HTML5. Deprecated in HTML 4.01. Defines font, color,
and size for text
<ins> Defines a text that has been inserted into a document
<kbd> Defines keyboard input
<mark>New Defines marked/highlighted text
<meter>New Defines a scalar measurement within a known range (a gauge)

191
<progress>New Represents the progress of a task
<q> Defines a short quotation
<rp>New Defines what to show in browsers that do not support ruby annotations
<rt>New Defines an explanation/pronunciation of characters (for East Asian
typography)
<ruby>New Defines a ruby annotation (for East Asian typography)
<s> Defines text that is no longer correct
<samp> Defines sample output from a computer program
<strike> Not supported in HTML5. Deprecated in HTML 4.01. Defines
strikethrough text
<time>New Defines a date/time
<tt> Not supported in HTML5. Defines teletype text
<u> Defines text that should be stylistically different from normal text
<wbr>New Defines a possible line-break
Forms

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Frames
<frame> Not supported in HTML5. Defines a window (a frame) in a frameset
<frameset> Not supported in HTML5. Defines a set of frames
<noframes> Not supported in HTML5. Defines an alternate content for users that do
not support frames
Images

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<map> Defines a client-side image-map
<area> Defines an area inside an image-map
<canvas>New Used to draw graphics, on the fly, via scripting (usually JavaScript)
<figcaption>New Defines a caption for a <figure> element
<figure>New Specifies self-contained content
Audio/Video
<source>New Defines multiple media resources for media elements (<video> and
<audio>)
Links
(most used to link to style sheets)
<nav>New Defines navigation links
Lists

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<dir> Not supported in HTML5. Deprecated in HTML 4.01. Defines a directory
list
<dd> Defines a description of a term/name in a description list
<menu> Defines a list/menu of commands
<command>New Defines a command button that a user can invoke
Tables
<col> Specifies column properties for each column within a <colgroup>
element

195
Style/Sections
<div> Defines a section in a document
<span> Defines a section in a document
<header>New Defines a header for a document or section
<footer>New Defines a footer for a document or section
<section>New Defines a section in a document
<article>New Defines an article
<aside>New Defines content aside from the page content
<details>New Defines additional details that the user can view or hide
<dialog>New Defines a dialog box or window
<summary>New Defines a visible heading for a <details> element
Meta Info
<base> Specifies the base URL/target for all relative URLs in a document
<basefont> Not supported in HTML5. Deprecated in HTML 4.01. Specifies a default
color, size, and font for all text in a document
Programming

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<noscript> Defines an alternate content for users that do not support client-side
scripts
<applet> Not supported in HTML5. Deprecated in HTML 4.01. Defines an
embedded applet
<embed>New Defines a container for an external (non-HTML) application

197
HTML Global Attributes
HTML attributes give elements meaning and context.
The global attributes below can be used on any HTML element.
HTML Global Attributes
New : New global attributes in HTML5.
Attribute Description
accesskey Specifies a shortcut key to activate/focus an element
class Specifies one or more classnames for an element (refers to a class in a
style sheet)
contenteditableNew Specifies whether the content of an element is editable or not
contextmenuNew Specifies a context menu for an element. The context menu appears
when a user right-clicks on the element
dir Specifies the text direction for the content in an element
draggable New Specifies whether an element is draggable or not
dropzoneNew Specifies whether the dragged data is copied, moved, or linked, when
dropped
hiddenNew Specifies that an element is not yet, or is no longer, relevant
id Specifies a unique id for an element
lang Specifies the language of the element's content
spellcheckNew Specifies whether the element is to have its spelling and grammar

198
checked or not
style Specifies an inline CSS style for an element
tabindex Specifies the tabbing order of an element
title Specifies extra information about an element
translateNew Specifies whether an element's value are to be translated when the page
is localized, or not.

199
HTML Event Attributes
Global Event Attributes
HTML 4 added the ability to let events trigger actions in a browser, like starting a JavaScript when a
user clicks on an element.
To learn more about programming events, please visit our JavaScript tutorial.
Below are the global event attributes that can be added to HTML elements to define event actions.
New : New event attributes in HTML5.
Window Event Attributes
Events triggered for the window object (applies to the <body> tag):
Attribute Value Description
onafterprintNew script Script to be run after the document is printed
onbeforeprintNew script Script to be run before the document is printed
onbeforeunloadNew script Script to be run before the document is unloaded
onerrorNew script Script to be run when an error occur
onhaschangeNew script Script to be run when the document has changed
onload script Fires after the page is finished loading
onmessageNew script Script to be run when the message is triggered
onoffline New script Script to be run when the document goes offline
ononline New script Script to be run when the document comes online

200
onpagehideNew script Script to be run when the window is hidden
onpageshowNew script Script to be run when the window becomes visible
onpopstateNew script Script to be run when the window's history changes
onredoNew script Script to be run when the document performs a redo
onresizeNew script Fires when the browser window is resized
onstorageNew script Script to be run when a Web Storage area is updated
onundoNew script Script to be run when the document performs an undo
onunload script Fires once a page has unloaded (or the browser window has been closed)
Form Events
Events triggered by actions inside a HTML form (applies to almost all HTML elements, but is most used
in form elements):
onblur script Fires the moment that the element loses focus
onchange script Fires the moment when the value of the element is changed
oncontextmenuNew script Script to be run when a context menu is triggered
onfocus script Fires the moment when the element gets focus
onformchangeNew script Script to be run when a form changes
onforminputNew script Script to be run when a form gets user input

201
oninputNew script Script to be run when an element gets user input
oninvalidNew script Script to be run when an element is invalid
onreset script Fires when the Reset button in a form is clicked
Not supported in HTML5
onselect script Fires after some text has been selected in an element
onsubmit script Fires when a form is submitted
Keyboard Events
onkeydown script Fires when a user is pressing a key
onkeypress script Fires when a user presses a key
onkeyup script Fires when a user releases a key
Mouse Events
Events triggered by a mouse, or similar user actions:
onclick script Fires on a mouse click on the element
ondblclick script Fires on a mouse double-click on the element
ondragNew script Script to be run when an element is dragged

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ondragendNew script Script to be run at the end of a drag operation
ondragenterNew script Script to be run when an element has been dragged to a valid drop target
ondragleaveNew script Script to be run when an element leaves a valid drop target
ondragoverNew script Script to be run when an element is being dragged over a valid drop target
ondragstartNew script Script to be run at the start of a drag operation
ondropNew script Script to be run when dragged element is being dropped
onmousedown script Fires when a mouse button is pressed down on an element
onmousemove script Fires when the mouse pointer moves over an element
onmouseout script Fires when the mouse pointer moves out of an element
onmouseover script Fires when the mouse pointer moves over an element
onmouseup script Fires when a mouse button is released over an element
onmousewheelNew script Script to be run when the mouse wheel is being rotated
onscrollNew script Script to be run when an element's scrollbar is being scrolled
Media Events
Events triggered by medias like videos, images and audio (applies to all HTML elements, but is most
common in media elements, like <audio>, <embed>, <img>, <object>, and <video>):
onabort script Script to be run on abort

203
oncanplayNew script Script to be run when a file is ready to start playing (when it has
buffered enough to begin)
oncanplaythroughNew script Script to be run when a file can be played all the way to the end
without pausing for buffering
ondurationchangeNew script Script to be run when the length of the media changes
onemptiedNew script Script to be run when something bad happens and the file is
suddenly unavailable (like unexpectedly disconnects)
onendedNew script Script to be run when the media has reach the end (a useful event
for messages like "thanks for listening")
onerrorNew script Script to be run when an error occurs when the file is being loaded
onloadeddataNew script Script to be run when media data is loaded
onloadedmetadataNew script Script to be run when meta data (like dimensions and duration) are
loaded
onloadstartNew script Script to be run just as the file begins to load before anything is
actually loaded
onpause New script Script to be run when the media is paused either by the user or
programmatically
onplayNew script Script to be run when the media is ready to start playing
onplayingNew script Script to be run when the media actually has started playing
onprogressNew script Script to be run when the browser is in the process of getting the
media data
onratechangeNew script Script to be run each time the playback rate changes (like when a
user switches to a slow motion or fast forward mode)
onreadystatechangeNew script Script to be run each time the ready state changes (the ready state
tracks the state of the media data)

204
onseekedNew script Script to be run when the seeking attribute is set to false indicating
that seeking has ended
onseekingNew script Script to be run when the seeking attribute is set to true indicating
that seeking is active
onstalledNew script Script to be run when the browser is unable to fetch the media
data for whatever reason
onsuspendNew script Script to be run when fetching the media data is stopped before it
is completely loaded for whatever reason
ontimeupdateNew script Script to be run when the playing position has changed (like when
the user fast forwards to a different point in the media)
onvolumechangeNew script Script to be run each time the volume is changed which (includes
setting the volume to "mute")
onwaitingNew script Script to be run when the media has paused but is expected to
resume (like when the media pauses to buffer more data)

205
HTML Canvas Reference
Description
The HTML5 <canvas> tag is used to draw graphics, on the fly, via scripting (usually JavaScript).
However, the <canvas> element has no drawing abilities of its own (it is only a container for graphics)
- you must use a script to actually draw the graphics.
The getContext() method returns an object that provides methods and properties for drawing on the
canvas.
This reference will cover the properties and methods of the getContext("2d") object, which can be
used to draw text, lines, boxes, circles, and more - on the canvas.
Browser Support
Internet Explorer 9, Firefox, Opera, Chrome, and Safari support <canvas> and its properties and
methods.
Note: Internet Explorer 8 and earlier versions, do not support the <canvas> element.
Colors, Styles, and Shadows
fillStyle Sets or returns the color, gradient, or pattern used to fill the drawing
strokeStyle Sets or returns the color, gradient, or pattern used for strokes
shadowColor Sets or returns the color to use for shadows
shadowBlur Sets or returns the blur level for shadows
shadowOffsetX Sets or returns the horizontal distance of the shadow from the shape

206
shadowOffsetY Sets or returns the vertical distance of the shadow from the shape
Method Description
createLinearGradient() Creates a linear gradient (to use on canvas content)
createPattern() Repeats a specified element in the specified direction
createRadialGradient() Creates a radial/circular gradient (to use on canvas content)
addColorStop() Specifies the colors and stop positions in a gradient object
Line Styles
lineCap Sets or returns the style of the end caps for a line
lineJoin Sets or returns the type of corner created, when two lines meet
lineWidth Sets or returns the current line width
miterLimit Sets or returns the maximum miter length
Rectangles
Method Description
rect() Creates a rectangle
fillRect() Draws a "filled" rectangle
strokeRect() Draws a rectangle (no fill)
clearRect() Clears the specified pixels within a given rectangle

207
Paths
Method Description
fill() Fills the current drawing (path)
stroke() Actually draws the path you have defined
beginPath() Begins a path, or resets the current path
moveTo() Moves the path to the specified point in the canvas, without creating a
line
closePath() Creates a path from the current point back to the starting point
lineTo() Adds a new point and creates a line from that point to the last specified
point in the canvas
clip() Clips a region of any shape and size from the original canvas
quadraticCurveTo() Creates a quadratic Bézier curve
bezierCurveTo() Creates a cubic Bézier curve
arc() Creates an arc/curve (used to create circles, or parts of circles)
arcTo() Creates an arc/curve between two tangents
isPointInPath() Returns true if the specified point is in the current path, otherwise false
Transformations
Method Description
scale() Scales the current drawing bigger or smaller
rotate() Rotates the current drawing
translate() Remaps the (0,0) position on the canvas

208
transform() Replaces the current transformation matrix for the drawing
setTransform() Resets the current transform to the identity matrix. Then
runs transform()
Text
font Sets or returns the current font properties for text content
textAlign Sets or returns the current alignment for text content
textBaseline Sets or returns the current text baseline used when drawing text
Method Description
fillText() Draws "filled" text on the canvas
strokeText() Draws text on the canvas (no fill)
measureText() Returns an object that contains the width of the specified text
Image Drawing
Method Description
drawImage() Draws an image, canvas, or video onto the canvas
Pixel Manipulation
width Returns the width of an ImageData object
height Returns the height of an ImageData object

209
data Returns an object that contains image data of a specified ImageData
object
Method Description
createImageData() Creates a new, blank ImageData object
getImageData() Returns an ImageData object that copies the pixel data for the
specified rectangle on a canvas
putImageData() Puts the image data (from a specified ImageData object) back onto the
canvas
Compositing
globalAlpha Sets or returns the current alpha or transparency value of the drawing
globalCompositeOperation Sets or returns how a new image are drawn onto an existing image
Other
Method Description
save() Saves the state of the current context
restore() Returns previously saved path state and attributes
createEvent()
getContext()
toDataURL()

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HTML Audio/Video DOM Reference
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Next Reference »
HTML Audio and Video DOM Reference
The HTML5 DOM has methods, properties, and events for the <audio> and <video> elements.
These methods, properties, and events allow you to manipulate <audio> and <video> elements using
JavaScript.
HTML Audio/Video Methods
Method Description
addTextTrack() Adds a new text track to the audio/video
canPlayType() Checks if the browser can play the specified audio/video type
load() Re-loads the audio/video element
play() Starts playing the audio/video
pause() Pauses the currently playing audio/video
HTML Audio/Video Properties
audioTracks Returns an AudioTrackList object representing available audio tracks
autoplay Sets or returns if the audio/video should start playing as soon as it is loaded
buffered Returns a TimeRanges object representing the buffered parts of the audio/video

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controller Returns the MediaController object representing the current media controller of the
audio/video
controls Sets or returns if the audio/video should display controls (like play/pause etc.)
crossOrigin Sets or returns the CORS settings of the audio/video
currentSrc Returns the URL of the current audio/video
currentTime Sets or returns the current playback position in the audio/video (in seconds)
defaultMuted Sets or returns if the audio/video is muted by default
defaultPlaybackRate Sets or returns the default speed of the audio/video playback
duration Returns the length of the current audio/video (in seconds)
ended Returns if the playback of the audio/video has ended or not
error Returns a MediaError object representing the error state of the audio/video
loop Sets or returns if the audio/video should start over again when finished
mediaGroup Sets or returns a the group the audio/video belongs to (used to link multiple
audio/video elements)
muted Sets or returns if the audio/video is muted or not
networkState Returns the current network state of the audio/video
paused Sets or returns if the audio/video is paused or not
playbackRate Sets or returns the speed of the audio/video playback
played Returns a TimeRanges object representing the played parts of the audio/video
preload Sets or returns if the audio/video should be loaded when the page loads

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readyState Returns the current ready state of the audio/video
seekable Returns a TimeRanges object representing the seekable parts of the audio/video
seeking Returns if the user is currently seeking in the audio/video
src Sets or returns the current source of the audio/video element
startDate Returns a Date object representing the current time offset
textTracks Returns a TextTrackList object representing the available text tracks
videoTracks Returns a VideoTrackList object representing the available video tracks
volume Sets or returns the volume of the audio/video
HTML Audio/Video Events
Event Description
abort Fires when the loading of an audio/video is aborted
canplay Fires when the browser can start playing the audio/video
canplaythrough Fires when the browser can play through the audio/video without stopping for buffering
durationchange Fires when the duration of the audio/video is changed
emptied Fires when the current playlist is empty
ended Fires when the current playlist is ended
error Fires when an error occurred during the loading of an audio/video
loadeddata Fires when the browser has loaded the current frame of the audio/video
loadedmetadata Fires when the browser has loaded meta data for the audio/video

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loadstart Fires when the browser starts looking for the audio/video
pause Fires when the audio/video has been paused
play Fires when the audio/video has been started or is no longer paused
playing Fires when the audio/video is ready to play after having been paused or stopped for
buffering
progress Fires when the browser is downloading the audio/video
ratechange Fires when the playing speed of the audio/video is changed
seeked Fires when the user is finished moving/skipping to a new position in the audio/video
seeking Fires when the user starts moving/skipping to a new position in the audio/video
stalled Fires when the browser is trying to get media data, but data is not available
suspend Fires when the browser is intentionally not getting media data
timeupdate Fires when the current playback position has changed
volumechange Fires when the volume has been changed
waiting Fires when the video stops because it needs to buffer the next frame
HTML Elements and Valid DOCTYPES
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Next Reference »
HTML Elements - Valid DOCTYPES
The table below lists all HTML elements, and shows what !DOCTYPE each element appears in.

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HTML 4.01 / XHTML 1.0
Tag HTML5 Transitional Strict Frameset XHTML 1.1
<a> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<abbr> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<acronym> No Yes Yes Yes Yes
<address> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<applet> No Yes No Yes No
<area> Yes Yes Yes Yes No
<article> Yes No No No No
<aside> Yes No No No No
<audio> Yes No No No No
<b> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<base> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<basefont> No Yes No Yes No
<bdi> Yes No No No No
<bdo> Yes Yes Yes Yes No
<big> No Yes Yes Yes Yes
<blockquote> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<body> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

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<br> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<button> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<canvas> Yes No No No No
<caption> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<center> No Yes No Yes No
<cite> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<code> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<col> Yes Yes Yes Yes No
<colgroup> Yes Yes Yes Yes No
<command> Yes No No No No
<datalist> Yes No No No No
<dd> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<del> Yes Yes Yes Yes No
<details> Yes No No No No
<dfn> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<dir> No Yes No Yes No
<div> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<dl> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<dt> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

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<em> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<embed> Yes No No No No
<fieldset> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<figcaption> Yes No No No No
<figure> Yes No No No No
<font> No Yes No Yes No
<footer> Yes No No No No
<form> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<frame> No No No Yes No
<frameset> No No No Yes No
<h1> to <h6> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<head> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<header> Yes No No No No
<hgroup> Yes No No No No
<hr> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<html> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<i> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<iframe> Yes Yes No Yes No
<img> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

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<input> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<ins> Yes Yes Yes Yes No
<kbd> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<keygen> Yes No No No No
<label> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<legend> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<li> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<link> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<map> Yes Yes Yes Yes No
<mark> Yes No No No No
<menu> Yes Yes No Yes No
<meta> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<meter> Yes No No No No
<nav> Yes No No No No
<noframes> No Yes No Yes No
<noscript> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<object> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<ol> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<optgroup> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

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<option> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<output> Yes No No No No
<p> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<param> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<pre> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<progress> Yes No No No No
<q> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<rp> Yes No No No No
<rt> Yes No No No No
<ruby> Yes No No No No
<s> Yes Yes No Yes No
<samp> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<script> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<section> Yes No No No No
<select> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<small> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<source> Yes No No No No
<span> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<strike> No Yes No Yes No

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<strong> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<style> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<sub> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<summary> Yes No No No No
<sup> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<table> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<tbody> Yes Yes Yes Yes No
<td> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<textarea> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<tfoot> Yes Yes Yes Yes No
<th> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<thead> Yes Yes Yes Yes No
<time> Yes No No No No
<title> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<tr> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<track> Yes No No No No
<tt> No Yes Yes Yes Yes
<u> No Yes No Yes No
<ul> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

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<var> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
<video> Yes No No No No
<wbr> Yes No No No No

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HTML Color Names
Color Names Supported by All Browsers
140 color names are defined in the HTML and CSS color specification (17 standard colors plus 123
more). The table below lists them all, along with their hexadecimal values.
Tip: The 17 standard colors are: aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime, maroon, navy, olive,
orange, purple, red, silver, teal, white, and yellow.
Click on a color name (or a hex value) to view the color as the background-color along with different
text colors:

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HTML Color Picker
Get darker/lighter shades of any color.
Select color:
#FF0000
Selected color:
#FF0000
Darker/lighter shades: Hex values:
#000000
#1A0000
#330000
#4C0000
#660000
#800000
#990000
#B20000
#CC0000
#E60000
#FF0000
#FF1919
#FF3333
#FF4D4D
#FF6666
#FF8080
#FF9999
#FFB2B2
#FFCCCC
#FFE6E6
#FFFFFF

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HTML Color Mixer Mix two colors and see the result.
Select colors:
Top color:
#FF0000
#FF0000
#F2000D
#E6001A
#D90026
#CC0033
#BF0040
#B2004C
#A60059
#990066
#8C0073
#800080
#73008C
#660099
#5900A6
#4D00B2
#4000BF
#3300CC
#2600D9
#1900E6
#0D00F2
#0000FF
Bottom color:
#0000FF
#FF0000
#0000FF

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HTML ASCII Reference
The ASCII character-set is used to send information between computers on the
Internet.
The ASCII Character Set
ASCII stands for the "American Standard Code for Information Interchange". It was designed in the
early 60's, as a standard character-set for computers and hardware devices like teleprinters and
tapedrives.
ASCII is a 7-bit character set containing 128 characters.
It contains the numbers from 0-9, the uppercase and lowercase English letters from A to Z, and some
special characters.
The character-sets used in modern computers, HTML, and Internet are all based on ASCII.
The following table lists the 128 ASCII characters and their equivalent HTML entity codes.
ASCII Printable Characters
ASCII Character HTML Entity Code Description
  space
! ! exclamation mark
" " quotation mark
# # number sign
$ $ dollar sign
% % percent sign
& & ampersand

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' ' apostrophe
( ( left parenthesis
) ) right parenthesis
* * asterisk
+ + plus sign
, , comma
- - hyphen
. . period
/ / slash
0 0 digit 0
1 1 digit 1
2 2 digit 2
3 3 digit 3
4 4 digit 4
5 5 digit 5
6 6 digit 6
7 7 digit 7
8 8 digit 8
9 9 digit 9

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: : colon
; ; semicolon
< < less-than
= = equals-to
> > greater-than
? ? question mark
@ @ at sign
A A uppercase A
B B uppercase B
C C uppercase C
D D uppercase D
E E uppercase E
F F uppercase F
G G uppercase G
H H uppercase H
I I uppercase I
J J uppercase J
K K uppercase K
L L uppercase L

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M M uppercase M
N N uppercase N
O O uppercase O
P P uppercase P
Q Q uppercase Q
R R uppercase R
S S uppercase S
T T uppercase T
U U uppercase U
V V uppercase V
W W uppercase W
X X uppercase X
Y Y uppercase Y
Z Z uppercase Z
[ [ left square bracket
\ backslash
] ] right square bracket
^ ^ caret
_ _ underscore

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` ` grave accent
a a lowercase a
b b lowercase b
c c lowercase c
d d lowercase d
e e lowercase e
f f lowercase f
g g lowercase g
h h lowercase h
i i lowercase i
j j lowercase j
k k lowercase k
l l lowercase l
m m lowercase m
n n lowercase n
o o lowercase o
p p lowercase p
q q lowercase q
r r lowercase r

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s s lowercase s
t t lowercase t
u u lowercase u
v v lowercase v
w w lowercase w
x x lowercase x
y y lowercase y
z z lowercase z
{ { left curly brace
| | vertical bar
} } right curly brace
~ ~ Tilde
ASCII Device Control Characters
The ASCII device control characters were originally designed to control hardware devices.
Control characters have nothing to do inside an HTML document.
ASCII Character HTML Entity Code Description
NUL  null character

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SOH  start of header
STX  start of text
ETX  end of text
EOT  end of transmission
ENQ  Enquiry
ACK  Acknowledge
BEL  bell (ring)
BS  Backspace
HT 	 horizontal tab
LF 
 line feed
VT  vertical tab
FF  form feed
CR  carriage return
SO  shift out
SI  shift in
DLE  data link escape
DC1  device control 1

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NAK  negative acknowledge
SYN  Synchronize
ETB  end transmission block
CAN  Cancel
EM  end of medium
SUB  Substitute
ESC  Escape
FS  file separator
GS  group separator
RS  record separator
US  unit separator
DEL  delete (rubout)
HTML ISO-8859-1 Reference
Modern browsers supports several character-sets:
 ASCII character set

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 Standard ISO character sets
 Mathematical symbols, Greek letters, and other symbols
ISO-8859-1
ISO-8859-1 is the default character set in most browsers.
The first 128 characters of ISO-8859-1 is the original ASCII character-set (the numbers from 0-9, the
uppercase and lowercase English alphabet, and some special characters).
The higher part of ISO-8859-1 (codes from 160-255) contains the characters used in Western
European countries and some commonly used special characters.
Entities are used to implement reserved characters or to express characters that cannot easily be
entered with the keyboard.
Reserved Characters in HTML
Some characters are reserved in HTML and XHTML. For example, you cannot use the greater than or
less than signs within your text because the browser could mistake them for markup.
HTML and XHTML processors must support the five special characters listed in the table below:
Character Entity Number Entity Name Description
" " " quotation mark
' ' ' apostrophe
& & & Ampersand
< < < less-than
> > > greater-than
Note: Entity names are case sensitive!
ISO 8859-1 Symbols
    non-breaking space

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¡ ¡ ¡ inverted exclamation mark
¢ ¢ ¢ Cent
£ £ £ Pound
¤ ¤ ¤ Currency
¥ ¥ ¥ Yen
¦ ¦ ¦ broken vertical bar
§ § § Section
¨ ¨ ¨ spacing diaeresis
© © © Copyright
ª ª ª feminine ordinal indicator
« « « angle quotation mark (left)
¬ ¬ ¬ Negation
  soft hyphen
® ® ® registered trademark
¯ ¯ ¯ spacing macron
° ° ° Degree
± ± ± plus-or-minus
² ² ² superscript 2
³ ³ ³ superscript 3
´ ´ ´ spacing acute
µ µ µ Micro
¶ ¶ ¶ Paragraph
· · · middle dot
¸ ¸ ¸ spacing cedilla
¹ ¹ ¹ superscript 1
º º º masculine ordinal indicator
» » » angle quotation mark (right)

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¼ ¼ ¼ fraction ¼
½ ½ ½ fraction ½
¾ ¾ ¾ fraction ¾
¿ ¿ ¿ inverted question mark
× × × Multiplication
÷ ÷ ÷ Division
ISO 8859-1 Characters
À À À capital a, grave accent
Á Á Á capital a, acute accent
Â Â Â capital a, circumflex accent
Ã Ã Ã capital a, tilde
Ä Ä Ä capital a, umlaut mark
Å Å Å capital a, ring
Æ Æ Æ capital ae
Ç Ç Ç capital c, cedilla
È È È capital e, grave accent
É É É capital e, acute accent
Ê Ê Ê capital e, circumflex accent
Ë Ë Ë capital e, umlaut mark
Ì Ì Ì capital i, grave accent
Í Í Í capital i, acute accent
Î Î Î capital i, circumflex accent
Ï Ï Ï capital i, umlaut mark
Ð Ð Ð capital eth, Icelandic
Ñ Ñ Ñ capital n, tilde
Ò Ò Ò capital o, grave accent

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Ó Ó Ó capital o, acute accent
Ô Ô Ô capital o, circumflex accent
Õ Õ Õ capital o, tilde
Ö Ö Ö capital o, umlaut mark
Ø Ø Ø capital o, slash
Ù Ù Ù capital u, grave accent
Ú Ú Ú capital u, acute accent
Û Û Û capital u, circumflex accent
Ü Ü Ü capital u, umlaut mark
Ý Ý Ý capital y, acute accent
Þ Þ Þ capital THORN, Icelandic
ß ß ß small sharp s, German
à à à small a, grave accent
á á á small a, acute accent
â â â small a, circumflex accent
ã ã ã small a, tilde
ä ä ä small a, umlaut mark
å å å small a, ring
æ æ æ small ae
ç ç ç small c, cedilla
è è è small e, grave accent
é é é small e, acute accent
ê ê ê small e, circumflex accent
ë ë ë small e, umlaut mark
ì ì ì small i, grave accent
í í í small i, acute accent
î î î small i, circumflex accent

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ï ï ï small i, umlaut mark
ð ð ð small eth, Icelandic
ñ ñ ñ small n, tilde
ò ò ò small o, grave accent
ó ó ó small o, acute accent
ô ô ô small o, circumflex accent
õ õ õ small o, tilde
ö ö ö small o, umlaut mark
ø ø ø small o, slash
ù ù ù small u, grave accent
ú ú ú small u, acute accent
û û û small u, circumflex accent
ü ü ü small u, umlaut mark
ý ý ý small y, acute accent
þ þ þ small thorn, Icelandic
ÿ ÿ ÿ small y, umlaut mark

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HTML Symbol Entities Reference
HTML Symbol Entities
This entity reference includes mathematical symbols, Greek characters, various arrows, technical
symbols and shapes.
Note: Entity names are case sensitive.
Math Symbols Supported by HTML
∀ ∀ ∀ for all
∂ ∂ ∂ part
∃ ∃ ∃ exists
∅ ∅ ∅ empty
∇ ∇ ∇ nabla
∈ ∈ ∈ isin
∉ ∉ ∉ notin
∋ ∋ &ni; ni
∏ ∏ ∏ prod
∑ ∑ ∑ sum
− − − minus
∗ ∗ &lowast; lowast

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√ √ √ square root
∝ ∝ &prop; proportional to
∞ ∞ ∞ infinity
∠ ∠ &ang; angle
∧ ∧ &and; and
∨ ∨ &or; or
∩ ∩ ∩ cap
∪ ∪ ∪ cup
∫ ∫ ∫ integral
∴ ∴ &there4; therefore
∼ ∼ &sim; similar to
≅ ≅ &cong; congruent to
≈ ≈ ≈ almost equal
≠ ≠ ≠ not equal
≡ ≡ &equiv; equivalent
≤ ≤ ≤ less or equal
≥ ≥ ≥ greater or equal
⊂ ⊂ ⊂ subset of
⊃ ⊃ ⊃ superset of

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⊄ ⊄ &nsub; not subset of
⊆ ⊆ &sube; subset or equal
⊇ ⊇ &supe; superset or equal
⊕ ⊕ &oplus; circled plus
⊗ ⊗ &otimes; circled times
⊥ ⊥ &perp; perpendicular
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ dot operator
Greek Letters Supported by HTML
Α Α Α Alpha
Β Β Β Beta
Γ Γ Γ Gamma
Δ Δ Δ Delta
Ε Ε Ε Epsilon
Ζ Ζ Ζ Zeta
Η Η Η Eta
Θ Θ Θ Theta
Ι Ι Ι Iota
Κ Κ Κ Kappa

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Λ Λ Λ Lambda
Μ Μ Μ Mu
Ν Ν Ν Nu
Ξ Ξ Ξ Xi
Ο Ο Ο Omicron
Π Π Π Pi
Ρ Ρ Ρ Rho
undefined Sigmaf
Σ Σ Σ Sigma
Τ Τ Τ Tau
Υ Υ Υ Upsilon
Φ Φ Φ Phi
Χ Χ Χ Chi
Ψ Ψ Ψ Psi
Ω Ω Ω Omega
α α α alpha
β β β beta
γ γ γ gamma

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δ δ δ delta
ε ε ε epsilon
ζ ζ ζ zeta
η η η eta
θ θ θ theta
ι ι ι iota
κ κ κ kappa
λ λ λ lambda
μ μ μ mu
ν ν ν nu
ξ ξ ξ xi
ο ο ο omicron
π π π pi
ρ ρ ρ rho
ς ς &sigmaf; sigmaf
σ σ σ sigma
τ τ τ tau
υ υ υ upsilon
φ φ φ phi

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χ χ χ chi
ψ ψ ψ psi
ω ω ω omega
ϑ ϑ &thetasym; theta symbol
ϒ ϒ &upsih; upsilon symbol
ϖ ϖ ϖ pi symbol
Other Entities Supported by HTML
Œ Œ &OElig; capital ligature OE
œ œ &oelig; small ligature oe
Š Š &Scaron; capital S with caron
š š &scaron; small S with caron
Ÿ Ÿ &Yuml; capital Y with diaeres
ƒ ƒ &fnof; f with hook
ˆ ˆ &circ; modifier letter circumflex
accent
˜ ˜ &tilde; small tilde
  &ensp; en space
  &emsp; em space

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    thin space
‌ &zwnj; zero width non-joiner
‍ &zwj; zero width joiner
‎ &lrm; left-to-right mark
‏ &rlm; right-to-left mark
– – – en dash
— — — em dash
‘ ‘ ‘ left single quotation mark
’ ’ ’ right single quotation mark
‚ ‚ &sbquo; single low-9 quotation mark
“ “ “ left double quotation mark
” ” ” right double quotation mark
„ „ &bdquo; double low-9 quotation mark
† † &dagger; dagger
‡ ‡ &Dagger; double dagger
• • • bullet
… … … horizontal ellipsis
‰ ‰ &permil; per mille
′ ′ ′ minutes

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″ ″ ″ seconds
‹ ‹ &lsaquo; single left angle quotation
› › &rsaquo; single right angle quotation
‾ ‾ &oline; overline
€ € € euro
™ ™ or  ™ trademark
← ← ← left arrow
↑ ↑ ↑ up arrow
→ → → right arrow
↓ ↓ ↓ down arrow
↔ ↔ ↔ left right arrow
↵ ↵ &crarr; carriage return arrow
⌈ ⌈ &lceil; left ceiling
⌉ ⌉ &rceil; right ceiling
⌊ ⌊ &lfloor; left floor
⌋ ⌋ &rfloor; right floor
◊ ◊ &loz; lozenge
♠ ♠ &spades; spade
♣ ♣ &clubs; club

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♥ ♥ &hearts; heart
♦ ♦ &diams; diamond

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HTML URL Encoding Reference
URL encoding converts characters into a format that can be transmitted over the
Internet.
URL - Uniform Resource Locator
Web browsers request pages from web servers by using a URL.
The URL is the address of a web page, like: http://www.w3schools.com.
URL Encoding
URLs can only be sent over the Internet using the ASCII character-set.
Since URLs often contain characters outside the ASCII set, the URL has to be converted into a valid
ASCII format.
URL encoding replaces unsafe ASCII characters with a "%" followed by two hexadecimal digits.
URLs cannot contain spaces. URL encoding normally replaces a space with a + sign.
Try It Yourself
If you click the "Submit" button below, the browser will URL encode the input before it is sent to the
server. A page at the server will display the received input.
Hello Günter Submit
Try some other input and click Submit again.
URL Encoding Functions
In JavaScript, PHP, and ASP there are functions that can be used to URL encode a string.

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In JavaScript you can use the encodeURI() function. PHP has the rawurlencode() function and ASP has
the Server.URLEncode() function.
Click the "URL Encode" button to see how the JavaScript function encodes the text.
Hello Günter
Note: The JavaScript function encodes space as %20.
URL Encoding Reference
ASCII Character URL-encoding
space %20
! %21
" %22
# %23
$ %24
% %25
& %26
' %27
( %28
) %29
* %2A
+ %2B
, %2C

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- %2D
. %2E
/ %2F
0 %30
1 %31
2 %32
3 %33
4 %34
5 %35
6 %36
7 %37
8 %38
9 %39
: %3A
; %3B
< %3C
= %3D
> %3E
? %3F

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@ %40
A %41
B %42
C %43
D %44
E %45
F %46
G %47
H %48
I %49
J %4A
K %4B
L %4C
M %4D
N %4E
O %4F
P %50
Q %51
R %52

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S %53
T %54
U %55
V %56
W %57
X %58
Y %59
Z %5A
[ %5B
%5C
] %5D
^ %5E
_ %5F
` %60
a %61
b %62
c %63
d %64
e %65

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f %66
g %67
h %68
i %69
j %6A
k %6B
l %6C
m %6D
n %6E
o %6F
p %70
q %71
r %72
s %73
t %74
u %75
v %76
w %77
x %78

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y %79
z %7A
{ %7B
| %7C
} %7D
~ %7E
%7F
` %80
• %81
‚ %82
ƒ %83
„ %84
… %85
† %86
‡ %87
ˆ %88
‰ %89
Š %8A
‹ %8B

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Œ %8C
• %8D
Ž %8E
• %8F
• %90
‘ %91
’ %92
“ %93
” %94
• %95
– %96
— %97
˜ %98
™ %99
š %9A
› %9B
œ %9C
• %9D
ž %9E

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² %B2
³ %B3
´ %B4
µ %B5
¶ %B6
· %B7
¸ %B8
¹ %B9
º %BA
» %BB
¼ %BC
½ %BD
¾ %BE
¿ %BF
À %C0
Á %C1
Â %C2
Ã %C3
Ä %C4

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Å %C5
Æ %C6
Ç %C7
È %C8
É %C9
Ê %CA
Ë %CB
Ì %CC
Í %CD
Î %CE
Ï %CF
Ð %D0
Ñ %D1
Ò %D2
Ó %D3
Ô %D4
Õ %D5
Ö %D6
× %D7

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Ø %D8
Ù %D9
Ú %DA
Û %DB
Ü %DC
Ý %DD
Þ %DE
ß %DF
à %E0
á %E1
â %E2
ã %E3
ä %E4
å %E5
æ %E6
ç %E7
è %E8
é %E9
ê %EA

265
ë %EB
ì %EC
í %ED
î %EE
ï %EF
ð %F0
ñ %F1
ò %F2
ó %F3
ô %F4
õ %F5
ö %F6
÷ %F7
ø %F8
ù %F9
ú %FA
û %FB
ü %FC
ý %FD

266
þ %FE
ÿ %FF
URL Encoding Reference
The ASCII device control characters %00-%1f were originally designed to control hardware devices.
Control characters have nothing to do inside a URL.
ASCII Character Description URL-encoding
NUL null character %00
SOH start of header %01
STX start of text %02
ETX end of text %03
EOT end of transmission %04
ENQ enquiry %05
ACK acknowledge %06
BEL bell (ring) %07
BS backspace %08
HT horizontal tab %09
LF line feed %0A
VT vertical tab %0B

267
FF form feed %0C
CR carriage return %0D
SO shift out %0E
SI shift in %0F
DLE data link escape %10
DC1 device control 1 %11
NAK negative acknowledge %15
SYN synchronize %16
ETB end transmission block %17
CAN cancel %18
EM end of medium %19
SUB substitute %1A
ESC escape %1B
FS file separator %1C
GS group separator %1D
RS record separator %1E

268
US unit separator %1F
HTML Language Code Reference
ISO Language Codes
The HTML lang attribute can be used to declare the language of a Web page or a portion of a Web
page. This is meant to assist search engines and browsers.
According to the W3C recommendation you should declare the primary language for each Web page
with the lang attribute inside the <html> tag, like this:
<html lang="en">
...
</html>
In XHTML, the language is declared inside the <html> tag as follows:
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
...
</html>
ISO 639-1 Language Codes
ISO 639-1 defines abbreviations for languages. In HTML and XHTML they can be used in the lang and
xml:lang attributes.
Language ISO Code
Abkhazian ab

269
Afar aa
Afrikaans af
Albanian sq
Amharic am
Arabic ar
Aragonese an
Armenian hy
Assamese as
Aymara ay
Azerbaijani az
Bashkir ba
Basque eu
Bengali (Bangla) bn
Bhutani dz
Bihari bh
Bislama bi
Breton br
Bulgarian bg
Burmese my

270
Byelorussian (Belarusian) be
Cambodian km
Catalan ca
Cherokee
Chewa
Chinese (Simplified) zh
Chinese (Traditional) zh
Corsican co
Croatian hr
Czech cs
Danish da
Divehi
Dutch nl
Edo
English en
Esperanto eo
Estonian et
Faeroese fo
Farsi fa

271
Fiji fj
Finnish fi
Flemish
French fr
Frisian fy
Fulfulde
Galician gl
Gaelic (Scottish) gd
Gaelic (Manx) gv
Georgian ka
German de
Greek el
Greenlandic kl
Guarani gn
Gujarati gu
Haitian Creole ht
Hausa ha
Hawaiian
Hebrew he, iw

272
Hindi hi
Hungarian hu
Ibibio
Icelandic is
Ido io
Igbo
Indonesian id, in
Interlingua ia
Interlingue ie
Inuktitut iu
Inupiak ik
Irish ga
Italian it
Japanese ja
Javanese jv
Kannada kn
Kanuri
Kashmiri ks
Kazakh kk

273
Kinyarwanda (Ruanda) rw
Kirghiz ky
Kirundi (Rundi) rn
Konkani
Korean ko
Kurdish ku
Laothian lo
Latin la
Latvian (Lettish) lv
Limburgish ( Limburger) li
Lingala ln
Lithuanian lt
Macedonian mk
Malagasy mg
Malay ms
Malayalam ml
Maltese mt
Maori mi

274
Marathi mr
Moldavian mo
Mongolian mn
Nauru na
Nepali ne
Norwegian no
Occitan oc
Oriya or
Oromo (Afaan Oromo) om
Papiamentu
Pashto (Pushto) ps
Polish pl
Portuguese pt
Punjabi pa
Quechua qu
Rhaeto-Romance rm
Romanian ro
Russian ru
Sami (Lappish)

275
Samoan sm
Sangro sg
Sanskrit sa
Serbian sr
Serbo-Croatian sh
Sesotho st
Setswana tn
Shona sn
Sichuan Yi ii
Sindhi sd
Sinhalese si
Siswati ss
Slovak sk
Slovenian sl
Somali so
Spanish es
Sundanese su
Swahili (Kiswahili) sw
Swedish sv

276
Syriac
Tagalog tl
Tajik tg
Tamazight
Tamil ta
Tatar tt
Telugu te
Thai th
Tibetan bo
Tigrinya ti
Tonga to
Tsonga ts
Turkish tr
Turkmen tk
Twi tw
Uighur ug
Ukrainian uk
Urdu ur
Uzbek uz

277
Venda
Vietnamese vi
Volapük vo
Wallon wa
Welsh cy
Wolof wo
Xhosa xh
Yi
Yiddish yi, ji
Yoruba yo
Zulu zu

278
HTTP Status Messages
When a browser requests a service from a web server, an error might occur.
This is a list of HTTP status messages that might be returned:
1xx: Information
Message: Description:
100 Continue The server has received the request headers, and the
client should proceed to send the request body
101 Switching Protocols The requester has asked the server to switch protocols
103 Checkpoint Used in the resumable requests proposal to resume
aborted PUT or POST requests
2xx: Successful

279
200 OK The request is OK (this is the standard response for
successful HTTP requests)
201 Created The request has been fulfilled, and a new resource is
created
202 Accepted The request has been accepted for processing, but the
processing has not been completed
203 Non-Authoritative Information The request has been successfully processed, but is
returning information that may be from another source
204 No Content The request has been successfully processed, but is
not returning any content
205 Reset Content The request has been successfully processed, but is
not returning any content, and requires that the
requester reset the document view
206 Partial Content The server is delivering only part of the resource due
to a range header sent by the client
3xx: Redirection
300 Multiple Choices A link list. The user can select a link and go to that
location. Maximum five addresses
301 Moved Permanently The requested page has moved to a new URL
302 Found The requested page has moved temporarily to a new
URL
303 See Other The requested page can be found under a different
URL
304 Not Modified Indicates the requested page has not been modified
since last requested
306 Switch Proxy No longer used

280
307 Temporary Redirect The requested page has moved temporarily to a new
URL
308 Resume Incomplete Used in the resumable requests proposal to resume
aborted PUT or POST requests
4xx: Client Error
400 Bad Request The request cannot be fulfilled due to bad syntax
401 Unauthorized The request was a legal request, but the server is
refusing to respond to it. For use when authentication
is possible but has failed or not yet been provided
402 Payment Required Reserved for future use
403 Forbidden The request was a legal request, but the server is
refusing to respond to it
404 Not Found The requested page could not be found but may be
available again in the future
405 Method Not Allowed A request was made of a page using a request method
not supported by that page
406 Not Acceptable The server can only generate a response that is not
accepted by the client
407 Proxy Authentication Required The client must first authenticate itself with the proxy
408 Request Timeout The server timed out waiting for the request
409 Conflict The request could not be completed because of a
conflict in the request
410 Gone The requested page is no longer available
411 Length Required The "Content-Length" is not defined. The server will

281
not accept the request without it
412 Precondition Failed The precondition given in the request evaluated to
false by the server
413 Request Entity Too Large The server will not accept the request, because the
request entity is too large
414 Request-URI Too Long The server will not accept the request, because the
URL is too long. Occurs when you convert a POST
request to a GET request with a long query
information
415 Unsupported Media Type The server will not accept the request, because the
media type is not supported
416 Requested Range Not Satisfiable The client has asked for a portion of the file, but the
server cannot supply that portion
417 Expectation Failed The server cannot meet the requirements of the
Expect request-header field
5xx: Server Error
500 Internal Server Error A generic error message, given when no more specific
message is suitable
501 Not Implemented The server either does not recognize the request
method, or it lacks the ability to fulfill the request
502 Bad Gateway The server was acting as a gateway or proxy and
received an invalid response from the upstream server
503 Service Unavailable The server is currently unavailable (overloaded or
down)
504 Gateway Timeout The server was acting as a gateway or proxy and did
not receive a timely response from the upstream
server

282
505 HTTP Version Not Supported The server does not support the HTTP protocol version
used in the request
511 Network Authentication Required The client needs to authenticate to gain network
access
HTTP Methods: GET vs. POST
The two most used HTTP methods are: GET and POST.
What is HTTP?
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is designed to enable communications between clients and
servers.
HTTP works as a request-response protocol between a client and server.
A web browser may be the client, and an application on a computer that hosts a web site may be the
server.
Example: A client (browser) submits an HTTP request to the server; then the server returns a
response to the client. The response contains status information about the request and may also
contain the requested content.
Two HTTP Request Methods: GET and POST
Two commonly used methods for a request-response between a client and server are: GET and POST.
 GET - Requests data from a specified resource
 POST - Submits data to be processed to a specified resource
The GET Method
Note that query strings (name/value pairs) is sent in the URL of a GET request:
/test/demo_form.asp?name1=value1&name2=value2

283
Some other notes on GET requests:
 GET requests can be cached
 GET requests remain in the browser history
 GET requests can be bookmarked
 GET requests should never be used when dealing with sensitive data
 GET requests have length restrictions
 GET requests should be used only to retrieve data
The POST Method
Note that query strings (name/value pairs) is sent in the HTTP message body of a POST
request:
POST /test/demo_form.asp HTTP/1.1
Host: w3schools.com
name1=value1&name2=value2
Some other notes on POST requests:
 POST requests are never cached
 POST requests do not remain in the browser history
 POST requests cannot be bookmarked
 POST requests have no restrictions on data length
Compare GET vs. POST
The following table compares the two HTTP methods: GET and POST.
GET POST
BACK button/Reload Harmless Data will be re-submitted
(the browser should alert
the user that the data
are about to be re-
submitted)
Bookmarked Can be bookmarked Cannot be bookmarked
Cached Can be cached Not cached
Encoding type application/x-www-form-urlencoded application/x-www-form-
urlencoded or
multipart/form-data. Use
multipart encoding for
binary data

284
History Parameters remain in browser history Parameters are not
saved in browser history
Restrictions on data length Yes, when sending data, the GET
method adds the data to the URL; and
the length of a URL is limited
(maximum URL length is 2048
characters)
No restrictions
Restrictions on data type Only ASCII characters allowed No restrictions. Binary
data is also allowed
Security GET is less secure compared to POST
because data sent is part of the URL
Never use GET when sending
passwords or other sensitive
information!
POST is a little safer than
GET because the
parameters are not
stored in browser history
or in web server logs
Visibility Data is visible to everyone in the URL Data is not displayed in
the URL
Other HTTP Request Methods
The following table lists some other HTTP request methods:
Method Description
HEAD Same as GET but returns only HTTP headers and no document body
PUT Uploads a representation of the specified URI
DELETE Deletes the specified resource
OPTIONS Returns the HTTP methods that the server supports
CONNECT Converts the request connection to a transparent TCP/IP tunnel

285
Keyboard Shortcuts
Save time by using keyboard shortcuts.
Keyboard Shortcuts For Windows and Mac
Keyboard shortcuts are often used in modern operating systems and computer software programs.
Using keyboard shortcuts could save you a lot of time.
Basic Shortcuts
Description Windows Mac OS
Edit menu Alt + E Ctrl + F2 + F
File menu Alt + F Ctrl + F2 + E
View menu Alt + V Ctrl + F2 + V
Select all text Ctrl + A Cmd + A

286
Copy text Ctrl + C Cmd + C
Find text Ctrl + F Cmd + F
Find and replace text Ctrl + H Cmd + F
New Document Ctrl + N Cmd + N
Open a file Ctrl + O Cmd + O
Print options Ctrl + P Cmd + P
Save file Ctrl + S Cmd + S
Paste text Ctrl + V Cmd + V
Cut text Ctrl + X Cmd + X
Redo text Ctrl + Y Shift + Cmd + Z
Undo text Ctrl + Z Cmd + Z

287
Text Editing
Cursor Movement
Go to the right or to the beginning of next line break Right Arrow Right Arrow
Go to the left or to the end of previous line break Left Arrow Left Arrow
Go up one row Up Arrow Up Arrow
Go down one row Down Arrow Down Arrow
Go to the beginning of the current line Home Cmd + Left
Arrow
Go to the end of the current line End Cmd +
Right Arrow
Go to the beginning of the document Ctrl + Home Cmd + Up
Arrow
Go to the end of the document Ctrl + End Cmd +
Down Arrow
Move up one frame Page Up Fn + Up
Arrow
Move down one frame Page Down Fn + Down
Arrow
Go to beginning of previous word Ctrl + Left Arrow Option +
Left Arrow
Go to beginning of next word Ctrl + Right Arrow Option +
Right Arrow
Go to beginning of line break Ctrl + Up Arrow Cmd + Left

288
Arrow
Go to end of line break Ctrl + Down Arrow Cmd +
Right Arrow
Text Selection
Select characters to the left Shift + Left Arrow Shift + Left
Arrow
Select characters to the right Shift + Right Arrow Shift +
Right Arrow
Select lines upwards Shift + Up Arrow Shift + Up
Arrow
Select lines downwards Shift + Down Arrow Shift +
Down Arrow
Select words to the left Shift + Ctrl + Left Shift + Opt
+ Left
Select words to the right Shift + Ctrl + Right Shift + Opt
+ Right
Select paragraphs to the left Shift + Ctrl + Up Shift + Opt
+ Up
Select paragraphs to the right Shift + Ctrl + Down Shift + Opt
+ Down
Select text between the cursor and the beginning of the
current line
Shift + Home Cmd + Shift
+ Left
Arrow
Select text between the cursor and the end of the current
line
Shift + End Cmd + Shift
+ Right
Arrow

289
Select text between the cursor and the beginning of the
document
Shift + Ctrl + Home Cmd + Shift
+ Up Arrow
or Cmd +
Shift + Fn
+ Left
Arrow
Select text between the cursor and the end of the
document
Shift + Ctrl + End Cmd + Shift
+ Down
Arrow or
Cmd + Shift
+ Fn +
Right Arrow
Select one frame at a time of text above the cursor Shift + Page Up Shift + Fn
+ Up Arrow
Select one frame at a time of text below the cursor Shift + Page Down Shift + Fn
+ Down
Arrow
Select all text Ctrl + A Cmd + A
Text Formatting
Make selected text bold Ctrl + B Cmd + B
Make selected text italic Ctrl + I Cmd + I
Underline selected text Ctrl + U Cmd + U
Make selected text superscript Ctrl + Shift + = Cmd + Shift
+ =
Make selected text subscript Ctrl + = Cmd + =

290
Text Editing
Delete characters to the left Backspace Backspace
Delete characters to the right Delete Fn +
Backspace
Delete words to the right Ctrl + Del Cmd +
Backspace
Delete words to the left Ctrl + Backspace Cmd + Fn
+
Backspace
Indent Tab Tab
Outdent Shift + Tab Shift + Tab
Copy text Ctrl + C Cmd + C
Find and replace text Ctrl + H Cmd + F
Paste text Ctrl + V Cmd + V
Cut text Ctrl + X Cmd + X
Redo text Ctrl + Y Shift + Cmd
+ Z
Undo text Ctrl + Z Cmd + Z
Web Browsers

291
Navigation
Scroll down a frame Space or Page Down Space or Fn
+ Down
Arrow
Scroll up a frame Shift + Space or Page Up Shift +
Space or Fn
+ Up Arrow
Go to bottom of the page End Cmd +
Down Arrow
Go to top of the page Home Cmd + Up
Arrow
Go back Alt + Left Arrow or
Backspace
Cmd + Left
Arrow
Go forward Alt + Right Arrow or Shift
+ Backspace
Cmd +
Right Arrow
Refresh a webpage F5 Cmd + R
Refresh a webpage (no cache) Ctrl + F5 Cmd + Shift
+ R
Stop Esc Esc
Toggle full-screen F11 Cmd + Shift
+ F
Zoom in Ctrl + + Cmd + +
Zoom out Ctrl + - Cmd + -
Zoom 100% (default) Ctrl + 0 Cmd + 0
Open homepage Alt + Home Option +
Home or
Option + Fn
+ Left

292
Arrow
Tab / Window Management
Open a new tab Ctrl + T Cmd + T
Close current tab Ctrl + W Cmd + W
Close all tabs Ctrl + Shift + W Cmd + Q
Close all tabs except the current tab Ctrl + Alt + F4 Cmd + Opt
+ W
Go to next tab Ctrl + Tab Control +
Tab or Cmd
+ Shift +
Right Arrow
Go to previous tab Ctrl + Shift + Tab Shift +
Control +
Tab or Cmd
+ Shift +
Left Arrow
Go to a specific tab number Ctrl + 1-8 Cmd + 1-8
Go to the last tab Ctrl + 9 Cmd + 9
Reopen the last closed tab Ctrl + Shift + T Cmd + Shift
+ T
Open a new window Ctrl + N Cmd + N
Close current window Alt + F4 Cmd + W
Go to next window Alt + Tab Cmd + Tab

293
Go to previous window Alt + Shift + Tab Cmd + Shift
+ Tab
Reopen the last closed window Ctrl + Shift + N
Open links in a new tab in the background Ctrl + Click Cmd + Click
Open links in a new tab in the foreground Ctrl + Shift + Click Cmd + Shift
+ Click
Print current webpage Ctrl + P Cmd + P
Save current webpage Ctrl + S Cmd + S
Address Bar
Cycle between toolbar, search bar, and page elements Tab Tab
Go to browser's address bar Ctrl + L or Alt + D Cmd + L
Focus and select the browser's search bar Ctrl + E Cmd + E /
Cmd + K
Open the address bar location in a new tab Alt + Enter Opt + Enter
Display a list of previously typed addresses F4
Add "www." to the beginning and ".com" to the end of the
text typed in the address bar (e.g., type "w3schools" and
press Ctrl + Enter to open "www.w3schools.com")
Ctrl + Enter Cmd +
Enter or
Control +
Enter
Bookmarks
Open the bookmarks menu Ctrl + B Cmd + B

294
Add bookmark for current page Ctrl + D Cmd + Opt
+ B or Cmd
+ Shift + B
Open browsing history Ctrl + H Cmd + Shift
+ H or Cmd
+ Y
Open download history Ctrl + J Cmd + J or
Cmd + Shift
+ J
Screenshots
Save screenshot of the whole screen as file Cmd + Shift
+ 3
Copy screenshot of the whole screen to the clipboard PrtScr (Print Screen) or
Ctrl + PrtScr
Cmd + Ctrl
+ Shift + 3
Save screenshot of window as file Cmd + Shift
+ 4, then
Space
Copy screenshot of window to the clipboard Alt + PrtScr Cmd + Ctrl
+ Shift + 4,
then Space
Copy screenshot of wanted area to the clipboard Cmd + Ctrl
+ Shift + 4
Save screenshot of wanted area as file Cmd + Shift
+ 4

295
Note: Due to different keyboard setups, some shortcuts may not be compatible for all users.

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