Amiri Baraka and the Black Power Movement

A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of

BLACK STUDIES RESEARCH SOURCES
Microfilms from Major Archival and Manuscript Collections
General Editors: John H. Bracey, Jr. and Sharon Harley

The Black Power Movement

Part 1: Amiri Baraka from Black Arts to Black Radicalism

Editorial Adviser
Komozi Woodard

Project Coordinator
Randolph H. Boehm

Guide compiled by
Daniel Lewis

A microfilm project of
UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA
An Imprint of CIS
4520 East-West Highway • Bethesda, MD 20814-3389

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The Black power movement. Part 1, Amiri Baraka from Black arts to Black radicalism
[microform] / editorial adviser, Komozi Woodard; project coordinator, Randolph H.
Boehm.
p. cm.—(Black studies research sources)
Accompanied by a printed guide, compiled by Daniel Lewis, entitled: A guide to
the microfilm edition of the Black power movement.
ISBN 1-55655-834-1
1. Afro-Americans—Civil rights—History—20th century—Sources. 2. Black
power—United States—History—Sources. 3. Black nationalism—United States—
History—20th century—Sources. 4. Baraka, Imamu Amiri, 1934– —Archives.
I. Woodard, Komozi. II. Boehm, Randolph. III. Lewis, Daniel, 1972– . Guide to the
microfilm edition of the Black power movement. IV. Title: Amiri Baraka from black arts
to Black radicalism. V. Series.
E185.615
323.1'196073'09045—dc21 00-068556
CIP

Copyright © 2001 by University Publications of America.
All rights reserved.
ISBN 1-55655-834-1.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ............................................................................................................................. v
Scope and Content Note ........................................................................................................ xi
Source Note ............................................................................................................................. xix
Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................ xxi
Reel Index

Reel 1
Series 1: Black Arts Movement ........................................................................................ 1
Series 2: Black Nationalism .............................................................................................. 3
Series 3: Correspondence ................................................................................................ 3
Series 4: NewArk (New Jersey) ........................................................................................ 3

Reel 2
Series 4: NewArk (New Jersey) cont. ............................................................................... 4
Series 5: Congress of African People ............................................................................... 5

Reel 3
Series 5: Congress of African People cont. ...................................................................... 6
Series 6: National Black Conferences and National Black Assembly ............................... 8

Reel 4
Series 6: National Black Conferences and National Black Assembly cont. ...................... 8
Series 7: Black Women’s United Front ............................................................................. 9
Series 8: Student Organization for Black Unity ................................................................. 9
Series 9: African Liberation Support Committee ............................................................... 9
Series 10: Revolutionary Communist League ................................................................... 10

Reel 5
Series 10: Revolutionary Communist League cont. .......................................................... 10
Series 11: African Socialism ............................................................................................. 11
Series 12: Black Marxists ................................................................................................. 11

Reel 6
Series 12: Black Marxists cont. ........................................................................................ 12
Series 13: National Black United Front ............................................................................. 12
Series 14: Miscellaneous Materials, 1978–1988 .............................................................. 13

Reel 7
Series 14: Miscellaneous Materials, 1978–1988 cont. ...................................................... 14
Series 15: Serial Publications ........................................................................................... 15
The African World ......................................................................................................... 15
Black Nation ................................................................................................................. 16
Black NewArk ............................................................................................................... 16
Unity and Struggle ........................................................................................................ 17

iii

Reel 8
Series 15: Serial Publications cont. .................................................................................. 18
Unity and Struggle cont. ............................................................................................... 18
Main Trend ................................................................................................................... 19
IFCO News ................................................................................................................... 19
Series 16: Oral Histories ................................................................................................... 19

Reel 9
Series 16: Oral Histories cont. .......................................................................................... 20

Principal Correspondents Index ............................................................................................ 23
Subject Index ........................................................................................................................... 25
Title Index ................................................................................................................................ 53

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INTRODUCTION
As the author of over twenty plays, seven books of nonfiction, two
novels, and more than a dozen volumes of poetry, Amiri Baraka is one of the
most prolific and influential African American writers of the twentieth century.
As a young man in the 1960s, Baraka (then known as LeRoi Jones)
galvanized a second Black Renaissance, the Black Arts movement. Both
individually and through the movement that he nurtured among black artists,
Baraka has made an indelible contribution to modern African American
culture and consciousness. Some critics and literary historians rank Baraka
alongside Phyllis Wheatley, Frederick Douglass, Paul Laurence Dunbar,
Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Richard Wright, John Coltrane, Ralph
Ellison, and Toni Morrison. And Maya Angelou insists that Amiri Baraka is the
world’s greatest living poet.
The ideological and political transformations of Amiri Baraka from a Beat
poet in Greenwich Village into a militant political activist in Harlem and
Newark was paradigmatic for the Black Revolt of the 1960s. The increasing
radicalization of the Black Revolt and the rise of the Black Arts movement
lifted LeRoi Jones from relative obscurity in the Beat circles of the Village,
swept him into the center of the Black Power movement, christened him Amiri
Baraka, and ultimately propelled this foremost literary figure into the ranks of
national black political leadership. Indeed, Harold Cruse explains that the
young intellectuals, artists, writers, poets, and musicians of the 1960s were
“actually coming of age into a great intellectual, political, creative and
theoretical vacuum. They would enter the arena of activity in search of
leadership. One of the most outstanding of them, LeRoi Jones, learned in
such a personal way as to epitomize within himself all the other things his
generation learned either empirically or vicariously.” 1
On October 7, 1934, Baraka was born Everett Leroy Jones during the
Great Depression in Newark, New Jersey. Newark was segregated and much
of his early social life was lived in the shadow of jim crow racism. He was
born in a segregated hospital, Kinney Medical Center in the Central Ward of
the city. Jim crow racism in Newark meant that black people could not try on
clothing in the department stores and that blacks suffered segregation in
restaurants and other public accommodations, including theaters. In the two-
story theaters, Newark’s blacks were forced to sit in the balconies. In theaters
without balconies, one side of the seating was reserved for whites. In some
situations, rather than segregate space, the white owners jim crowed time,
designating one evening each week for “Negro night.”

v

The young Baraka attended predominantly white Barringer High School
and Rutgers University–Newark Campus before transferring to the historically
black Howard University in Washington, D.C. There Baraka befriended
classmate A. B. Spellman, the poet and author. Both Baraka and Spellman
studied with Professor Sterling Brown, an accomplished poet, who introduced
them to the study of jazz. Both Baraka and Spellman would write pioneering
books on jazz history. It was at Howard University that Everett Leroy Jones
changed his name to LeRoi Jones.
Baraka dropped out of Howard University and joined the United States
Air Force, where he was discharged for possession of subversive literature:
he had some books of poetry and newspapers issued by Paul Robeson.
Leaving the air force, he found his way to Manhattan’s Greenwich Village in
the 1950s, where he became an influential poet, editor, and music critic. In
the Village he married Hettie Cohen. This interracial marriage produced two
daughters, Kellie and Lisa Jones. Baraka consorted with the leading writers
and poets of the Beat Generation, including Jack Kerouac and Allen
Ginsberg. Through his early works, including his award-winning play,
Dutchman, and his pioneering history of African American music and cultural
ethos, Blues People, Baraka himself became one of the leading literary
figures of the Beat movement. As the publisher and editor of Yugen and
Floating Bear, Baraka also became one of the most influential editors of Beat
poetry.
At the beginning of the 1960s after a brief visit to revolutionary Cuba,
where he met Fidel Castro and militant civil rights leader Robert F. Williams,
Baraka wrote a prize-winning essay, “Cuba Libre,” and his involvement with
radical politics was begun. Gradually he came to resent the apolitical
tendencies of the Greenwich Village Beats. The assassination of Malcolm X
triggered a decisive turn in his life. He left his family in Greenwich Village to
found the Black Arts Repertory Theatre/School (BARTS) in Harlem. After
approximately a year in Harlem, he returned to Newark, New Jersey, to found
another theater, the Spirit House. In Newark he met his second wife, Amina
Baraka (Sylvia Robinson), who had two daughters from a previous marriage.
Their marriage produced a number of children, including four sons—Obalaji
Malik Ali, Ras Jua Al Aziz, Amiri Seku, and Ahi Mwenge—and one daughter,
Shani Isis. In Newark, Baraka spearheaded the political radicalization of the
African American community. He founded local and national groups from his
base in Newark, and with the exception of brief academic appointments
elsewhere, he has remained a resident and spiritual leader of the Newark
community ever since.
This collection reveals his journey from a leader of the Black Arts
movement to leadership in Black Power politics. The Black Arts movement
began in 1964 with circles of writers, artists, and activists. The day after the
assassination of Malcolm X, on February 22, 1965, Amiri Baraka announced

vi

that he would establish the Harlem BARTS. The initial funding for the BARTS
came from the proceeds of several of Baraka’s plays and from benefit jazz
concerts featuring such artists as Sun Ra and his Myth-Science Arkestra,
Betty Carter, John Coltrane, Jimmy Garrison, Sonny Murray, Grachun
Moncur, Virgil Jones, Marion Brown, and Archie Shepp. On May 1, 1965 the
BARTS opened in a four-story Harlem brownstone at 109 West 130th Street.
Playing jazz, Sun Ra’s group—accompanied by Albert Ayler, Don Ayler, and
Milford Graves—led a parade of writers and artists across 125th Street,
waving the Black Arts flag—a black and gold banner with Afrocentric theater
masks of comedy and tragedy. During an eight-week HARYOU-ACT funded
summer program for four hundred students, the BARTS set the standard for
black studies: Harold Cruse taught African American history and culture;
Larry Neal, Askia Muhammad Toure, and Max Stanford, political ideology;
Sun Ra, Albert Ayler, Milford Graves, Cecil Taylor, and Archie Shepp, music;
S. E. Anderson and Sonia Sanchez, reading, writing and math; Amiri Baraka,
A. B. Spellman, Charles Patterson, Lonnie Elders, Adrieene Kennedy, and
Douglas Turner Ward, playwriting; Robert Hooks, Lou Gossett, Al Freeman,
and Barbara Ann Teer, acting; Minnie Marshall, Sandra Lein, Ella Thompson,
Marguerite Delain, and Barbara Alston, dance; Leroy McLucas, filmmaking;
and Joe Overstreet, Edward Spriggs, and Vincent Smith, painting, drawing,
graphics, and art history.
The BARTS marked a turning point in African American culture,
emphasizing black consciousness, self-determination, and cultural revolution
against white racism. In solidarity with Black Power, the Harlem BARTS
experiment inspired the development of a national Black Arts movement,
which made an indelible contribution to the direction of African American
culture and consciousness. As poets Haki Madhubuti insisted on “the
integration of light and dark Black people,” it delivered a devastating blow to
the longstanding prestige of the color caste system in black America. And,
challenging the hegemony of white cultural critics and entertainment markets
over their work, the young artists declared that their audience and critics were
to be found in the African American community. Indeed, Larry Neal declared
the centrality of a “Black Aesthetic” in the creation and judgment of African
American works of art.
The Black Arts movement spread quickly through conventions, festivals
and cultural centers throughout the country. The first national Black Arts
Conventions were held in Detroit in 1966 and 1967. Black Arts Festivals
began in Harlem in 1965 and in Newark in 1967 and since 1987 have
continued with annual National Black Arts Festivals in Atlanta. The Black Arts
movement inspired the establishment of some eight hundred black theaters
and cultural centers in the United States. Writers and artists in dozens of
cities assembled to fashion alternative institutions modeled after the Harlem
BARTS: Baraka established the Spirit House in Newark; Ed Bullins, Marvin X,

vii

and Eldridge Cleaver, the Black Arts West in San Francisco; Kalaamu ya
Salaam, the Free Southern Theater in New Orleans; Dudley Randall, the
Concept East Theater and the Broadsides publishers in Detroit; Barbara Ann
Teer and Richard Wesley, the National Black Theater and New Lafayette in
New York; and Gwendolyn Brooks and Haki Madhubuti, the Afro-Arts Theater
and the Organization of Black American Culture in Chicago. Further, the
Black Arts movement inspired Chicago’s giant mural, the Wall of Respect,
devoted to the new voices of black liberation, which influenced murals in
communities across the country. A host of new Black Arts and black studies
journals provided vital forums for the development of a new generation of
writers and artists: Umbra, Liberator, Negro Digest/Black World,
Freedomways, Black Scholar, The Cricket, Journal of Black Poetry, Black
Dialogue, Black America, and Soulbook. By 1968 Larry Neal and Amiri
Baraka edited Black Fire, a thick volume of poetry, essays, and drama, which
drew national attention to the transformation that was underway among
African American artists.
The influences of the Black Arts Renaissance are both profound and far-
reaching, reflected in the painting of Vincent Smith; the photography of Billy
Abernathy; the architecture of Earl Coombs; the documentary films of William
Greaves and St. Claire Bourne; the drama of Amiri Baraka, Ed Bullins,
Charles Fuller, Ntozake Shange, Woody King, Adrieene Kennedy, and
Richard Wesley; the novels of Toni Cade Bambara, John A. Williams, Alice
Walker, Ishmael Reed, Margaret Walker, William Melvin Kelley, Paule
Marshall, Nathan Heard, John O. Killens, Rosa Guy, and Toni Morrison; the
acting of Barbara Ann Teer, Yusef Iman, Danny Glover, Lou Gossett, and Al
Freeman; the music of Nina Simone, Max Roach, Milford Graves, Marion
Brown, Sonny Murray, Abbey Lincoln, and Archie Shepp; and the poetry of
Amiri Baraka, Sonia Sanchez, Mari Evans, Haki Madhubuti, Jayne Cortez,
Askia Muhammad Toure, Etheridge Knight, Keorapetse Kgositsile, Nikki
Giovanni, Gil Scott-Heron, and the Last Poets.
While Baraka’s role in the Black Cultural Revolution is generally well
known, his important role in Black Power politics is more obscure. This
collection should help students of history or black studies understand his
pivotal role in the Black Power movement and beyond: nationalism, pan-
Africanism and socialism. Amiri Baraka was a principal leader of the Modern
Black Convention movement.
Under Baraka’s influence, elements of the Black Arts movement and
sections of the Black Power movement merged to fashion the politics of black
cultural nationalism and the Modern Black Convention movement. In the
aftermath of hundreds of African American urban uprisings in the late 1960s,
black nationalism developed quickly at the local level. As the founder and
leader of the Committee for Unified NewArk (CFUN), Baraka spearheaded a
mass movement for democracy and self-government. He helped lay the

viii

foundation of a black and Puerto Rican political alliance that culminated in the
1970 election of Newark’s first African American mayor, who was also the first
African American mayor of a major northeastern city.
CFUN established a host of important programs and institutions at the
community level. These include cultural and educational centers such as the
African Free School, job-training programs, drama groups such as the Spirit
House Movers and Players, music groups such as The Advanced Workers,
newspapers such as Black Newark and Unity and Struggle, a journal of jazz
criticism titled The Cricket, radio and television programs, and several
publishing companies.
In July 1967 Newark was shaken by a major urban uprising of African
Americans against racism. Baraka was one of the first victims at the hands of
the police and was nearly beaten to death. In the aftermath of those
uprisings, Baraka helped establish a new Black Power group of women and
men, the United Brothers. As the group developed it expanded into CFUN.
With these organizations and institutions, Baraka’s Black Power movement
initiated a number of political dynamics.
In June 1968, one thousand people drafted a political agenda for
municipal elections at the Newark Black Political Convention in New Jersey.
By November 1969 hundreds of African American and Latino leaders joined
at the Black and Puerto Rican Political Convention, selecting a slate of
candidates for municipal offices in Newark. By June 1970 the Black and
Puerto Rican Convention candidates won the Newark elections.
The Modern Black Convention movement entered the national political
arena in 1972 with the National Black Political Convention in Gary, Indiana.
Leading up to that Gary Convention to forge independent politics, the
movement had generated a series of National Black Power Conferences in
Newark in 1967 and in Philadelphia in 1968, culminating in Baraka’s new
organization, the Congress of African People (CAP), in 1970. Unlike CFUN,
CAP aspired to a national mass movement. The congress sponsored a series
of pan-African political conventions and helped organize the first African
Liberation Day in 1972. Meanwhile, the Congressional Black Caucus formed.
The convergence of CAP, the Congressional Black Caucus, and the black
convention movement resulted in the Gary Convention in March 1972. In the
midst of the 1972 presidential campaigns, the Gary political convention drew
eighteen hundred black elected officials within an assembly of somewhere
between eight thousand and twelve thousand African Americans. The Gary
Convention fashioned a National Black Political Agenda to guide black
American development in seven major areas: human development,
economics, communications and culture, rural development, environmental
protection, politics, and international policy.
The Modern Black Convention movement generated many local
organizations, schools, and community institutions, as well as county and

ix

state political organs and at least four national organizations: the CAP, the
African Liberation Support Committee (ALSC), the Black Women’s United
Front (BWUF), and the National Black Political Assembly. The CAP joined the
Black Power politics with pan-Africanism; the ALSC structured African
American efforts against colonialism on the continent; the BWUF mobilized
communities and fashioned a political agenda joining the struggles against
racism, imperialism, and sexism; and the National Black Political Assembly,
created by the Gary Convention, charted the road to independent black
politics.
Between 1974 and 1976, the Modern Black Convention movement
became embroiled in ideological and political battles between black
nationalists and black Marxists on the one hand, and between proponents of
independent politics and party politics on the other. As the 1976 presidential
races approached, the Modern Black Convention movement split into
numerous factions, weakening the thrust of independent black politics.
Finally the CAP transformed itself from a Black Power organization into a
Marxist-Leninist group and changed its name to the Revolutionary Communist
League in May 1976. A pivotal influence in Baraka’s turn to the Marxist Left
was the venerable black Marxist, Harry Haywood. Haywood and his colleague
Odis Hyde were veterans of the old Left who engaged 1960s and 1970s era
black militants with a Marxist position on African American self-determination.
Amiri Baraka remains a leader in the black liberation movement. A few of
the documents in the collection dated in the 1980s document Baraka’s
affiliation with and influence upon the National Black United Front led by Rev.
Herbert Daughtry. Perhaps Baraka’s most enduring impact on contemporary
politics, however, is the leadership that emerged from the organizations he
founded or inspired. Many former leaders of the CAP, ALSC, BWUF and the
National Black Political Assembly became local, state, regional, and national
leaders of the National Black United Front and of Jesse Jackson’s Rainbow
Coalition.
The collection of materials reproduced in this microfilm edition
documents Baraka’s odyssey from the Black Arts movement to Black Power
and beyond, offering an important inside view of the dynamics of the mass
movements for black liberation in the late twentieth century.

Komozi Woodard
Professor of American History
Sarah Lawrence College
Bronxville, New York

Notes
1. Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual (New York, 1967), 355.

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SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE
This collection of Amiri Baraka materials was made available to UPA by
Dr. Komozi Woodard. Dr. Woodard served in numerous roles as a Baraka
comrade, including as head of economic development for the Temple of
Kawaida in Newark, New Jersey, as editor of Unity and Struggle, the organ of
the Congress of African People; and ultimately as the leading academic
scholar of Baraka’s political career. The collection covers Baraka’s career
from his involvement in the Black Arts movement in the mid-1960s through
Baraka’s nationalist and Marxist periods. The collection consists of rare works
of poetry, organizational records, print publications, over one hundred
articles, poems, plays, or speeches by Baraka, a small amount of personal
correspondence, and oral histories. The documents span from 1960 to 1988,
and are arranged into sixteen series.

Series 1: Black Arts Movement
This series includes both rare and popular materials from Baraka’s years
as a leader of the Harlem-based Black Arts movement. The series begins at
frame 0001 of Reel 1 and continues through frame 0561 of Reel 1. Two
articles by Baraka’s associate Larry Neal, one discussing Baraka’s literary
career and the other discussing the importance of culture in the black
liberation struggle, serve as an introduction to this series. Several issues of
the periodical Black Theatre include poems by Baraka; articles by Neal,
Maulana Ron Karenga, and Ed Bullins; and plays by Sonia Sanchez, Marvin
X, Herbert Stokes, and Baraka (LeRoi Jones). Other literary material can be
found in two issues of The Cricket, a magazine edited by Baraka and Neal.
This series also includes works of poetry by Baraka, Nikki Giovanni, Mae
Jackson, Sylvia Jones, Jewel C. Latimore, Don L. Lee, Sonia Sanchez, and
Marvin X. The Black Arts movement series documents the wellspring of
artistic accomplishment among African Americans as well as a profound
political consciousness and militancy among the artists.

Series 2: Black Nationalism
This series consists of several important theoretical writings on black
nationalism and suggests the important influence of Maulana Ron Karenga
on Baraka’s development. Baraka’s article “A Black Value System” explains
the seven guiding principles of Maulana Ron Karenga and the US

xi

Organization. These principles are also defined in two articles by Karenga: “7
Principles of US Maulana Karenga and the Need for a Black Value System”
and “Kitabu: Beginning Concepts in Kawaida.” This series concludes with a
pamphlet by Muhammad Ahmad that discusses many aspects of black
nationalism including the roles of youth and women and the importance of
literature and art. This series begins at frame 0562 of Reel 1 and ends at
frame of 0690 of Reel 1.

Series 3: Correspondence
This brief series includes a small amount of Baraka’s personal
correspondence and spans from frame 0691 of Reel 1 through frame 0703 of
Reel 1. There are letters from Baraka to Maulana Ron Karenga and Kenneth
Gibson and letters to Baraka from Mfanasekaya P. Gqobose, Paul Bomani,
and Walter Rodney. The correspondence indicates Baraka’s interest in
cultural nationalism and some of his efforts to establish ties between Africans
and African Americans.

Series 4: NewArk (New Jersey)
This series documents Baraka’s role in his hometown of Newark, New
Jersey, during the riot of 1967 and his subsequent activism in Newark. In
Newark, Baraka founded a number of community-based initiatives in attempts
to deal with wretched housing conditions, failing schools, and obstructions to
economic opportunities. The majority of the documentation in this series
pertains to Baraka’s efforts to turn the city into a NewArk, particularly via the
Kawaida Towers apartment building project and the related NJR-32 urban
renewal project. There are also several folders of newspaper clippings on
Newark politics, including the 1970 mayoral election and the victory of
Kenneth Gibson, and the riot in Newark’s Puerto Rican community in 1974.
This series begins at frame 0704 of Reel 1 and ends at frame 0536 of Reel 2.
Researchers should note that Baraka’s activism in Newark is also covered in
issues of Black NewArk and Unity and Struggle in Series 15: Serial
Publications, beginning at frame 0522 of Reel 7, and in the oral histories of
many Newark activists in Series 16: Oral Histories, beginning at frame 0505
of Reel 8.

Series 5: Congress of African People
In 1970 Baraka founded the Congress of African People (CAP) in order
to advance his own vision of African cultural nationalism. This vision was
particularly influenced by African leaders such as Julius Nyerere, Amilcar
Cabral, and Ahmed Sékou Touré and by the African American cultural
nationalist Maulana Ron Karenga. This series contains a wealth of CAP
documents and pamphlets, most written by Baraka, ranging from detailed
policy and philosophical thoughts to statements at CAP political events and

xii

meetings. CAP’s campaign against police brutality, the Boston school
integration impasse, the Sixth Pan-African Congress, and the role of women
in the black freedom struggle are some of the topics covered in this series. In
the mid-1970s Baraka transformed CAP into a more purely Marxist
organization. This created conflict in CAP between the Marxists and the
cultural nationalists and eventually caused the demise of CAP. These
ideological divisions are covered in this series beginning at frame 0001 of
Reel 3. Other material pertaining to CAP can be found in issues of Unity and
Struggle, the official newspaper of CAP, in Series 15: Serial Publications.

Series 6: National Black Conferences and National Black Assembly
In addition to his lifelong commitment to community-based political
activism, Baraka also played a leading role in national Black Power
organizations. The National Black Conference Movement began in 1966 and
Baraka became involved starting with a convention in Newark in 1967. In
1972, Baraka, along with Gary, Indiana, mayor Richard Hatcher and Michigan
congressman Charles C. Diggs Jr., convened the National Black Political
Convention in Gary, Indiana, arguably the high point of the black freedom
movement in the 1960s and 1970s. During that convention, the delegates
adopted the National Black Political Agenda, also known as the Gary
declaration, a statement that was a major step toward creating an
independent black political party. The Gary declaration covered seven major
areas: economic, human development, communications, rural development,
environmental protection, political empowerment, and international policy.
This series, spanning from frame 0577 of Reel 3 through frame 0042 of Reel
4, includes a copy of the Gary declaration. The National Black Political
Assembly, typically referred to simply as the National Black Assembly (NBA),
also formed at the Gary convention. This series contains several Baraka
writings pertaining to the NBA, and there is a brief file on some of the
ideological conflicts between socialists, communists, and black nationalists
that began to divide the NBA by the mid-1970s.

Series 7: Black Women’s United Front
Amina Baraka (Sylvia Jones), the wife of Amiri Baraka, founded the Black
Women’s United Front (BWUF) in 1974. The goal of the BWUF was to
develop an independent political agenda for African American women. This
series contains newspaper clippings from Unity and Struggle pertaining to the
BWUF, an article by Amiri Baraka analyzing meetings of the BWUF and NBA,
and two position papers on the role of women in the black freedom struggle.
Other articles on the role of women and writings by Amina Baraka can be
found in other parts of this collection, particularly in issues of Black NewArk,
where she had a regular column. Consult the subject index of this user guide
for these related documents.

xiii

Series 8: Student Organization for Black Unity
The Student Organization for Black Unity (SOBU) formed in May 1969 at
a meeting at North Carolina A & T in Greensboro. SOBU held its first national
convention in October 1969 at North Carolina Central University in Durham.
This series begins with a brief background history of SOBU followed by a
summary of its programs and a list of the organization’s major officers. These
included Nelson N. Johnson, Tim Thomas, Milton Coleman, John McClendon,
Mark Smith, Alvin Evans, Victor Bond, and Jerry Walker. This document is
followed by one issue of SOBU’s newsletter. The newsletter clearly shows
SOBU’s Pan-African focus, covering topics such as African Solidarity Day,
South Africa, the Pan-Africanism of Malcolm X, and a report on the United
Nations. In August 1972, SOBU changed its name to Youth Organization for
Black Unity (YOBU). Other material on SOBU/YOBU can be found in issues
of The African World, the organization’s official newspaper, in Series 15:
Serial Publications.

Series 9: African Liberation Support Committee
In 1971, Owusu Sadaukai (Howard Fuller) traveled to Africa where he
observed the anticolonial movements in Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and
Angola. Upon his return to the United States, Sadaukai began to make plans
for an African Liberation Day (ALD) demonstration that was designed to show
worldwide support for the African liberation struggles. Amidst the planning for
the first ALD in 1972, the African Liberation Support Committee (ALSC) was
formed. This series of ALSC materials contains the ALSC statement of
principles, an article on Tanzanian socialism by Walter Rodney, a CAP
position paper on ALSC, and a handbook on African Liberation Month that
includes a brief history of the ALSC. Several documents in this series provide
evidence of a serious ideological struggle within the organization. These
documents include a paper by ALSC international chairperson Dawolu Gene
Locke, a paper by Abdul Hakimu Ibn Alkalimat and Nelson Johnson
discussing the ALSC statement of principles adopted at a 1973 meeting in
Frogmore, South Carolina, and position papers from several ALSC branches
about the future direction of the organization.

Series 10: Revolutionary Communist League
When CAP disintegrated in conflict between the Marxists and the black
nationalists, Baraka founded the Revolutionary Communist League (RCL).
This series reflects Baraka’s move away from nationalism to a Marxist
position, which is documented in drafts of several papers written by Baraka
(Reel 5, frames 0125–0193). These papers cover topics such as Chinese
communism, the international communist movement, and the ideological
position of the RCL. Other articles in this series include a position paper on
organizing in factories, an RCL history of the black freedom struggle, and two

xiv

folders on the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Workers Organization. This series
also includes one issue of Bolshevik, the organ of the Revolutionary Workers
League; one issue of Class Struggle; and one issue of the Red Banner, the
journal of the August Twenty-Ninth Movement.

Series 11: African Socialism
This brief series includes documents produced by two African socialists
who had a strong influence on Baraka’s development, Julius K. Nyerere and
Ahmed Sékou Touré. Nyerere was the leader of the independence movement
in East Africa. His paper in this series discusses the concept of Ujamaa or
African socialism, a concept that influenced both Maulana Ron Karenga and
Baraka and was one of the seven parts of the Kawaida doctrine. Sékou Touré
was the leader of the Democratic Party of Guinea, and in 1958 he became
ruler of an independent Guinea. The papers by Touré in this series are
“Revolution and Production,” “Africa and Imperialism,” and “The Role of
Women in the Revolution.” Materials on these two leaders can also be found
in other parts of the collection. These can be located by consulting the
subject index of this guide.

Series 12: Black Marxists
This series, beginning at frame 0356 of Reel 5 and ending at frame 0267
of Reel 6 includes materials on black Marxists who were contemporaries of
Baraka, as well as older black Marxists such as Harry Haywood, C. L. R.
James, and Odis Hyde. The majority of this series comprises essays by Harry
Haywood. Haywood was born in 1898 and joined the Communist Party in the
mid-1920s. He was expelled from the Communist Party in 1959, but he
remained a critical observer of the black freedom struggle and exerted a
significant influence on Baraka and many other black radicals. Titles of
essays by Haywood in this series include: “For a Revolutionary Position on
the Negro Question” (originally published in 1957); “Some Remarks on the
National Question”; “Black Power and the Fight for Socialism”; and “The
Struggle for the Leninist Position on the Negro Question in the U.S.A.” One of
the most unique and interesting documents in this collection is a typescript of
the autobiography of Haywood protégé Odis Hyde. Hyde’s autobiography is a
moving, personal history of the black freedom movement in the twentieth
century. Beginning with his childhood in Houston, Texas, Hyde tells the story
of his migration to Chicago and his involvement in the labor movement and
black freedom movement. The series also includes files on the All African
Revolutionary Party, the Black Workers Congress, and the Progressive Labor
Party, and it also includes one issue of the periodical Steel on the Move.

xv

Series 13: National Black United Front
The National Black United Front (NBUF) was founded in June 1980. This
series, beginning at frame 0268 of Reel 6, contains several of the NBUF
founding documents, including the constitution and by-laws, amendments to
the constitution, the founding convention program, and resolutions from the
first convention. The resolutions provide an entry point to most of the main
concerns of the NBUF. They cover social services, labor, international affairs,
politics, prisons, youth, art and culture, health, community organizing,
education, employment, police, women, and housing. Another important
document in this series is a detailed report by NBUF chairman Herbert
Daughtry on his activities from May to September 1981. Daughtry discusses
the national and international program of the NBUF and major NBUF
initiatives and demonstrations. There are also two interviews with Daughtry
and a typerscript of a speech he gave at a New York metropolitan branch
meeting. An article by Komozi Woodard from a June 1980 issue of the Call
and an article by NBUF national coordinator Jitu Weusi situate the NBUF
within the history of black united fronts in the United States.

Series 14: Miscellaneous Materials, 1978–1988
This series documents the activities of Baraka and other black activists
between 1978 and 1988. Baraka remained very productive as a writer during
this period, and this series reproduces four of his articles: “Afro-American
Literature and Class Struggle”; “Nationalism, Self-Determination and Socialist
Revolution”; “If Goetz Goes Free Black People Should Arm Themselves”; and
“Jesse 88” on Jesse Jackson’s 1988 presidential campaign. A file on the
Coalition of Black Trade Unionists assumes importance when used in
connection with the other documents on black workers and the labor
movement that are scattered throughout this collection. Together these
documents indicate the independent voice of black workers, the relationship
of the black worker to the organized labor movement, and the stresses faced
by workers in the 1970s and 1980s. Consult the subject index of this guide for
other items pertaining to labor and the labor movement. A pamphlet about
independent black political action includes articles on Newark, the Lowndes
County Freedom Organization, Carl Stokes, the Black Panther Party, and the
National Black Political Convention in Gary, Indiana.

Series 15: Serial Publications
This series consists of selected editions of serial publications. The
publications represented are The African World, Black Nation, Black NewArk,
Unity and Struggle, Main Trend, and IFCO News. The African World was
originally published by SOBU/YOBU, and the topics covered in the
newspaper reflect the organization’s Pan-African, radical focus. The Black
Nation was edited by Baraka and published in Oakland, California, by Getting

xvi

Together Publications. The issues covered in The Black Nation reflect
Baraka’s interest in Marxism and working-class unity, as well as his belief in
the importance of black arts and culture to the black freedom struggle. The
Black Nation includes many articles by Baraka, plays, works of poetry, and
interviews with artists and activists such as Margaret Walker, Alice Lovelace,
Michael Smith, and Don Rojas. Black NewArk, “the voice of Newark’s inner
city,” is the next periodical reproduced in this series. There is one issue of
Black NewArk from 1968 and a complete run for 1972–1974. Baraka had a
regular column entitled “Raise” in which he addressed issues of both local
and national significance. There are also several columns by Amina Baraka.
Unity and Struggle was the national edition of Black NewArk and the official
newspaper of CAP. Baraka’s column “Raise” was also featured in Unity and
Struggle. The Anti-Imperialist Cultural Union began publishing Main Trend in
1978. According to a statement in its debut issue, Main Trend aimed to
publish articles “focusing on the class struggle in popular culture.” This series
concludes with two issues of IFCO News, a publication of the Interreligious
Foundation for Community Organization. The October 1972 issue contains an
article about the Committee for a Unified NewArk.

Series 16: Oral Histories
This collection of Amiri Baraka materials concludes with transcripts from
sixteen interviews conducted by Komozi Woodard and his assistants as part
of an oral history project entitled, “The Making of Black NewArk: An Oral
History of the Impact of the Freedom Movement on Newark Politics.” Most of
the people interviewed were primarily local Newark activists, although there
are also interviews with Baraka, Maulana Ron Karenga, and scholar John
Henrik Clarke. Most of the interviewees were asked similar questions such as
their first remembrances of racism, their involvement in the black freedom
movement, their experiences in Newark, and their thoughts about Baraka.
Each interviewee was also asked more specific questions. For example, most
of the interview with Clarke discusses Pan-Africanism and Clarke’s
assessment of Baraka. Vicki Garvin’s oral history is actually a speech given
by Garvin to one of Woodard’s classes. In this speech, Garvin discusses her
long career as an activist, from her involvement in the labor movement in the
1940s and 1950s to her travels to Africa and China in the 1960s, her return to
the United States in the 1970s, and her subsequent activism in Newark. This
series of oral histories is one of the most unique and valuable parts of this
collection.

xvii

Related Collections
UPA has also microfilmed many other collections that provide
documentation on the black power movement. These include:
The Bayard Rustin Papers
Centers of the Southern Struggle: FBI Files on Selma, Memphis,
Montgomery, Albany and St. Augustine
Civil Rights During the Johnson Administration, 1963–1969
Civil Rights During the Nixon Administration, 1969–1974
The Claude A. Barnett Papers
Congress of Racial Equality Papers, 1959–1976
The Martin Luther King Jr. FBI File
The Papers of A. Philip Randolph
Papers of the NAACP
Records of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 1954–1970

xviii

SOURCE NOTE
The documents microfilmed in this edition come from the personal
holdings of Dr. Komozi Woodard, professor of American history at Sarah
Lawrence College in Bronxville, New York. Dr. Woodard collected these
documents during his career as an activist in Newark, New Jersey, and in
connection with the research for his book A Nation Within A Nation: Amiri
Baraka (LeRoi Jones) and Black Power Politics (Chapel Hill: University of
North Carolina Press, 1999). The collection has been arranged into sixteen
series. These series are: (1) Black Arts Movement; (2) Black Nationalism;
(3) Correspondence; (4) NewArk (New Jersey); (5) Congress of African
People; (6) National Black Conferences and National Black Assembly;
(7) Black Women’s United Front; (8) Student Organization for Black Unity;
(9) African Liberation Support Committee; (10) Revolutionary Communist
League; (11) African Socialism; (12) Black Marxists; (13) National Black
United Front; (14) Miscellaneous Materials, 1978–1988; (15) Serial
Publications; and (16) Oral Histories.

xix

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
The following acronyms and abbreviations are used throughout this
guide.

ACT Black freedom organization
AIM American Indian Movement
ALD African Liberation Day
ALSC African Liberation Support Committee
BARTS Black Arts Repertory Theatre/School
BWUF Black Women’s United Front
CAP Congress of African People
CFUN Committee for Unified NewArk
CORE Congress of Racial Equality
CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union
CP[USA] Communist Party of the United States of America
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation
HARYOU-ACT Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited
IFCO Interreligious Foundation for Community Organization
M-L Marxist-Leninist
M-L-M Marxist-Leninist-Maoist
NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
NBA National Black Assembly
NBUF National Black United Front
NJR-32 New Jersey Redevelopment Tract 32
PAC Project Area Committee
PAIGC Partido Africano da Independencia da Guine ve Cabo Verde
PRRWO Puerto Rican Revolutionary Workers Organization
RCL Revolutionary Communist League
RWL Revolutionary Workers League
SNCC Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
SOBU Student Organization for Black Unity
UAW United Automobile, Aircraft, and Agricultural Implement Workers of
America

xxi

UCC United Community Corporation
UK United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
YOBU Youth Organization for Black Unity

xxii

REEL INDEX
The following is a listing of the folders comprising The Black Power Movement, Part 1: Amiri Baraka
from Black Arts to Black Radicalism. The four-digit number on the far left is the frame at which a particular
file folder begins. This is followed by the file title, the date(s) of the file, and the total number of frames.
Substantive issues, major subjects, authors of articles, and article or pamphlet titles are highlighted under
the heading Major Topics. Major correspondents are highlighted under the heading Principal
Correspondents. Unless otherwise stated, all entries listed as Baraka refer to Amiri Baraka.

Reel 1
Frame No.

Series 1: Black Arts Movement
0002 Black Arts, 1961–1965. 31 frames.
Major Topics: HARYOU-ACT; Harlem; Malcolm X; Reinhold Neibuhr; Kenneth Clark; Sidney
Lanier; James Booker; Kyver Blumstein; BARTS; L. P. Neal, “The Cultural Front”; cultural
liberation; Afro-American Cultural Association; Lawrence P. Neal, “Development of LeRoi
Jones”; Irving Howe; James Baldwin; Richard Wright.
0033 Black Theatre (1), 1969–1970. 26 frames.
Major Topics: Naima Rashidd, “Black Theatre in Detroit”; Val Ferdinand, “News from
Blkartsouth”; Free Southern Theater; Adam David Miller, “News from the San Francisco
East Bay”; New Lafayette Theatre; Baraka, “For Maulana Karenga and Pharaoh
Saunders”; Maulana Ron Karenga, “On Black Art”; Sebastian Clarke, “Roi’s Blues”; Larry
Neal, “Toward A Relevant Black Theatre”; Marvin X; Askia Muhammad Toure; Ernie
Mkalimoto; Robert Macbeth; Amiri Baraka; Joe Goncalves, “West Coast Drama”; Charles
F. Gordon, “Out of Site”; Baraka, “Jim Brown on the Screen”; Baraka, “Black Power
Chant”; Charles F. Gordon, review of Negro Playwrights in the American Theatre, 1925–
1959 by Doris E. Abrahamson; Jan Horne, review of East of Jordan directed by John
Allen; Malcolm X Memorial, 1969; Kushauri Kupa, “The Poets and Performers at the New
Heritage Theater”; Kushauri Kupa, review of The Beckoning by Douglas Turner Ward;
Kushauri Kupa, “Cassius Clay aka Muhammad Ali as Big Time Buck White.”

1

Frame No.

0059 Black Theatre (2), 1968. 99 frames.
Major Topics: Ed Bullins, “The King is Dead” (assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.);
Richard Schechner, “White on Black”; Larry Neal, “The Black Arts Movement”; Ben
Caldwell, “4 Plays”; LeRoi Jones, “Communications Project”; Herbert Stokes, “The Uncle
Toms”; Jimmy Garrett, “And We Own the Night: A Play of Blackness”; John O’Neal,
“Motion in the Ocean: Some Political Dimensions of the Free Southern Theater”; Sonia
Sanchez, “The Bronx is Next”; Marvin X, “Take Care of Business”; Ed Bullins, “A Short
Statement on Street Theatre”; Ronald Milner, “The Monster”; LeRoi Jones, “Home on the
Range”; LeRoi Jones, “Police”; Woodie King Jr., “Black Theatre: Present Condition”; Bill
Gunn, “Johnnas”; Dorothy Ahmad, “Papa’s Daughter”; Adam David Miller, “It’s a Long
Way to St. Louis: Notes on the Audience for Black Drama”; Joseph White, “Old Judge
Mose is Dead”; Henrietta Harris, “Building a Black Theatre”; Ed Bullins, “Clara’s Ole
Man”; directory of black theater groups.
0158 The Cricket, [1969]. 56 frames.
Major Topics: A. B. Spellman, “Letter from Atlanta”; Sonia Sanchez, “Memorial”; Clyde Halisi,
“Sun Ra”; Don L. Lee, “black music/a beginning”; Jimmie Stewart, “Revolutionary Black
Music in the Total Context of Black Distension”; Milford Graves, “Music Workshop”; Oliver
Nelson, “Live from Los Angeles”; Ra, “Music: The Neglected Plane of Wisdom”; Stanley
Crouch, “Black Song West: Horace Tapscott and the Community Cultural Orchestra”;
Norman Jordan, “The Silent Prophet”; Mtume, “Trippin: A Need for Change”; Baraka,
“Integration Music”; Larry Neal, “Monk at Count Basie’s”; Larry Neal, “Karma/Pharaoh
Sanders”; Joe Goncalves, “Sun Ra at the End of the World”; Roger Riggins,
“Scenes/Basic Makeup of the Music”; James Stewart, “A Consideration of the Art of
Ornette Coleman”; Sun Ra, “The Outer Bridge”; Askia Muhammad Toure, “Eulogy for
Tommy”; Haasan Oqwiendha Fum al Hut, “Say Be and Behold It Is”; Norman Jordan,
“Positive Black Music”; Mwanafunzi Katibu, “Archie Shepp, Impulse As-9162, Three for a
Quarter, One for a Dime”; Albert Ayler, “To Mr. Jones: I Had a Vision”; Norman Jordan,
“Poem for the Journal of Black Poetry”; Roger Riggins, “Respect”; Willie Kgositsile,
“Whistle for Pennies”; Larry Neal, “New Grass/Albert Ayler”; Baraka, “Rockgroup”; E. Hill,
“Liberation (To Le Graham)”; Baraka, “Notes on Lou Donaldson and Andrew Hill”; Ronnie
Gross, “Between Shadow and Substance”; Ibn Pori ‘det, “Revolutionary Black Music for
the Revolutionary Black People at the East Coffee House/Rappa House on Detroit’s East
Side”; Ben Caldwell, “Harlem Column #2”; Donald Stone, “Julius Lester”; Baraka, “Phil
Cochran: Affro Arts Theater”; Roger Riggins, “Charles E. Clark: Suddenly the Blues”;
Roger Riggins, “Record Review: Your Prayer”; Ishmael Reed, “Aide Denies LBJ Called
Pope ‘A Dumb Cunt.’”
0214 Black Arts Repertory Theatre/School, Harlem, 1965–1966 and 1998. 19 frames.
Major Topics: BARTS; National Black Arts Festival.
Principal Correspondents: LeRoi Jones; Charles Patterson; Steve Young; Dwight Andrews;
Deborah J. Richardson.
0233 Poetry: Afro Arts, 1966. 29 frames.
Major Topics: Sonia Sanchez, “2nd Ave. and 12th St.”; Sonia Sanchez, “Because”; Sonia
Sanchez, “A Modern Song of the FBI”; Larry P. Neal, “The Black Writer’s Role: Richard
Wright”; Edward S. Spriggs, “HarYou The Pimp”; LeRoi Jones, “Poem” (Roy Wilkins);
Larry Neal, “Malcolm X: An Autobiography”; LeRoi Jones, “W. W.”; Ben Caldwell,
“Hypnotism”; LeRoi Jones, “From The Egyptian”; Q. R. Hand Jr., “Come One, Come All”;
Joseph White, “The Wise Guy”; Edward S. Spriggs, “Amen to the Revolutionary Theatre
and Black Arts”; David Henderson, “Bopping.”
0262 Poetry: Baraka, Black Art, 1966. 21 frames.
0283 Poetry: Baraka, Hard Facts, 1973–1975. 50 frames.
0333 Poetry: Baraka, It’s Nation Time, 1970. 16 frames.
0349 Poetry: Baraka, Spirit Reach, 1972. 18 frames.
0367 Poetry: Baraka, The Writer and Social Responsibility, 1981–1985. 15 frames.
0382 Poetry: Nikki Giovanni, Black Judgement, 1968. 24 frames.

2

Frame No.

0406 Poetry: Mae Jackson, Can I Poet With You, 1969. 13 frames.
0419 Poetry: Sylvia Jones, Songs for the Masses, 1978. 20 frames.
0439 Poetry: Jewel C. Latimore, Images in Black, 1967 and 1969. 16 frames.
0455 Poetry: Don L. Lee, Black Words That Say: Don’t Cry, Scream, 1969. 36 frames.
0491 Poetry: Sonia Sanchez, We a BaddDDD People, 1970. 40 frames.
0531 Poetry: Marvin X, Fly to Allah: Poems, 1969; The Son of Man: Proverbs, 1969. 31 frames.

Series 2: Black Nationalism
0563 Baraka, “A Black Value System,” 1969. 14 frames.
Major Topics: US Organization; Maulana Ron Karenga; Umoja (unity); Kujichagulia (self-
determination); Ujima (collective work and responsibility); Kawaida (doctrine); Ujamaa
(African communalism); Nia (purpose); Kuumba (creativity); Imani (faith).
0577 “The Quotable Karenga,” 1967. 20 frames.
Major Topics: Maulana Ron Karenga; cultural nationalism; revolution; self-determination;
politics; role of women; religion.
0597 Karenga, “7 Principles of US Maulana Karenga and the Need for a Black Value System,”
1969. 9 frames.
Major Topics: US Organization; Maulana Ron Karenga; Umoja (unity); Kujichagulia (self-
(African communalism); Nia (purpose); Kuumba (creativity); Imani (faith).
0606 “Kitabu: Beginning Concepts in Kawaida,” 1971. 11 frames.
Major Topics: Temple of Kawaida, Maulana Ron Karenga; US Organization; black
nationalism; Umoja (unity); Kujichagulia (self-determination); Ujima (collective work and
responsibility); Kawaida (doctrine); Ujamaa (African communalism); Nia (purpose);
Kuumba (creativity); Imani (faith); capitalism; role of whites.
0617 African Free School Coloring Book, Reflections of the Sun, 1972. 17 frames.
Major Topic: Education.
0634 Black Power Speeches, 1964–1968. 28 frames.
Major Topics: Malcolm X, “To Young People”; Ossie Davis, “Malcolm was Our Manhood, Our
Living Black Manhood”; Stokely Carmichael, “Black Power”; H. Rap Brown, “The Third
World and the Ghetto”; Huey Newton; Marcus Garvey, “The Principles of the Universal
Negro Improvement Association.”
0662 Muhammad Ahmad, “Basic Tenets of Revolutionary Black Nationalism,” 1977. 29 frames.
Major Topics: Black liberation movement; Black Power movement; black nationalism;
revolution; role of youth and women; education of black nationalist child; black literature
and art; working class.

Series 3: Correspondence
0691 Baraka Correspondence, 1967–1973 and n.d. 13 frames.
Major Topics: Cultural nationalism; CAP; Africa.
Principal Correspondents: Maulana Ron Karenga; Imamu Amiri Baraka; Mfanasekaya P.
Gqobose; Paul Bomani; Walter Rodney.

Series 4: NewArk (New Jersey)
0705 Newark, Background Information, General. 44 frames.
Major Topics: Economic conditions; housing; business and industry; segregation; politics.

3

Frame No.

0749 Newark, Background Information, Politics. 15 frames.
Major Topics: Irvine Turner; Hugh Addonizio; Leo P. Carlin; Great Society programs; UCC;
Baraka; Robert Curvin; Kenneth Gibson; Black Power; police.
0764 Newark Riot, 1967. 8 frames.
0772 Newark, Black Power Conference, 1967. 15 frames.
0787 Committee for Unified NewArk (CFUN), n.d. 17 frames.
Major Topics: Baraka, “Strategy and Tactics of a Pan-African Nationalist Party” (black
nationalism, politics); Marcus Garvey; Ujamaa.
0804 Committee for Unified NewArk, Kawaida Concepts, 1971 and n.d. 46 frames.
Major Topics: Political School of Kawaida; communalism; education; health; house décor;
clothes; Leo Baraka (birthday of Amiri Baraka); marriage; children; Mumuininas,
“Mwanamke Mwananchi (The Nationalist Woman)” (families, role of women, education);
politics.
0850 Critique of “Super Fly,” [ca. 1972]. 8 frames.
Major Topic: Film about drug trafficking.
0858 Newark, Master Plans, 1913 and 1964. 19 frames.
Major Topics: History of Newark; population characteristics; industry; income; employment;
City Plan Commission; recreation.

Reel 2

Series 4: NewArk (New Jersey) cont.
0001 Kawaida Towers, 1973. 49 frames.
Major Topics: National Black Assembly Law and Justice Committee; Raymond Brown;
Vernon Clash; Jaime Martins; Majenzi Kumba (Earl Crooms); Kaimu Mtetezi; Blanton
Jones; Bill Carlotti; Ed Wilson; Elton Hill; Thomas McNamara; Mike King; Naibu
Mchochezi; Jeledi Halisi; Sultani Tarik.
0050 Kawaida Towers, 1972–1974. 35 frames.
Major Topics: New Jersey Council of Churches; New Jersey Housing Finance Agency;
Metropolitan Ecumenical Ministry; New Jersey Presbyterian Committee on Church and
Race; John Cervase and Anthony Imperiale v. Kawaida Towers, Inc.; National Black
Assembly Law and Justice Committee; Raymond Brown; North Newark Clergy Group.
Principal Correspondents: Frank G. Gibson Jr.; Oliver E. Sheffield.
0085 Kawaida Towers, Inquiry Packet, 1972–1974. 61 frames.
Major Topics: Chronology; Raymond Brown; Alvin Gershen; Kaimu Mtetezi (David Barrett);
Ron Porambo; Bruno Lucarelli Jr.; Herbert Albrecht; Theodore Geiser; Blanton Jones;
Steven Adubato; Oscar Mersier; Irving Volgelman; Richard Vail; Joe Lucarelli; Naibu
Mchochezi; description of facilities; Temple of Kawaida; police brutality; discrimination by
labor unions; Anthony Imperiale; International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs,
Warehousemen and Helpers; Daniel Tindall; Majenzi Kuumba; Romolo Bottelli; North
Newark Clergy Group; George Richardson.
Principal Correspondents: Baraka; Cheo Mfuasi; Weusi Tushinde; Frank D’Ascensio.
0146 Kawaida Towers, 1973. 3 frames.
Major Topic: Construction.
Principal Correspondent: Theodore W. Geiser.
0149 Kawaida Towers, 1974–[19]75. 36 frames.
Major Topics: New Jersey Housing Finance Agency; description of facilities; meetings with
labor union locals; legal action; construction delays; Anthony Imperiale.
Principal Correspondents: Raymond A. Brown; William L. Johnston; Frank D’Ascensio;
Kenneth A. Gibson; Cheo Komozi.

4

Frame No.

0185 Kawaida Towers, 1975–1976. 96 frames.
Major Topics: New Jersey Housing Finance Agency evaluation of Kawaida Towers; default of
obligations under mortgage loan agreement.
Principal Correspondents: Kenneth A. Gibson; George Feddish; William F. Hyland; Arthur
Winkler; Richard W. Vail; Stanley J. Maziarz; Michael J. DeLouise.
0281 Newark, Newspaper Clippings, 1968. 12 frames.
Major Topics: Politics; LeRoi Jones; Martin Luther King Jr.; Anthony Imperiale; North Ward
Citizens Committee; Kenneth Gibson.
0293 Newark, Newspaper Clippings, 1969–1970. 17 frames.
Major Topics: Politics; Kenneth Gibson; Hugh J. Addonizio; 1970 mayoral election.
Major Topics: 1970 mayoral election; Kenneth Gibson; Hugh J. Addonizio; organized crime;
John P. Caulfield; Levin P. West.
Major Topics: Population characteristics; New Jersey redistricting plan; politics; Peter W.
Rodino.
0353 Newark, Newspaper Clippings, Puerto Rican Riot, 1974. 27 frames.
0380 Newark, Puerto Rican Riot, 1974. 11 frames.
Major Topic: Baraka, “Newark Seven Years Later: £Unidad Y Lucha!”
0391 Project Area Committee (PAC) (NJR-32), 1972. 9 frames.
Major Topics: Urban renewal project; Kawaida Temple; Pilgrim Baptist Church.
Principal Correspondents: Cheo Komozi; M. E. Patterson; James A. Curtis.
0400 Project Area Committee (PAC) (NJR-32), Hekalu Mwalimu, 1973. 5 frames.
Major Topic: Urban renewal project.
0405 Project Area Committee (PAC) (NJR-32), 1974–1975. 124 frames.
Major Topics: Urban renewal project; New Jersey Housing Finance Agency; housing; Temple
of Kawaida; Department of Housing and Urban Development; Newark Housing Authority;
Kawaida Towers; Equal Opportunity and Full Employment Act of 1975 (H.R. 50);
affirmative action; summary of Housing and Community Development Act of 1974;
Newark City Council.
Principal Correspondents: Robert Notte; Harris H. Osborne; William L. Johnston; E. James
Henderson Jr.; Frank D’Ascensio; S. George Reed Jr.; Joseph C. Chieppa; Richard L.
Kadish; Walter J. Johnson; David M. deWilde; Thomas J. Hudson; Jonathan L. Goldstein;
Clifford P. Case; Cheo Komozi.
0529 Newark, Kawaida Towers, Project Area Committee (PAC) Stationery, n.d. 2 frames.
0531 Newark, Newspaper Clippings, 1979 and n.d. 5 frames.
Major Topics: Kenneth Gibson; John F. Cryan; Harry Lerner.

Series 5: Congress of African People
0537 Congress of African People, Stationery, n.d. 2 frames.
0539 Congress of African People, Chronology, 1960–1976. 5 frames.
0544 Congress of African People, Unity and Struggle Distribution List, 1975. 6 frames.
0550 FBI Reports on Baraka regarding Congress of African People, 1970. 3 frames.
Principal Correspondent: J. Edgar Hoover.
0553 Congress of African People, Political Liberation Council, Organizing Manual, 1971.
10 frames.
Major Topics: Baraka, “Ideological Statement of the Congress of African People”; Baraka,
“The Pan-African Party and the Black Nation”; organizational structure.

5

Frame No.

0563 Congress of African People, Organizing Manual, 1972. 91 frames.
Major Topics: Organizational structure; housing; business; cultural centers; Kawaida Towers;
African Free School; CFUN; women; economic development; public relations; antipoverty
programs; politics; community organizing; education; health; children; Jihad Productions;
Duka Ujamaa (cooperative grocery store); Nyumba Ya Ujamaa (House of Cooperative
Economics); clothes; physical training; prison system.
0654 Congress of African People, 1972. 21 frames.
Major Topics: Ideology; Maulana Ron Karenga; Umoja (unity); Kujichagulia (self-
(African communalism); Nia (purpose); Kuumba (creativity); Imani (faith); pan-Africanism;
black nationalism.
Major Topics: Minutes of April 5 meeting; speech on economic development in Africa by
Julius K. Nyerere at Sudanese Socialist Union Headquarters.
0689 Congress of African People, 1974 (1). 71 frames.
Major Topics: Celebration of Leo Baraka; Afrikan Women’s Conference; report on central
council meeting, July 8, 1974; ideology; Baraka, “The National Black Assembly and the
Black Liberation Movement”; Baraka, “The Position of the Congress of Afrikan People:
December 1974”; Baraka, “Creating a Unified Consciousness Among the Leadership and
Putting the Value System and Ideology in Control”; Baraka, “The Meaning and
Development of Revolutionary Kawaida.”
0760 Congress of African People, 1974 (2). 85 frames.
Major Topics: Baraka, “Revolutionary Party: Revolutionary Ideology”; Baraka “National
Liberation and Politics”; Baraka, “Black People and Imperialism”; organizational structure;
Marxism-Leninism; Baraka on resignations of Haki Madhubuti and Jitu Weusi; Baraka,
“Toward Ideological Clarity.”
0845 Pan-African Congress, 1974. 50 frames.
Major Topics: Ahmed Sékou Touré, “Message to the Sixth Pan-African Congress”; Hoyt W.
Fuller, “Notes from a Sixth Pan-African Journal”; Kalamu Ya Salaam; African Liberation
Day; Haki R. Madhubuti, “Ideological Conflict, Enemy: From the White Left, White Right
and In-Between.”
0895 Congress of African People, 1974. Baraka, “Crisis in Boston: A Black Revolutionary
Analysis of the Ruling Class Conspiracy to Agitate Racial Violence Around Busing in
Boston.” 23 frames.
Major Topics: Racism; schools; busing; National March and Rally Against Racism; capitalism;
socialism; black liberation movement.

Reel 3

Series 5: Congress of African People cont.
0001 Congress of African People, Internal Divisions, 1974–1975. 105 frames.
Major Topics: Phil Hutchings; ALSC; YOBU; Stokely Carmichael; All Afrikan People’s
Revolutionary Party; Amilcar Cabral; Maulana Ron Karenga; black nationalism; pan-
Africanism; socialism; Baraka, “Some Questions about the Sixth Pan-African Congress”;
Haki R. Madhubuti; Ronald Walters; S. E. Anderson; Baraka, “Black Liberation is a
Struggle for Socialism”; Baraka, “Second Answer to Houston CAP”; Baraka, “Yet Another
Answer for the Departing Opportunists”; Marxism.

6

Frame No.

0106 Congress of African People, February–April 1975. 67 frames.
Major Topics: Baraka, “Second Answer to Houston CAP”; Baraka, “Ethiopia, Eritrea and U.S.
Imperialism: National Liberation and the Road to Socialism”; Baraka, “Black Nationalism
and Socialist Revolution”; opening statement by Baraka at April 25, 1975, central council
meeting.
0173 Congress of African People, July–December 1975. 74 frames.
Major Topics: Baraka, “Congress of Afrikan People on the Afro-American National Question”;
statement by Baraka at Newark Cadre Meeting, August 31, 1975; Baraka, “Yet Another
Answer for the Departing Opportunists”; opening address by Baraka at general assembly
meeting, October 4–5, 1975; National Black Assembly; BWUF.
Major Topics: Television; Amina Baraka, “The Woman Question: Black Women and
Struggle”; “Position on Trade Unions and Organizing in Factories”; “Building a
Revolutionary Communist Party”; ALSC; Baraka, “New Era in Our Politics: The
Revolutionary Answer to Neo-Colonialism in NewArk Politics”; “Resolutions of the
Communist International on the Negro Question in the United States.”
0340 Congress of African People, “Stop Killer Cops: Struggle Against Police Brutality,” 1975.
35 frames.
0375 Congress of African People, Housing in Newark, [1975]. 8 frames.
Major Topic: “Murder by Fire: Newark’s Slumlords Genocidal Conspiracy to Burn Our
People.”
Major Topic: Baraka report on May Day forum.
0389 Congress of African People, Cultural Nationalism and Value System, n.d. 24 frames.
Major Topics: Politics; culture; leadership; Africa; Mexican Americans; Puerto Ricans;
nationalism; thirtieth anniversary of US Organization.
0413 Congress of African People, Cultural Nationalism, Kawaida, n.d. 43 frames.
Major Topics: Mexican Americans; Puerto Ricans; definitions of Kawaida, culture, ideology,
religion, mythology, myths, spiritualism, spookism; community relations; religion; history;
objections to word “Negro”; revolution; nationalism; women; marriage; beauty; economic
activity; Political School of Kawaida.
0456 Congress of African People, n.d. 67 frames.
Major Topics: Procedures for conducting a black political conference; Baraka, “Nationalism,
Pan Afrikanism, Ujamaa, Their Future”; Baraka, “The Concept of a Black United Front”;
Ahmed Sékou Touré, “Traitors, Go to Hell!”; politics; national liberation; ALSC; women;
Vita Wa Watu—Peoples War Publishing; Baraka, “Black People and Imperialism”;
definitions of capitalism, imperialism, neocolonialism, class, social class, political class,
class struggle, productive forces, and productive relations; television.
Principal Correspondent: C. Kimya.
0523 Congress of African People, Publications, 1973–1974 and n.d. 54 frames.
Major Topics: Baraka, “Crisis in Boston!!! A Black Revolutionary Analysis of the Ruling Class
Conspiracy to Agitate Racial Violence Around Busing in Boston”; Ahmed Sékou Touré,
“The Political Leader Considered as the Representative of A Culture”; Ahmed Sékou
Touré, “Afrika and Imperialism”; Amilcar Cabral; PAIGC.

7

Frame No.

0578 National Conference on Black Power, Philadelphia, 1968. 13 frames.
0591 National Black Assembly, Planning Documents, 1971. 82 frames.
Major Topics: Cheo Elimu on leadership; CFUN; organization of black political party; national
liberation; law enforcement; education; health care; housing; politics; community
organizations.
Principal Correspondents: Kasisi Nakawa; Cheo Elimu; Cheo Hodari; Jeledi Kalamka; Cheo
Songea; Mwanafunzi Taalamu; Cheo Majadi.
0673 National Black Assembly, National Black Political Convention, 1972. 60 frames.
Major Topics: National Black Political Agenda; Gary declaration.
0733 National Black Assembly, Baraka Writings, 1972. 22 frames.
Major Topics: “Toward the Creation of Political Institutions for All African Peoples”; “Black
Nationalism: 1972.”
0755 National Black Assembly, Newspaper Clippings from Amsterdam News, 1972. 15 frames.
Major Topics: National Black Political Convention; Gary declaration.
0770 National Black Assembly, National Black Political Convention, Newspaper Clippings, 1972.
60 frames.
Major Topics: National Black Political Convention; Richard G. Hatcher; Angela Davis; Cesar
Chavez; United Farm Workers; opposition to busing; Baraka, “Black and Angry.”
0830 National Black Assembly, Richard G. Hatcher, 1972 and 1975. 14 frames.
Major Topics: Politics; Democratic Party; Shirley Chisholm; Baraka, “Needed: A
Revolutionary Strategy.”
0844 Pan African Congress, 1974. 55 frames.
Major Topics: Baraka, “Revolutionary Culture and Future of Pan-Afrikan Culture: The
Revolutionary Uses of Culture”; Ahmed Sékou Touré, “Message to the Sixth Pan-Afrikan
Congress”; “General Declaration of the Sixth Pan-African Congress”; speech on
economic development in Africa by Julius K. Nyerere at Sudanese Socialist Union
Headquarters; Ahmed Sékou Touré, “Traitors, Go to Hell!”
0899 National Black Assembly, Ideological Divisions, 1975. 8 frames.
Major Topics: Communism; socialism; black nationalism; Sixth Pan-African Congress.

Reel 4

cont.
0001 National Black Assembly, 1971–1974. 28 frames.
Major Topics: Baraka, “Toward the Creation of Political Institutions for All African Peoples”;
National Black Political Convention, Gary, Indiana; Baraka, “The National Black
Assembly and the Black Liberation Movement.”
0029 National Black Assembly, African Liberation Day, Newspaper Clippings, 1972. 9 frames.
Major Topics: Congressional Black Caucus; African-American National Conference on Africa;
African Liberation Day march; Zanzibar; Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume.
0038 National Black Assembly, Housing Memorandum, n.d. 4 frames.
Major Topics: Housing; urban renewal.
Principal Correspondent: Cheo Komozi.

8

Frame No.

Series 7: Black Women’s United Front
0043 Black Women’s United Front, 1975. 13 frames.
Major Topics: Second national assembly in Detroit; antiracism; anti-imperialism;
anticapitalism; National Black Assembly; Puerto Rican Solidarity Day; Sandra Hill;
International Women’s Day.
0056 Black Women’s United Front, 1976. 9 frames.
Major Topics: Marxism-Leninism; nationalism; International Women’s Day.
Principal Correspondent: C. Johari.
0065 Black Women’s United Front, n.d. 31 frames.
Major Topics: RCL; Amina Baraka, “The Woman Question: Black Women and Struggle”;
“Black Liberation Movement and the Role of Women.”

Series 8: Student Organization for Black Unity
0097 Student Organization for Black Unity, Background, n.d. 19 frames.
Major Topics: Brief organizational history; organizational goals and structure; Nelson N.
Johnson; Tim Thomas; Milton Coleman; John McClendon; Mark Smith; Alvin Evans;
Victor Bond; Jerry Walker.
0116 Student Organization for Black Unity, Newsletter, 1971. 13 frames.
Major Topics: African Solidarity Day; South Africa; Connie Tucker; pan-Africanism;
Abdoulaye Toure; Goibert Rutabanzibwa; University of Florida; United Nations; Uganda;
Malcolm X; Organization for African Unity; Sierra Leone; higher education for African
Americans in North Carolina.

Series 9: African Liberation Support Committee
0130 African Liberation Support Committee, n.d. 31 frames.
Major Topics: Statement of principles; Walter Rodney, “Tanzania, Ujamaa, and Scientific
Socialism”; “CAP Proposal for the Future of ALSC”; NBA.
0161 African Liberation Support Committee, 1973. 33 frames.
Major Topics: Abdul Hakimu Ibn Alkalimat and Nelson Johnson, “Toward the Ideological
Unity of the African Liberation Support Committee: A Response to Criticisms of the ALSC
Statement of Principles Adopted at Frogmore, South Carolina, June–July 1973.”
Major Topics: African Liberation Month handbook; Coalition Against Police Repression;
Atlanta Anti-Repression Coalition; Richard Nixon; Dawolu Gene Locke, “A Few Remarks
in Response to Criticisms of ALSC”; Sixth Pan-African Congress.
Major Topics: CAP; formation of ALSC; “ALSC and the Black Liberation Movement”; RWL;
history of ALSC; African liberation movements; communism; civil rights movement;
nationalism; African Liberation Day; National Anti-Imperialist Conference.
0376 African Liberation Support Committee, 1975–1976. 60 frames.
Major Topics: Organizational structure; history of ALSC; African Liberation Day; CPUSA;
Atlanta chapter; statement of principles; goals; RWL; CAP; NBA; New York ALSC
position paper on Angola; New York ALSC position paper on continuation of national
ALSC; Bay Area position paper on continuation of national ALSC; Baltimore ALSC
proposal for future of national ALSC.

9

Frame No.

0436 African Liberation Support Committee, Recommendations from Local Chapters, n.d.
30 frames.
Major Topics: Atlanta, Bay area, and Newark ALSC proposals for future of national ALSC;
criticism of James Kilpatrick by CAP; television.
Principal Correspondent: C. Safi.

Series 10: Revolutionary Communist League
0467 Revolutionary Communist League, Documents, 1976–1982. 49 frames.
Major Topics: Haitian May 18th Revolutionary Organization—New Democracy; RCL program;
August Twenty-Ninth Movement; Committee to Unite Marxist-Leninists; Workers
Viewpoint Organization; celebration of the Russian and Chinese revolutions; Howard
Fuller, “King is a Warrior” [Martin Luther King Jr.].
0516 Revolutionary Communist League, Miscellaneous, n.d. 52 frames.
Major Topics: African liberation movements; International Working Women’s Day position
paper on role of women; Marxism-Leninism; “Resolutions of the Communist International
on the Negro Question in the United States”; “Position on Trade Unions and Organizing
in Factories”; “Building a Revolutionary Communist Party.”
0568 Revolutionary Communist League, “The Black Nation: Position of the Revolutionary
Communist League (M-L-M) on the Afro-American National Question,” n.d. 63 frames.
Major Topic: History of Black liberation struggle.
0631 Revolutionary Communist League, August Twenty-Ninth Movement (ATM), 1976.
41 frames.
Major Topics: Capitalism; Caterpillar Tractor Company; Greg Jones; Africa; Angola; USSR;
May Day 1976.
0672 Revolutionary Communist League, Coalition to End Police Brutality, [1975]. 4 frames.
Major Topics: Minutes of meeting; Wadall Traywich.
Principal Correspondent: Cheo Komozi.
0676 Revolutionary Communist League, Puerto Rican Revolutionary Workers Organization
(PRRWO), 1976. 18 frames.
Major Topic: “PRRWO and RWL: Not a ‘Revolutionary Wing,’ But a Dangerous Duo!”
0694 Revolutionary Communist League, Puerto Rican Revolutionary Workers Organization (2),
1974 and 1976. 154 frames.
Major Topics: “Party Building in the Heat of the Class Struggle”; imperialism; Marxism-
Leninism; May Day; antiradicalism in United States; labor unions; “In the U.S., Pregnant
with Revisionism: The Struggle for Proletarian Revolution Moves Ahead—The Political
Positions of the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Workers Organization.”

Reel 5

Series 10: Revolutionary Communist League cont.
0001 Revolutionary Communist League, Revolutionary Workers League, 1976. 90 frames.
Major Topics: Bolshevik: Organ of the Revolutionary Workers League (May 1976); “The
National Question in the U.S. Today”; pan-Africanism; “History of the Modern Black
Liberation Movement and the Black Workers Congress—Summed Up.”
0091 Revolutionary Communist League, Women Question and Other Position Papers, 1977.
34 frames.
Major Topics: Women question; August Twenty-Ninth Movement; Equal Rights Amendment;
Marxist-Leninist organizations.

10

Frame No.

0125 Revolutionary Communist League, Baraka Articles, Drafts, n.d. 69 frames.
Major Topics: “Proposal for Change of Line in RCL (M-L-M)”; “RCL’s Position in the 2-line
Struggle in the International Communist Movement”; “Report on Meeting with Worker’s
Congress—June 10”; “Hail the 57th Anniversary of the Great and Correct CPC [Chinese
Communist Party]”; “China”; “Important Questions” [Albania-China Question]; “Cadre
Development”; “Lines in the Struggle.”
0194 Revolutionary Communist League, Pamphlets, 1975–1977 and n.d. 107 frames.
Major Topics: Class Struggle: Journal of Communist Thought (Summer 1975); Chicano
liberation; Mexico; China; Revolutionary Union; capitalism; USSR; Workers Viewpoint;
labor unions; The Red Banner: The Theoretical Journal of the August Twenty-Ninth
Movement (M-L) (Winter 1976–1977); October League; PRRWO; Communist
International; CPUSA; communist organizing in factories.

Series 11: African Socialism
0302 African Socialism, Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere, n.d. 7 frames.
Major Topic: “Ujamaa—The Basis of African Socialism.”
0309 African Socialism, Ahmed Sékou Touré, 1973. 47 frames.
Major Topics: “Revolution and Production”; African Youth Movement for Liberation and Unity;
“Africa and Imperialism”; “The Role of Women in the Revolution.”

Series 12: Black Marxists
0357 All African Revolutionary Party, 1980 and n.d. 35 frames.
Major Topics: Background; pan-Africanism; goals; role of women; Black Revolution (Winter
1980); politics; black liberation movement; Assata Shakur; black united front.
0392 Black Workers Congress, ca. 1971. 36 frames.
Major Topics: “The Black Liberation Struggle, The Black Workers Congress and Proletarian
Revolution: A Comprehensive Statement by the Black Workers Congress”; history of
black liberation movement; Marxism-Leninism-Maoism; communism; labor unions;
women; student and youth movements.
0428 James Boggs, “Manifesto for a Black Revolutionary Party,” 1969. 23 frames.
0451 Harry Haywood, Essays, 1957, 1963, 1975, 1980, and n.d. 95 frames.
Major Topics: “For a Revolutionary Position on the Negro Question”; “Some Remarks on the
National Question”; “Harold Cruse Exaggerates the Role of the Negro Bourgeoisie in the
Liberation Struggle”; “Changes in Southern Agriculture”; “What’s Happened to the
Sharecropping System”; “Black Power and the Fight for Socialism.”
0546 Harry Haywood, Essays, 1955, 1981, and n.d. 63 frames.
Major Topics: “The Struggle for the Leninist Position on the Negro Question in the U.S.A.”;
League of Struggle for Negro Rights; “Blacks and the New South”; “For Full and
Unconditional Support to the Negro People’s Freedom Struggle”; “Remarks to the
National Emergency Convention of the CP (M-L), January 24, 1981”; “Remarks by
Veterans at the Second Congress of the CP (M-L); “Remarks: For Agenda Item ‘Who We
Are and What Type of Organization Do We Want?’” [CP (M-L)]; “Remarks on the Chicano
Question.”
0609 Harry Haywood, Essays, 1980–1981. 39 frames.
Major Topics: “Remarks to the Afro-American Commission Meeting, October 1980”;
“Remarks to the Central Committee on Nationalities Work Discussion”; “Introduction: A
House Divided” (African Americans and labor unions); “Black Middle Upper Classes.”

11

Frame No.

0648 Harry Haywood, Essays, n.d. 81 frames.
Major Topics: “Criticism of New Left Communism” (draft); “The Crisis of the New Communist
Movement” (draft).
0729 Harry Haywood, Letter, Notes, and Fragments, 1958 and n.d. 52 frames.
Major Topics: Marxism-Leninism; Europe; March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom; civil
rights movement; NAACP.

Reel 6

Series 12: Black Marxists cont.
0001 Harry Haywood, Tributes, 1985 and 1998. 13 frames.
Major Topics: Haywood biographical sketch; Paul Robeson.
Principal Correspondent: Rebecca Hall.
0014 Odis Hyde, Autobiography (Typescript), n.d. 217 frames.
Major Topics: Childhood in Texas; education; church; employment; migration to Chicago;
Great Depression; Communist Party; politics; labor unions; Congress of Industrial
Organizations; World War II; A. Philip Randolph; March on Washington Movement;
Progressive Party; Henry Wallace; break with Communist Party; housing; Emmett Till;
NAACP; ACT (black freedom organization); Martin Luther King Jr.; “Wall of Respect”;
Fred Hampton; Black Power movement.
0231 C. L. R. James, 1948. 9 frames.
Major Topics: “Negro Liberation Through Revolutionary Socialism: The Socialist Workers
Party Position on the Negro Struggle”; capitalism; labor unions.
0240 Progressive Labor Party (Harlem Branch), [1966]. 17 frames.
Major Topic: “The Plot Against Black America.”
0257 Steel on the Move, 1971. 11 frames.
Major Topics: United Steelworkers of America (USWA); steel industry; Bethlehem Steel
Corporation; Black Workers’ Congress, Steel Division; Steel Workers Organizing
Committee.

Series 13: National Black United Front
0269 Black Leadership Conference, 1979–1980. 23 frames.
Major Topics: By-laws; minutes of steering committee meeting; goals; Ad Hoc Committee for
an Essex County Black Leadership Convention; Darryl Walker Memorial Rally.
Principal Correspondents: Diane Whetstone; Florence Ridley.
0292 National Black United Front, 1980. 114 frames.
Major Topics: “Founding Convention for a National Black United Front: Constitution, By-laws
and Structure of the National Black United Front”; amendments to NBUF constitution;
“The Black Worker in New Jersey”; officers and advisory committee; founding convention
resolutions on social services, labor, international affairs, politics, prisons, youth, art and
culture, health, community organizing, college students, education, employment,
communication, police, women, housing, and armed services; Ngoma and Jaribu Hill,
“Culture: The Pulse of the Liberation Movement”; NBUF background.

12

Frame No.

0406 National Black United Front, 1980–1981. 78 frames.
Major Topics: South Africa; interview with Herbert Daughtry, pastor of House of the Lord
Church in Brooklyn, New York, and chairman of Metropolitan New York Black United
Front; UAW; Ronald Reagan; Komozi [Woodard], “Black United Fronts: Fighting for 150
Years”; Black Convention movement; Niagara movement; Marcus Garvey; Universal
Negro Improvement Association; League of Struggle for Negro Rights; National Negro
Congress; Civil Rights Congress; National Negro Labor Council; United Neighborhoods
Organization; Founding Convention for a National Black United Front program; Jitu
Weusi, “A Brief History of our Efforts to Establish a National Black United Front”; prisons;
statement on MOVE (Philadelphia black radical organization); mailing list; Texas State
convention; Georgia State convention; Philadelphia chapter; Houston chapter.
Principal Correspondents: Jitu Weusi; Herbert Daughtry; Weusi Iman (Paul Washington);
Sabara Akili.
Major Topics: NBUF activities in Newark, New Jersey; Black Leadership Conference; Africa;
slavery; Brooklyn, New York, convention.
Principal Correspondent: Komozi [Woodard].
Major Topics: International affairs; Solidarity Tour; Stop the Apartheid Rugby Tour; Anwar
Sadat; Palestine; Israel; Angola; U.S. military operations, Vieques, Puerto Rico; speech
by Herbert Daughtry at People’s Anti-War Mobilization Rally; South Africa; Congressional
Black Caucus; Haitian boat people; Congress of Black Panamanians; statement on
terrorism; arrest of African workers on Ivory Coast; Farabundo Marti Front for National
Liberation; Antigua; Edward Seaga; Pittsburgh chapter conference on Reaganomics;
Chicago chapter constitution and by-laws; St. Louis chapter; racial violence; Jitu Weusi;
Boys and Girls High School, Brooklyn, New York; second NBUF convention; NBUF
constitution and by-laws; Central Intelligence Agency; black liberation struggle; National
Black Independent Political Party.
Principal Correspondents: Adeyemi Bandele; Ron Herndon; John Jackson; Jitu Weusi;
Herbert Daughtry.
0591 National Black United Front, 1979–1981. 98 frames.
Major Topics: Interview with Herbert Daughtry; Andrew Young; Ahmed Sékou Touré;
interview with Dave Richardson, co-chairperson of Philadelphia chapter; Holman prison,
Alabama; Attica state prison (Attica Correctional Facility); interview with David Sibeko;
pan-Africanism; Napanoch prison, New York; Guyana; Uhuru Sasa-Al Karim Farming
Livestock Cooperative; Black Acupuncture Association of North America; Uhuru Food
Co-op Inc.; Founding Convention for a National Black United Front program; Jitu Weusi,
“A Brief History of our Efforts to Establish a National Black United Front”; speech by
Herbert Daughtry at New York Metropolitan branch meeting, February 6, 1979; report by
Herbert Daughtry on local chapters and national and international program; NBUF
background; Ngoma and Jaribu Hill, “Culture: The Pulse of the Liberation Movement.”

Series 14: Miscellaneous Materials, 1978–1988
0690 Interview with Baraka, 1978. 21 frames.
Major Topics: Early influences; education; Howard University; poetry; literature; “Malcolm
Remembered” (poem).
0711 Black Writers Conference, Baraka Statements, 1978. 8 frames.
Major Topics: “Black Writing: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow”; Nathan Heard; Claude
Brown; Ngugi Wa Thiong’o (James Ngugi).

13

Frame No.

0719 Yosef A. A. ben-Jochannan, “The Saga of the ‘Black Marxists’ versus the ‘Black
Nationalists’: A Debate Resurrected,” 1978. 180 frames.
Major Topics: Marcus Garvey; Universal Negro Improvement Association; W. E. B. Du Bois;
pan-Africanism; cultural nationalism; black nationalism; Marxism; Africa; Liberia; racism;
evolution; anthropology.

Reel 7

Series 14: Miscellaneous Materials, 1978–1988 cont.
0001 Darryl Walker Shooting, 1979. 13 frames.
Major Topics: Mass march and rally in memory of Darryl Walker, youth shot by Orange, New
Jersey, police; suspension of police officers Richard Conti and Ronald Martin; sit-in in
Orange mayor’s office.
0014 Baraka, “Afro-American Literature and Class Struggle,” ca. 1980. 12 frames.
0026 Pamphlets, 1982–1985. 96 frames.
Major Topics: Michael Simanga, “The Ku Klux Klan and the Black Liberation Movement”;
Michael Simanga, “Remember Malcolm X: Build the Black United Front”; Michael
Simanga, “Build the Black United Front”; Michael Simanga, “Lessons of Reconstruction”;
Michael Simanga, “ALD: The Struggle Continues”; Michael Simanga, “Malcolm X and
Black Leadership Today”; Forward Motion: Black History Month Perspectives, Factors
Affecting Black Youth; Malcolm X; Harry Haywood; black studies; black liberation;
Komozi [Woodard]; children; black student activism in Boston, Massachusetts; poetry;
Bennie Lenard; police brutality; UAW; Marxism; labor unions in Great Britain; British
National Union of Mineworkers; Trade Union Congress; Ronald Reagan; Education for
Socialists: Independent Black Political Action, 1954–1978: The Struggle to Break with the
Democratic and Republican Parties; Socialist Workers Party; Congress of Industrial
Organizations; Newark, New Jersey; politics; Democratic Party; Edward Atkinson;
Freedom Now Party; Lowndes County Freedom Organization; Black Power; Carl B.
Stokes; Lyndon Baines Johnson; Richard G. Hatcher; Black Panther Party; Bobby Seale;
Elaine Brown; National Black Political Convention, Gary, Indiana; National Black Political
Agenda; Harold Wilson.
0122 Coalition of Black Trade Unionists, 1980. 9 frames.
Major Topics: National Black Workers Organizing Committee; Department of Transportation.
Principal Correspondents: William Lucy; Charles Hayes; Cleveland Robinson; Alzada Clark;
William Simons; Horace Sheffield; Robert Simpson; James Haughton.
0131 “The Role of Black Marxist-Leninists in the Black Liberation Movement,” ca. 1982.
14 frames.
0145 People’s Hearings and People’s Trial, Police Brutality, Brooklyn, 1984. 11 frames.
Principal Correspondent: Komozi Woodard.
0156 Baraka, Pamphlets, 1986–1987. 19 frames.
Major Topics: “Nationalism, Self-Determination, and Socialist Revolution”; “If Goetz Goes
Free Black People Should Arm Themselves.”
0175 Baraka, Article on Jesse Jackson Presidential Candidacy, 1988. 67 frames.
Major Topics: Jesse Jackson; Mickey Leland; Toney Anaya; Latinos; Kenneth Blaylock; labor
unions; English-only movement; Ronald Reagan; Chicano movement; bilingual
education; Chicano music; poetry.
0242 Miscellaneous Printed Materials, 1977–1979. 14 frames.
Major Topics: National Black Human Rights Coalition; NAACP; lawyers and legal services;
East Central Committee for Opportunity; Hancock County, Georgia; Internal Revenue
Service.
Principal Correspondents: Roy Wilkins; Nathan Jones.

14

Frame No.

Series 15: Serial Publications
0257 The African World, Volume II, July–September 1972. 70 frames.
Major Topics: Vietnam War; Muammar Qaddafi; African American soldiers; South African
miners; Ben Chavis; United Black Prisoners Freedom Movement; African Liberation Day;
Portugal; Brazil; Willis McCall; Amilcar Cabral; PAIGC; Ethiopia; Haile Selassie;
Voorhees College, Denmark, South Carolina; Fresno State University; Central prison,
Raleigh, North Carolina; Abibiman Adesaufo Fekuw (Black Student Organization); World
Black Festival of Arts and Culture; radio; Democratic Party; Rex Harris; housing in New
York City; Tanzania; Kwame Nkrumah; pan-Africanism; Ruchell Magee; Jim Grant; Larry
Miller; John Conyers; Nigerian Students Union in the Americas Inc.; Burundi; Puerto
Rican independence movement; YOBU; busing; North Carolina Black Political
Convention; Republic of New Africa; Zambia; black employees at Library of Congress;
National Black Political Convention, Gary, Indiana; hunger; slavery; strike by Mississippi
poultry workers; Pan-African Students Organization in the Americas; Attica prison, New
York; Richard Nixon; education; speech by Ahmed Sékou Touré in honor of Kwame
Nkrumah; home rule in Washington, D.C.; Olympics; South Africa; American Indians;
politics in Greene County, Alabama; Malcolm X Liberation University; repression of black
leaders; urban renewal; Government Employees United Against Racial Discrimination;
role of women in African liberation movement; health; employment at Walter Reed Army
Medical Center; discrimination against African American workers by Nabisco Corporation
and Bakery and Confectionery Workers International Union of America; Graterford prison,
Graterford, Pennsylvania; welfare legislation; Billy Smith; sports; China and Africa; North
Carolina Criminal Task Force; politics in Omaha, Nebraska; Cuba; Pennsylvania State
University.
0327 The African World, Volume III, August–December 1973. 50 frames.
Major Topics: Richard Nixon; Jim Grant; Namibia; wildcat strikes in Detroit automobile plants;
UAW; NAACP; South Vietnam; oil industry; drugs; lynching; Iran; Amilcar Cabral; Liberia;
PAIGC; ALSC; Attica prison, New York; Salvador Allende; police; Chile; United Nations;
Pan-African Students Organization in the Americas; Wounded Knee; AIM; Guinea-
Bissau; Seneca Indians; black workers; Republic of New Africa; Cleveland Sellers;
copper industry; Israel; H. Rap Brown; Symbionese Liberation Army; Henry Kissinger;
Howard University; employment discrimination; Palestine; Charlotte-Mecklenburg, North
Carolina, schools; Maynard Jackson; Robert F. Williams; Watergate; Ghana; Black
People United For Prison Reform.
0377 The African World, Volume IV, February–July 1974. 48 frames.
Major Topics: Death penalty cases in North Carolina; Thomas Wansley; ALSC statement on
oil and imperialism; African American women steel workers; Guinea-Bissau; housing in
Newark, New Jersey; Richard Nixon; education; television; Jim Grant; T. J. Reddy;
Charles Parker; ALSC steering committee meeting; International Longshoreman’s
Association; Grenada; welfare programs; United Nations; Wounded Knee trial; sanitation
workers in Alabama; farms; Babatunde Folayemi art exhibit in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;
Washington, D.C., hospital workers; Oglala Sioux Indians; steelworkers at Bethlehem
Steel’s Sparrow’s Point plant; ALSC Conference on Racism and Imperialism; anti–death
penalty rally; University of Connecticut; demonstration against inflation; Sixth Pan-African
Congress; Attica prison, New York; police; African Liberation Day; Conference on Racism
and Imperialism workshops on politics, youth, labor, unemployment and women;
statements from Conference on Racism and Imperialism by All African People’s Party,
Abdul Alkalimat, Stokely Carmichael, Kwadwo Akpan, Owusu Sadaukai, and Baraka;
government housing programs; South Africa; busing in Boston; Mozambique; Howard
University; Southern University; Service Employees International Union strike in
Washington, D.C.; wildcat strike by Detroit telephone operators; March Against
Repression and Police Brutality in Newark, New Jersey; Puerto Rican independence
movement; Zaire.

15

Frame No.

0425 The African World, Volume IV, February 1975. 10 frames.
Major Topics: February First Movement; police; black workers at Genesco apparel plant in
Nashville, Tennessee; sugar workers; Central Intelligence Agency; Gerald Ford; Ethiopia;
unemployment; Vietnam veterans; black intellectuals; Jim Grant; Puerto Rico; United
Nations; strike by workers at South Africa’s Vaal Reef’s gold mining complex; hospital
workers in Alabama; tenant organizations; Angola.
0435 Black Nation, Volumes 2–4, 1982–1984. 87 frames.
Major Topics: “The Black Masses and Black Artists”; Baraka, “Nationalism, Self-
Determination, and Socialist Revolution”; interview with Margaret Walker; poetry;
Langston Hughes, “Scottsboro Limited”; conviction of Baraka for resisting arrest; Ronald
Reagan; Baraka, “Marxist-Leninist Revolutionary Theory: Its Relation and Application to
the Third World and African Americans”; Abdul Rahman Mohamed Babu, “Africa: Discard
a False Approach! There is No Alternative to Socialism”; interview with Zwelakhe Sisulu;
South Africa; Baraka, “Tom Feelings: A People’s Artist”; Ngugi Wa Thiong’o; Kenya;
interview with Alice Lovelace; Southern Collective of African American Writers; spirituals;
Newark Artists Collective; Democratic Party; Jesse Jackson; politics; Louis Farrakhan;
Jews; Baraka, “Bloody Neo-Colonialism or The Murder of Mikey Smith or The Murder of
Walter Rodney or The Murder of Maurice Bishop”; interview with Don Rojas; Grenada;
New Jewel Movement; interview with Michael Smith; poetry; Clive Y. Thomas, “Walter
Rodney and the Caribbean Revolution”; Baraka, “International Book Fair of Radical Black
and Third World Books”; Baraka, “Vincent Smith: The Original Hipster as Artist”; jazz
pianists; Baron James Ashanti, “The Swansong of Johnny One Note or Just Another
Crisis in Black Cultural Nationalism: Review of Earthquakes and Sunrise Missions by
Haki Madhubuti (Don L. Lee)”; Ku Klux Klan.
0522 Black NewArk, Volume 1, 1968. 6 frames.
Major Topics: Stokely Carmichael; assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.; United Black
Brothers; women; Black Power; H. Rap Brown; Albert Cleage; Jihad Productions.
0528 Black NewArk, Volume 1, September–November 1972. 25 frames.
Major Topics: Education; CAP; Marcus Garvey School; Progressive Bank; Newark Board of
Education; Julius K. Nyerere; African Free School; NewArk School; Chad School; arrest
of Max Stanford by FBI; Amina Baraka, “Social Development: Education as a Social
Tool”; Baraka, “Raise” [Richard Nixon, right-wing repression]; radio; Kawaida Towers;
CFUN; All African Games (sports); Amilcar Cabral; Amina Baraka, “Social Organization:
The Work of a Society”; National Black Assembly; black studies; Baraka,
“Communications are Critical”; Amina Baraka, “Social Organization: Ritual Celebrating
the Birth of Our Children”; OYE Inc; James Brown; Leo Baraka; Baraka, “Education for
Liberation”; Louis M. Turco.
0553 Black NewArk, Volume 2, January–March 1973. 17 frames.
Major Topics: Richard Nixon; Kawaida Towers; Edward L. Kerr; National Black Assembly;
UCC; CAP; Charlie Bell; Temple of Kawaida; Baraka, “Raise: SDS Intervenes at Kawaida
Towers”; education; teachers; Amilcar Cabral; Vailsburg High School; CFUN; Stokely
Carmichael; H. Rap Brown; All Africa Games; Namibia; Marcus Garvey School; Malcolm
X; Baraka, “Raise: Viewing the Body”; Baraka’s trip to Guinea; housing; International
Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers; Cleveland Sellers;
Mozambique; Baraka, “Raise: The Struggle Continues.”

16

Frame No.

0570 Black NewArk, Volume 2, April–June 1973. 24 frames.
Major Topics: Kawaida Towers; Anthony Imperiale; police; Newark Housing Authority; Horace
Sharper; African Liberation Day; Richard Nixon; Temple of Kawaida; Adhimu Changa;
International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers;
National Black Assembly; Baraka, “Raise” [politics; Black Power]; Salvatore Bontempo;
Democratic Party; Louis Turco; Spiro Agnew; CAP; Richard G. Hatcher; Institute of
Positive Education; John Cryan; Mangaliso Sobukwe; South African miners; Baraka,
“Raise: Ujamaa, Small Business, Socialism, and Capitalism”; Unity movement; H. Rap
Brown; Wounded Knee; Black and Puerto Rican Mini-Convention; politics; art; Vincent
Smith; Baraka, “Raise: Nixxxing Nixxxon”; revolution; China; pre–Civil War black
Nationalism; police brutality in Jamaica, New York; women; Newark Teachers Union;
Samora Machel; Amina Baraka, “On African Dress”; Baraka, “Raise” [Watergate, politics].
0594 Black NewArk, Volume 2, July–September 1973. 26 frames.
Major Topics: Voter registration; Unity movement; Kawaida Towers; politics; Stanley Taylor;
Booker T. Cartwright; Donald Payne; Bobby Seale; police brutality; Cesar Chavez; United
Farm Workers; African Liberation Day; Stokely Carmichael; Amina Baraka, “Social
Development: Raise Your Values”; Baraka, “Raise” [Kawaida doctrine]; oil industry;
Anthony Imperiale; Sonny Carson; Edward L. Kerr; Frank Hutchins; CFUN; Tanganyikan
African Nationalist Union; Amina Baraka, “Social Development: On African Women”;
Baraka, “African Revolutionary Class-Value Analysis, Part 1”; Jesse Jacob; Kenneth
Gibson; National Black Assembly; Jim Nance; Dennis Westbrooks; National Caucus
Labor Committee; Dennis Speed; African Free School; Marcus Garvey; Amina Baraka,
“Social Development: Beginning African National Educational Institutions”; Baraka,
“Raise” [attacks on nationalism and pan-Africanism]; Chile; Salvador Allende; Puerto
Rico; Cleveland Sellers; Rosie Douglas; H. Rap Brown; Alphonso Roman; women;
Baraka, “Raise: The Woman’s Role.”
0620 Black NewArk, Volume 2, October–December 1973. 24 frames.
Major Topics: Guinea-Bissau; Essex County Democratic Party; use of “k” in Afrika; Kawaida
Towers; Kaimu Mtetezi (David Barrett); CAP; ALSC; Leo Baraka; Baraka, “Raise”
[revolutionary nationalism, pan-Africanism, China, USSR]; Louis M. Turco; Spiro Agnew;
Richard G. Hatcher; Unity Movement; Institute of Positive Education; Minnie Allen
Thomas; John Cryan; National Black Assembly; Mangaliso Sobukwe; South African
miners; Luis Cabral; Baraka, “Raise: Ujamaa, Small Business, Socialism and Capitalism”;
Democratic Party; Sixth Pan-African Congress; Blanton Jones; housing; education;
Baraka, “Raise: Mickey Mouse Joins the Storm Troopers”; oil shortage; Kwanzaa;
women; Baraka, “Raise: Pig Neo-Pig Opportunism.”
0644 Black NewArk, Volume 3, January–March 1974. 21 frames.
Major Topics: Politics; radio; Amilcar Cabral; CAP African Women’s Conference; police
review board; Mangaliso Sobukwe; Baraka, “Raise” [revolution, politics, imperialism, oil
industry]; Trenton state prison; oil crisis; Peter Rodino; E. Wyman Garrett; Yvonne
Golden; Ruwa Chiri; Newark Board of Education; women; Baraka, “Raise: Nationalist
Aspects of National Liberation.”
0665 Unity and Struggle, Volume 2, October–November 1973. 12 frames.
Major Topics: Guinea-Bissau; ALSC; CAP; use of “k” in Afrika; Kawaida Towers; Mangaliso
Sobukwe; Owusu Sadaukai; Leo Baraka; Baraka, “Raise” [China, USSR]; Richard G.
Hatcher; Unity movement; Institute of Positive Education; John Cryan; National Black
Assembly; South African miners; Luis Cabral; Baraka, “Raise: Ujamaa, Small Business,
Socialism and Capitalism.”

17

Frame No.

0677 Unity and Struggle, Volume 3, January–April 1974. 25 frames.
Major Topics: National Black Political Convention; Amilcar Cabral; CAP African Women’s
Conference; Wilt Chamberlain; police review board; Trenton state prison; politics; Baraka,
“Raise” [revolution, politics, imperialism, oil industry]; oil crisis; Peter Rodino; E. Wyman
Garrett; Yvonne Golden; Ruwa Chiri; Julius K. Nyerere; Newark Board of Education;
women; Baraka, “Raise: Nationalist Aspects of National Liberation”; police; National
Caucus Labor Committee; housing; discrimination at Newark airport; Sixth Pan-African
Congress; National Union for Total Independence of Angola; Baraka, “Raise: The
Meaning and Development of Revolutionary Kawaida” [two parts]; FBI.

Reel 8

Series 15: Serial Publications cont.
0001 Unity and Struggle, Handbook: The Revolutionary Use of A Newspaper in the Development
and Organization of the Vanguard Party, May 1974. 29 frames.
0030 Unity and Struggle, Volume 3, October–December 1974. 24 frames.
Major Topics: Sandra Hill; Peter Rodino; Puerto Rico; James Boggs; education; October
Revolution; China; police brutality; busing in Boston; Haki Madhubuti; Jitu Weusi; Rubin
“Hurricane” Carter; Richard Nixon; Watergate; United Steelworkers of America; Baraka,
“Raise: Needed: Black Socialist Intellectuals”; economic conditions; Unity movement;
bilingual education; prisons; CAP; Baraka, “Raise: On Being Incorrect”; Yassir Arafat;
Palestine; National Black Assembly; housing in Newark; Jesse Jacob; South Africa;
automobile workers; Roy Wilkins; BWUF; Baraka, “Raise: Sectarianism, Undermining,
Secret Agents and Struggle.”
0054 Unity and Struggle, Volume 4, January–April 1975. 41 frames.
Major Topics: BWUF; CAP; workers; police brutality; prisons; economic conditions; Haki
Madhubuti; Jitu Weusi; Idi Amin Dada; Africa; Baraka, “Raise: Black Liberation is a
Struggle for Socialism”; Albert Shanker; United Federation of Teachers; Detroit public
schools; steel industry; Baraka, “Raise: Black Women’s United Front and National Black
Assembly Meetings Analyzed”; USSR; pre–Civil War black nationalism; Council of
Foreign Relations; Baraka, “Raise: Black Liberation Today”; Cambodia; National Black
Assembly; International Women’s Day; CAP; Nathaniel Davis; Mao Tse-tung; Baraka,
“Raise: 2 Line Struggle Heats Up NBA.”
0095 Unity and Struggle, Volume 4, May–June 1975. 29 frames.
Major Topics: ASLC; May Day (International Workers Day); CAP; Zimbabwe African National
Union; Cambodia; Vietnam War; economic conditions; National Black Assembly; African
Liberation Day; crime; housing; Tenant United Front; Mao Tse-tung; Baraka, “Raise:
Revolutionary Nationalism=Scientific Socialism, Our Cry: Liberation of the Black Nation”;
Organization of African Unity; police brutality; BWUF; Zambia; Kenneth Kaunda; National
Union for the Total Independence of Angola; Baraka, “Raise: Capitalism On It’s
Deathbed.”

18

Frame No.

0124 Unity and Struggle, Volume 4, October–November 1975. 53 frames.
Major Topics: Portugal; Angola; India; Zimbabwe African National Union; economic
conditions; H. Rap Brown; Tanzania; Joseph Sese Seku Mobutu; Mao Tse-tung; Baraka,
“Raise: Against Some Bogus Types Posing as Revolutionaries”; United Nations; Idi Amin
Dada; ALSC; BWUF; pre–Civil War black nationalism; CPSU; Baraka, “Raise: People’s
Opposition to Capitalist Lieutenant Ford Intensifies, Danger of War Between
Superpowers Increases”; Henry Kissinger; Anwar El Sadat; police brutality; Clarence
Mitchell; Baraka, “Raise: U.S. ‘Diplomacy’ Doomed Sinai Pact and China Visit Miss”;
National Black Assembly; Middle East; Zionism; Eldridge Cleaver; Rubin “Hurricane”
Carter; Assata Shakur; Congressional Black Caucus; Baraka, “Raise: Amiri Baraka
Resigns as Secretary General of the National Black Assembly: CAP Calls for
Intensification of Struggle Inside the National Black Assembly.”
0177 Unity and Struggle, Volume 5, January–June and October 1976. 102 frames.
Major Topics: Angola; Robert F. Williams; Palestine; pre–Civil War black nationalism; CPSU;
ALSC; Baraka, “Raise: Imperialism and Revolution” [three parts]; USSR; H. Rap Brown;
Chou En-lai; Spain; October League; National Fightback Conference; CAP; International
Women’s Day; BWUF; police brutality; Paul Robeson; USSR; Puerto Rican Solidarity
Committee; Kawaida Towers; prisons; Baraka, “Raise: Black Liberation Today” [2 parts];
May Day; China; Richard Nixon; Marxism; RCL (M-L-M); history of CAP; Mao Tse-tung.
0279 Unity and Struggle, Volume 6, 1977. 25 frames.
Major Topics: May Day; RCL; African Liberation Day; Assata Shakur; pre–Civil War black
nationalism; CPSU; history of black freedom struggle [part 1]; economic conditions;
revolution; Mao Tse-tung.
Major Topics: Southern Africa; University of California Regents v. Bakke; economic
conditions; ALSC; Workers Viewpoint Organization; pre–Civil War black nationalism;
history of black freedom struggle [parts 2–3]; RCL; CPSU; capitalism; women; Middle
East; Palestine Liberation Organization; strike by mine workers; George Meany; United
Mine Workers of America; May Day; black liberation; police brutality; USSR; China; Black
Writers Conference; October Revolution.
Major Topics: African Liberation Day; oil crisis; Equal Rights Amendment; Liberia; welfare
programs; self-determination; affirmative action.
0395 Main Trend, 1978–1981. 92 frames.
Major Topics: Television police shows; review of miniseries about Martin Luther King Jr.;
Equal Rights Amendment; affirmative action; University of California Regents v. Bakke;
science fiction films; workers; May Day; music; Anti-Imperialist Cultural Union; self-
determination; Africa; police; Ngugi wa Thiong’o; poetry; baseball; Jimmy Hoffa; interview
with San Francisco Mime Troupe; abortion; United League; Mississippi; Festival of
People’s Culture; literature.
0487 IFCO News, October and December 1972. 17 frames.
Major Topics: CFUN; Florida fruit pickers; Florida Farm Workers Organization; radio; Douglas
Sakiestewa; Beulah Sanders; IFCO Community Organization Training Institute; Amilcar
Cabral; PAIGC; AIM; Owusu Sadaukai; Atha Baugh; Dorothy Spaulding; Latin American
Union for Civil Rights; drug rehabilitation programs.

Series 16: Oral Histories
0505 Administrative Correspondence, 1985–1986. 10 frames.
Major Topics: Grant from New Jersey Historical Commission; agreements to participate in
oral history project; project description.
Principal Correspondents: Giles R. Wright; John Henrik Clarke; James Turner; Vicki Garvin;
Komozi Woodard.

19

Frame No.

0515 Administration, Project Design, [ca. 1985]. 27 frames.
Major Topics: “The Making of Black NewArk: An Oral History of the Impact of the Freedom
Movement on Newark Politics”; questions for Taalamu (Tim Holiday); general questions;
questions for Maulana Ron Karenga; “Black Oral History Questionnaire of the
Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission”; potential interviewees and contact
list.
0542 Administration, Questionnaires, [ca. 1985]. 19 frames.
Major Topics: General question; questions for Salimu, Imarisha, Majadi, Amina Baraka,
Donald Tucker, Baraka, and Honey Ward.
0561 Amiri Baraka, 1986. 55 frames.
Major Topics: Childhood; education; early experiences with race pride and racism;
employment; Newark in 1940s; Spirit House; poetry; Lumumba demonstration at United
Nations; African Free School; Maulana Ron Karenga; Black Arts movement; US
Organization; Black Panther Party; San Francisco State University; Newark politics;
Martin Luther King Jr.
0616 Eugene Campbell, 1985. 36 frames.
Major Topics: Childhood; education; superintendent of schools in Newark; Marcus Garvey
School; African Free School; Newark Board of Education.
0652 John Henrik Clarke, [1985]. 14 frames.
Major Topics: Pan-Africanism; Sixth Pan-African Congress; Baraka; CAP; Marxism;
nationalism; National Black Assembly; ALSC; Marcus Garvey.
0666 Vicki Garvin, n.d. 26 frames.
Major Topics: Childhood in Harlem; employment; education; first job at American League for
Peace and Democracy; United Office and Professional Workers of America; higher
education; Smith College; National War Labor Board; McCarthyism; Congress of
Industrial Organizations; Greater New York Negro Labor Victory Committee; National
Negro Labor Council; Paul Robeson; Ernie Thompson; House Committee on Un-
American Activities; Africa; harassed by State Department; W. E. B. Du Bois; Malcolm X;
China; Robert F. Williams; return to United States to Newark, New Jersey; travel;
Committee to Eliminate Media Offensive to African People; Sisters Against South African
Apartheid.
0692 Larry Hamm (Adhimu Chunga), 1985. 21 frames.
Major Topics: United Church of Christ; education; Newark riot of 1967; politics; Newark Board
of Education; Kenneth Gibson; NewArk; Newark Teachers Union strike; appointed to
Newark Board of Education; Baraka; CFUN; Jesse Jacob; NewArk Student Federation;
Vailsburg High School; demonstrations; Kawaida Towers.

Reel 9

Series 16: Oral Histories cont.
0001 Wilnora Holman, 1984. 26 frames.
Major Topics: Newark schools; employment; Paul Robeson; Nation of Islam; Irvine Turner;
Baraka; Newark riot of 1967; Black Power; housing; police; 1969 Black and Puerto Rican
Convention; Kenneth Gibson; education; racial discrimination.
0027 Maulana Ron Karenga, 1985. 33 frames.
Major Topics: Racism; African American history; University of California at Los Angeles; civil
rights movement; SNCC; US Organization; Baraka; CFUN; Kwanzaa; Kawaida; naming
of Baraka; political organizing; black united front; Temporary Alliance of Local
Organizations; Malcolm X; ideology.

20

Frame No.

0060 Baba Mshauri (Russell Bingham), 1984. 85 frames.
Major Topics: Marcus Garvey; Paul Robeson; World War I; Newark politics; Baraka; Maulana
Ron Karenga; National Black Political Convention; Jesse Jackson; Earl Harris; United
Brothers; segregation; Republican Party; Democratic Party; Franklin Delano Roosevelt;
industry; employment; NAACP; Kenneth Gibson; UCC.
0145 Paul Sanders Nakawa, 1985. 47 frames.
Major Topics: Education; civil rights movement; SNCC; Newark riot of 1967; Black Power
Conference; Baraka; United Brothers; Maulana Ron Karenga.
0192 Saidi Nguvu, 1985. 74 frames.
Major Topics: Racism; lynching of Emmett Till; farming; Mississippi; civil rights movement;
armed forces; United Brothers; Newark politics; Kenneth Gibson; housing; Baraka;
Maulana Ron Karenga.
0266 Bill Reynolds, [1984]. 45 frames.
Major Topics: Vietnam war; armed forces; Agent Orange; black freedom movement;
employment.
0311 Salimu (Nettie Rogers), 1986. 40 frames.
Major Topics: Race pride; education; Black Arts movement; CFUN; Newark movement;
National Black Assembly; role of women in black freedom movement; Maulana Ron
Karenga.
0351 Taalamu (Tim Holliday), 1985. 27 frames.
Major Topics: Princeton Cooperative School program; Rutgers College, New Brunswick;
Kawaida; CFUN; United Brothers; Newark politics.
0378 Donald Tucker, 1986. 40 frames.
Major Topics: Armed forces; NAACP; CORE; United Brothers; CFUN; Maulana Ron Karenga;
Black and Puerto Rican Convention; Newark politics; Baraka; Kawaida Towers.
0418 Honey Ward, [1986]. 55 frames.
Major Topics: Migration to Newark; racism; segregation; Jews; boxing; baseball; Newark
politics; Voters Independent Council; Irvine Turner; Baraka; United Brothers.
0473 Richard Wesley, [1986]. 64 frames.
Major Topics: Clothing; Howard University; SNCC; Stokely Carmichael; Roy Wilkins; Whitney
Young; Spirit House; involvement of artists in politics; Newark politics; Baraka; Newark
schools; Wesley’s literary career.

21

PRINCIPAL CORRESPONDENTS INDEX
The following index is a guide to the major correspondents in this microform publication. The first
number after each entry refers to the reel, while the four-digit number following the colon refers to the
frame number at which a particular file folder containing correspondence by the person begins. Hence,
6: 0406 directs the researcher to the folder that begins at frame 0406 of Reel 6. By referring to the Reel
Index, which constitutes the initial section of this guide, the researcher will find the folder title, inclusive
dates and a list of Major Topics and Principal Correspondents, arranged in the order in which they appear
on the film.

Akili, Sabara Feddish, George
6: 0406 2: 0185
Andrews, Dwight Garvin, Vicki
1: 0214 8: 0505
Bandele, Adeyemi Geiser, Theodore W.
6: 0492 2: 0146
Baraka, Amiri Gibson, Frank G., Jr.
1: 0691; 2: 0085 2: 0050
see also Jones, LeRoi Gibson, Kenneth A.
Bomani, Paul 2: 0149, 0185
1: 0691 Goldstein, Jonathan L.
Brown, Raymond A. 2: 0405
2: 0149 Gqobose, Mfanasekaya P.
Case, Clifford P. 1: 0691
2: 0405 Hall, Rebecca
Chieppa, Joseph C. 6: 0001
2: 0405 Haughton, James
Clark, Alzada 7: 0122
7: 0122 Hayes, Charles
Clarke, John Henrik 7: 0122
8: 0505 Henderson, E. James, Jr.
Curtis, James A. 2: 0405
2: 0391 Herndon, Ron
D’Ascensio, Frank 6: 0492
2: 0085, 0149, 0405 Hodari, Cheo
Daughtry, Herbert 3: 0591
6: 0406, 0492 Hoover, J. Edgar
DeLouise, Michael J. 2: 0550
2: 0185 Hudson, Thomas J.
deWilde, David M. 2: 0405
2: 0405 Hyland, William F.
Elimu, Cheo 2: 0185
3: 0591

23

Iman, Weusi (Paul Washington) Richardson, Deborah J.
6: 0406 1: 0214
Jackson, John Ridley, Florence
6: 0492 6: 0269
Johari, C. Robinson, Cleveland
4: 0056 7: 0122
Johnson, Walter J. Rodney, Walter
2: 0405 1: 0691
Johnston, William L. Safi, C.
2: 0149, 0405 4: 0436
Jones, LeRoi Sheffield, Horace
1: 0214 7: 0122
see also Baraka, Amiri Sheffield, Oliver E.
Jones, Nathan 2: 0050
7: 0242 Simons, William
Kadish, Richard L. 7: 0122
2: 0405 Simpson, Robert
Kalamka, Jeledi 7: 0122
3: 0591 Songea, Cheo
Karenga, Maulana Ron 3: 0591
1: 0691 Taalamu, Mwanafunzi
Kimya, C. 3: 0591
3: 0456 Turner, James
Komozi, Cheo 8: 0505
2: 0149, 0391, 0405; 4: 0038, 0672 Tushinde, Weusi
see also Woodard, Komozi 2: 0085
Lucy, William Vail, Richard W.
7: 0122 2: 0185
Majadi, Cheo Washington, Paul
3: 0591 see Iman, Weusi
Maziarz, Stanley J. Weusi, Jitu
2: 0185 6: 0406, 0492
Mfuasi, Cheo Whetstone, Diane
2: 0085 6: 0269
Nakawa, Kasisi Wilkins, Roy
3: 0591 7: 0242
Notte, Robert Winkler, Arthur
2: 0405 2: 0185
Osborne, Harris H. Woodard, Komozi
2: 0405 6: 0484; 7: 0145; 8: 0505
Patterson, Charles see also Komozi, Cheo
1: 0214 Wright, Giles R.
Patterson, M. E. 8: 0505
2: 0391 Young, Steve
Reed, S. George, Jr. 1: 0214
2: 0405

24

SUBJECT INDEX
The following index is a guide to the major topics, personalities, and activities and programs in this
microform publication. The first number after each entry refers to the reel, while the four-digit number
following the colon refers to the frame number at which a particular file folder containing information on
the subject begins. Hence, 7: 0257 directs the researcher to the folder that begins at frame 0257 of Reel
7. By referring to the Reel Index, which constitutes the initial section of this guide, the researcher will find
the folder title, inclusive dates, and a list of Major Topics and Principal Correspondents, arranged in the
order in which they appear on the film. Researchers should also note that because this entire collection
pertains to the activities of Amiri Baraka, the only entries under the subject “Baraka” refer to his writings,
speeches, and statements. Unless otherwise stated, all entries listed as “Baraka” refer to Amiri Baraka.

Abibiman Adesaufo Fekuw see also African Solidarity Day
7: 0257 see also The African World
Abortion see also All Africa Games
8: 0395 see also Angola
ACT see also Burundi
6: 0014 see also Ethiopia
Addonizio, Hugh J. see also Ghana
1: 0749; 2: 0293, 0310 see also Guinea-Bissau
Ad Hoc Committee for an Essex County see also Ivory Coast
Black Leadership Convention see also Kenya
6: 0269 see also Liberia
Adubato, Steven see also Mozambique
2: 0085 see also Namibia
Affirmative action see also Pan-Africanism
2: 0405; 8: 0376, 0395 see also Partido Africano da Independencia
University of California Regents v. Bakke da Guine ve Cabo Verde
8: 0304, 0395 see also Sierra Leone
Africa see also South Africa
3: 0389; 4: 0631; 6: 0484, 0719; 8: 0054, see also Southern Africa
0395, 0666 see also Tanzania
African American National Conference on see also Uganda
Africa 4: 0029 see also Ujamaa
Baraka correspondence on 1: 0691 see also Zaire
liberation movements 4: 0296, 0516; 5: 0309 see also Zambia
Nyerere, Julius K. 5: 0302 see also Zanzibar
Sékou Touré, Ahmed 3: 0523; 5: 0309 African American National Conference on
Tanganyikan African Nationalist Union Africa
7: 0594 4: 0029
Zimbabwe African National Union 8: 0095 African communalism
see also African Liberation Day see Ujamaa
see also African Liberation Month African Free School
see also African Liberation Support 1: 0617; 2: 0563; 7: 0528, 0594; 8: 0561,
Committee 0616

25

African Liberation Day (ALD) Alabama
2: 0845; 4: 0029, 0296, 0376; 7: 0026, 0257, Greene County 7: 0257
0377, 0570, 0594; 8: 0095, 0279, 0376 Holman prison 6: 0591
see also African Solidarity Day hospital workers in 7: 0425
African Liberation Month Albrecht, Herbert
4: 0194 2: 0085
African Liberation Support Committee Alkalimat, Abdul
(ALSC) Conference on Race and Imperialism
3: 0001, 0247, 0456; 4: 0130–0436; 7: 0327, statement 7: 0377
0620, 0665; 8: 0095, 0124, 0177, 0304, “Toward the Ideological Unity of the African
0652 Liberation Support Committee: A
African Liberation Month Handbook 4: 0194 Response to Criticisms of the ALSC
Conference on Racism and Imperialism Statement of Principles” 4: 0161
7: 0377 All Africa Games
oil and imperialism statement 7: 0377 7: 0528, 0553
“Statement of Principles” 4: 0130 All African People’s Party
steering committee meeting 7: 0377 Conference on Race and Imperialism
African Solidarity Day statement 7: 0377
4: 0116 All African Revolutionary Party
African Women’s Conference 5: 0357
CAP 2: 0689; 7: 0644, 0677 All Afrikan People’s Revolutionary Party
The African World 3: 0001
7: 0257, 0327, 0377, 0425 Allende, Salvador
African Youth Movement for Liberation and 7: 0327, 0594
Unity American Indian Movement (AIM)
5: 0309 7: 0327; 8: 0487
Afro-American Cultural Association see also Wounded Knee, South Dakota
1: 0002 American Indians
Agent Orange 7: 0257
9: 0266 Oglala Sioux 7: 0377
Agnew, Spiro Seneca 7: 0327
7: 0570, 0620 see also American Indian Movement
Agricultural labor see also Wounded Knee, South Dakota
Florida fruit pickers 8: 0487 American League for Peace and Democracy
United Farm Workers Organizing Committee 8: 0666
7: 0594 Amin Dada, Idi
United Farm Workers Union 3: 0770 8: 0054, 0124
Agriculture Anaya, Toney
Haywood, Harry 7: 0175
“Changes in Southern Agriculture” Anderson, S. E.
5: 0451 3: 0001
“What’s Happened to the Sharecropping Angola
System” 5: 0451 4: 0631; 6: 0492; 7: 0425; 8: 0124, 0177
see also Agricultural labor National Union for the Total Independence
see also Farms and farmers of Angola 7: 0677; 8: 0095
Ahmad, Dorothy New York ALSC position paper 4: 0376
“Papa’s Daughter” 1: 0059 Anthropology
Ahmad, Muhammad 6: 0719
“Basic Tenets of Revolutionary Black Antigua
Nationalism” 1: 0662 6: 0492
Akpan, Kwadwo Anti-Imperialist Cultural Union
Conference on Race and Imperialism 8: 0395
statement 7: 0377 see also National Anti-Imperialist
Conference

26

Antipoverty programs Automobile industry
CAP and 2: 0563 7: 0327; 8: 0030
see also Great Society programs see also United Automobile, Aircraft, and
see also Welfare programs Agricultural Implement Workers of
Antiwar activities America
see People’s Anti-War Mobilization Rally Ayler, Albert
Apartheid “To Mr. Jones: I Had a Vision” 1: 0158
see Sisters Against South African Apartheid Babu, Abdul Rahman Mohamed
see Stop the Apartheid Rugby Tour “Africa: Discard a False Approach! There is
Arafat, Yassir No Alternative to Socialism” 7: 0435
8: 0030 Bakery and Confectionery Workers
Armed forces International Union of America
6: 0292; 9: 0192, 0266, 0378 7: 0257
see also Military operations Baldwin, James
see also Military personnel 1: 0002
see also Veterans Baltimore, Maryland
see also Vietnam War ALSC chapter 4: 0376
Arts and culture Banks
1: 0033; 7: 0570 Progressive Bank 7: 0528
Ahmad, Muhammad—views 1: 0662 Baraka, Amina
Babatunde Folayemi exhibit 7: 0377 “On African Dress” 7: 0570
“The Black Masses and Black Artists” “Social Development: Beginning African
7: 0435 National Educational Institutions”
CAP program on 2: 0563 7: 0594
Festival of People’s Culture 8: 0395 “Social Development: Education as a Social
NBUF resolution on 6: 0292 Tool” 7: 0528
Newark Artists Collective 7: 0435 “Social Development: On African Women”
World Black Festival of Arts and Culture 7: 0594
7: 0257 “Social Development: Raise Your Values”
see also Afro-American Cultural Association 7: 0594
see also Anti-Imperialist Cultural Union “Social Organization: Ritual Celebrating the
see also Black Arts movement Birth of Our Children” 7: 0528
see also Black Arts Repertory “Social Organization: The Work of a Society”
Theatre/School, Harlem, New York 7: 0528
see also Literature “The Woman Question: Black Women and
see also Music Struggle” 3: 0247; 4: 0065
see also Poetry see also Jones, Sylvia
see also Theater Baraka—writings, speeches, statements
see also Writers “African Revolutionary Class-Value Analysis,
Ashanti, Baron James Part 1” 7: 0594
“The Swansong of Johnny One Note or Just “Afro-American Literature and Class
Another Crisis in Black Cultural Struggle” 7: 0014
Nationalism: Review of Earthquakes “Black and Angry” 3: 0770
and Sunrise Missions by Haki Black Art 1: 0262
Madhubuti (Don L. Lee)” 7: 0435 “Black Liberation is a Struggle for Socialism”
Atkinson, Edward 3: 0001
7: 0026 “Black Nationalism: 1972” 3: 0733
Atlanta, Georgia “Black Nationalism and Socialist Revolution”
ALSC chapter 4: 0376, 0436 3: 0106
Atlanta Anti-Repression Coalition “Black People and Imperialism” 2: 0760;
4: 0194 3: 0456
Attica Correctional Facility, New York “Black Power Chant” 1: 0033
6: 0591; 7: 0257, 0327, 0377 “A Black Value System” 1: 0563
August Twenty-Ninth Movement “Black Writing: Yesterday, Today, and
4: 0467, 0631; 5: 0091, 0194 Tomorrow” 6: 0711

27

Baraka—writings, speeches, statements “Nationalism, Self-Determination, and
cont. Socialist Revolution” 7: 0156, 0435
“Bloody Neo-Colonialism or The Murder of “National Liberation and Politics” 2: 0760
Mikey Smith or The Murder of Walter “Needed: A Revolutionary Strategy” 3: 0830
Rodney or The Murder of Maurice “Newark Seven Years Later: ¡Unidad Y
Bishop” 7: 0435 Lucha!” 2: 0380
“Cadre Development” 5: 0125 “New Era in Our Politics: The Revolutionary
“China” 5: 0125 Answer to Neo-Colonialism in NewArk
“Communications are Critical” 7: 0528 Politics” 3: 0247
“The Concept of a Black United Front” “Notes on Lou Donaldson and Andrew Hill”
3: 0456 1: 0158
Conference on Race and Imperialism oral history 8: 0561
statement 7: 0377 “The Pan-African Party and the Black
“Congress of Afrikan People on the Afro- Nation” 2: 0553
American National Question” 3: 0173 “Phil Cochran: Affro Arts Theater” 1: 0158
“Creating a Unified Consciousness Among “The Position of the Congress of Afrikan
the Leadership and Putting the Value People: December 1974” 2: 0689
System and Ideology in Control” 2: 0689 “Proposal for Change of Line in RCL
“Crisis in Boston!!! A Black Revolutionary (M-L-M)” 5: 0125
Analysis of the Ruling Class Conspiracy “Raise” [attacks on nationalism and Pan-
to Agitate Racial Violence Around Africanism] 7: 0594
Busing in Boston” 2: 0895; 3: 0523 “Raise” [China, USSR] 7: 0665
“Education for Liberation” 7: 0528 “Raise” [Kawaida doctrine] 7: 0594
“Ethiopia, Eritrea and U.S. “Raise” [politics, Black Power] 7: 0570
Imperialism: National Liberation and the “Raise” [revolution, politics, imperialism, oil
Road to Socialism” 3: 0106 industry] 7: 0644, 0677
“For Maulana Karenga and Pharaoh “Raise” [revolutionary nationalism, pan-
Saunders” 1: 0033 Africanism, China, USSR] 7: 0620
“Hail the 57th Anniversary of the Great and “Raise” [Richard Nixon, right-wing
Correct CPC [Chinese Communist repression] 7: 0528
Party]” 5: 0125 “Raise” [Watergate, politics] 7: 0570
Hard Facts 1: 0283 “Raise: Against Some Bogus Types Posing
“Ideological Statement of the Congress of as Revolutionaries” 8: 0124
African People” 2: 0553 “Raise: Amiri Baraka Resigns as Secretary
“If Goetz Goes Free Black People Should General of the National Black
Arm Themselves” 7: 0156 Assembly: CAP Calls for Intensification
“Important Questions” [Albania-China of Struggle Inside the National Black
Question] 5: 0125 Assembly” 8: 0124
“Integration Music” 1: 0158 “Raise: Black Liberation is a Struggle for
“International Book Fair of Radical Black and Socialism” 8: 0054
Third World Books” 7: 0435 “Raise: Black Liberation Today” [two parts]
It’s Nation Time 1: 0333 8: 0054, 0177
“Jesse 88” 7: 0175 “Raise: Black Women’s United Front and
“Jim Brown on the Screen” 1: 0033 National Black Assembly Meetings
“Lines in the Struggle” 5: 0125 Analyzed” 8: 0054
“Malcolm Remembered” (poem) 6: 0690 “Raise: Capitalism On It’s Deathbed”
“Marxist-Leninist Revolutionary Theory: Its 8: 0095
Relation and Application to the Third “Raise: Imperialism and Revolution” [three
World and African Americans” 7: 0435 parts] 8: 0177
“The Meaning and Development of “Raise: The Meaning and Development of
Revolutionary Kawaida” 2: 0689 Revolutionary Kawaida” [two parts]
“The National Black Assembly and the Black 7: 0677
Liberation Movement” 2: 0689; 4: 0001 “Raise: Mickey Mouse Joins the Storm
“Nationalism, Pan Afrikanism, Ujamaa, Their Troopers” 7: 0620
Future” 3: 0456 “Raise: Nationalist Aspects of National
Liberation” 7: 0644, 0677

28

“Raise: Needed: Black Socialist Baseball
Intellectuals” 8: 0030 8: 0395; 9: 0418
“Raise: Nixxxing Nixxxon” 7: 0570 Baugh, Atha
“Raise: On Being Incorrect” 8: 0030 8: 0487
“Raise: People’s Opposition to Capitalist Bell, Charlie
Lieutenant Ford Intensifies, Danger of 7: 0553
War Between Superpowers Increases” ben-Jochannan, Yosef A. A.
8: 0124 “The Saga of the ‘Black Marxists’ versus the
“Raise: Pig Neo-Pig Opportunism” 7: 0620 ‘Black Nationalists’: A Debate
“Raise: Revolutionary Nationalism=Scientific Resurrected” 6: 0719
Socialism, Our Cry: Liberation of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation
Black Nation” 8: 0095 6: 0257; 7: 0377
“Raise: SDS Intervenes at Kawaida Towers” Bingham, Russell
7: 0553 see Mshauri, Baba
“Raise: Sectarianism, Undermining, Secret Black Acupuncture Association of North
Agents and Struggle” 8: 0030 America
“Raise: The Struggle Continues” 7: 0553 6: 0591
“Raise: 2 Line Struggle Heats Up NBA” Black and Puerto Rican conventions
8: 0054 7: 0570; 9: 0001, 0378
“Raise: Ujamaa, Small Business, Socialism Black Arts movement
and Capitalism” 7: 0570, 0620, 0665 1: 0002–0531; 8: 0561; 9: 0311
“Raise: U.S. ‘Diplomacy’ Doomed Sinai Pact Black Arts Repertory Theatre/School,
and China Visit Miss” 8: 0124 Harlem, New York (BARTS)
“Raise: Viewing the Body” 7: 0553 1: 0002, 0214
“Raise: The Woman’s Role” 7: 0594 Black History Month
“RCL’s Position in the 2-line Struggle in the Forward Motion: Black History Month
International Communist Movement” Perspectives, Factors Affecting Black
5: 0125 Youth 7: 0026
“Report on Meeting with Worker’s Black Leadership Conference
Congress—June 10” 5: 0125 6: 0269, 0484
“Revolutionary Culture and Future of Pan-
Black Nation
Afrikan Culture: The Revolutionary Uses
7: 0435
of Culture” 3: 0844
Black nationalism
“Revolutionary Party: Revolutionary
1: 0606; 3: 0001, 0899; 8: 0652
Ideology” 2: 0760
Ahmad, Muhammad—views 1: 0662
“Rockgroup” 1: 0158
antebellum U.S. 7: 0570; 8: 0054, 0124,
“Second Answer to Houston CAP” 3: 0001,
0177, 0279, 0304
0106
Baraka
“Some Questions about the Sixth Pan-
“Black Nationalism: 1972” 3: 0733
African Congress” 3: 0001
“Black Nationalism and Socialist
Spirit Reach 1: 0349
Revolution” 3: 0106
“Strategy and Tactics of a Pan-African
“Nationalism, Pan Afrikanism, Ujamaa,
Nationalist Party” 1: 0787
Their Future” 3: 0456
“Tom Feelings: A People’s Artist” 7: 0435
“National Liberation and Politics”
“Toward Ideological Clarity” 2: 0760
2: 0760
“Toward the Creation of Political Institutions
speech on 2: 0654
for All African Peoples” 3: 0733
“Strategy and Tactics of a Pan-African
“Vincent Smith: The Original Hipster as
Nationalist Party” 1: 0787
Artist” 7: 0435
ben-Jochannan, Yosef A. A.—“The Saga of
The Writer and Social Responsibility 1: 0367
the ‘Black Marxists’ versus the ‘Black
“Yet Another Answer for the Departing
Nationalists’: A Debate Resurrected”
Opportunists” 3: 0001, 0173
6: 0719
see also Jones, LeRoi
Black NewArk
Barrett, David
7: 0522–0644
see Mtetezi, Kaimu

29

Black Panther Party Blaylock, Kenneth
7: 0026; 8: 0561 7: 0175
Black People United For Prison Reform Blumstein, Kyver
7: 0327 1: 0002
Black Power Boggs, James
7: 0026, 0522; 9: 0001 5: 0428; 8: 0030
Ahmad, Muhammad—views 1: 0662 Bond, Victor
Baraka—“Raise” 7: 0570 4: 0097
Brown, H. Rap—“The Third World and the Bontempo, Salvatore
Ghetto” 1: 0634 7: 0570
Carmichael, Stokely—“Black Power” 1: 0634 Booker, James
conferences 1: 0772; 9: 0145 1: 0002
Davis, Ossie—“Malcolm was Our Manhood, Boston, Massachusetts
Our Living Black Manhood” 1: 0634 black students in 7: 0026
Garvey, Marcus—“The Principles of the busing controversy in 2: 0895; 3: 0523;
Universal Negro Improvement 7: 0377; 8: 0030
Association” 1: 0634 Bottelli, Romolo
Haywood, Harry—“Black Power and the 2: 0085
Fight for Socialism” 5: 0451 Boxing
Hyde, Odis—comments 6: 0014 9: 0418
in Newark, New Jersey 1: 0749 Boys and Girls High School, Brooklyn, New
Black Revolution York
5: 0357 6: 0492
Black studies Brazil
see Education 7: 0257
Black Theatre Brooklyn, New York
1: 0033, 0059 Boys and Girls High School 6: 0492
Black united fronts hearing on police brutality 7: 0145
5: 0357; 9: 0027 NBUF convention in 6: 0484
Baraka—“The Concept of a Black United Brown, Claude
Front” 3: 0456 6: 0711
Komozi—“Black United Fronts: Fighting for Brown, Elaine
150 Years” 6: 0406 7: 0026
Simanga, Michael—“Build the Black United Brown, H. Rap
Front” 7: 0026 1: 0634; 7: 0327, 0522, 0553, 0570, 0594;
see also Black Women’s United Front 8: 0124, 0177
see also National Black United Front Brown, James
Black Women’s United Front (BWUF) 7: 0528
3: 0173; 4: 0043, 0056, 0065; 8: 0030, 0095, Brown, Raymond
0124, 0177 2: 0001, 0050, 0085
Baraka—“Raise: Black Women’s United Bullins, Ed
Front and National Black Assembly “Clara’s Ole Man” 1: 0059
Meetings Analyzed” 8: 0054 “The King is Dead” 1: 0059
“Black Liberation Movement and the Role of “A Short Statement on Street Theatre”
Women” 4: 0065 1: 0059
Black Workers Congress Burundi
5: 0001, 0392; 6: 0257 7: 0257
“The Black Liberation Struggle, The Black Business
Workers Congress and Proletarian Baraka—“Raise: Ujamaa, Small Business,
Revolution: A Comprehensive Socialism, and Capitalism” 7: 0570
Statement by the Black Workers CAP program on 2: 0563
Congress” 5: 0392 Caterpillar Tractor Company 4: 0631
Black Writers Conference see also Economic development
6: 0711; 8: 0304 see also Industry

30

Busing Central Intelligence Agency
2: 0895; 7: 0257 6: 0492; 7: 0425
Boston, Massachusetts 2: 0895; 3: 0523; Central prison, Raleigh, North Carolina
7: 0377; 8: 0030 7: 0257
NBA opposition to 3: 0770 Chad School
Cabral, Amilcar 7: 0528
3: 0001, 0523; 7: 0257, 0327, 0528, 0553, Chamberlain, Wilt
0644, 0677; 8: 0487 7: 0677
Cabral, Luis Changa, Adhimu
7: 0620, 0665 7: 0570
Caldwell, Ben Charlotte-Mecklenburg, North Carolina
“4 Plays” 1: 0059 schools 7: 0327
“Harlem Column #2” 1: 0158 Chavez, Cesar
“Hypnotism” 1: 0233 3: 0770; 7: 0594
California Chavis, Ben
Fresno State University 7: 0257 7: 0257
San Francisco 1: 0033; 4: 0376, 0436; Chicago, Illinois
8: 0395, 0561 6: 0014, 0492
San Francisco State University 8: 0561 Chicanos
University of California at Los Angeles see Mexican Americans
9: 0027 Children
University of California Regents v. Bakke 1: 0804; 2: 0563; 7: 0026
8: 0304, 0395 Chile
Cambodia 7: 0327, 0594
8: 0054, 0095 China, People’s Republic of
Campbell, Eugene 4: 0467; 5: 0125, 0194; 7: 0570, 0620, 0665;
8: 0616 8: 0030, 0177, 0304, 0666
Capitalism see also Mao Tse-tung
1: 0606; 2: 0895; 4: 0631; 5: 0194; 8: 0304 Chiri, Ruwa
Baraka—“Raise: Capitalism On It’s 7: 0644, 0677
Deathbed” 8: 0095 Chisholm, Shirley
BWUF opposition to 4: 0043 3: 0830
James, C. L. R.—“Negro Liberation Through Chou En-lai
Revolutionary Socialism: The Socialist 8: 0177
Workers Party Position on the Negro Chunga, Adhimu
Struggle” 6: 0231 see Hamm, Larry
Carlin, Leo P. Churches
1: 0749 Hyde, Odis—comments 6: 0014
Carlotti, Bill Pilgrim Baptist Church 2: 0391
2: 0001 United Church of Christ 8: 0692
Carmichael, Stokely see also Religious organizations
3: 0001; 7: 0522, 0553, 0594; 9: 0473 Civil Rights Congress
“Black Power” 1: 0634 6: 0406
Conference on Race and Imperialism Civil rights movement
statement 7: 0377 4: 0296; 5: 0729; 9: 0027, 0145, 0192
Carson, Sonny CORE 9: 0378
7: 0594 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
Carter, Rubin “Hurricane” 5: 0729
8: 0030, 0124 March on Washington Movement 6: 0014
Cartwright, Booker T. NAACP 5: 0729; 6: 0014; 7: 0242, 0327;
7: 0594 9: 0060, 0378
Caterpillar Tractor Company SNCC 9: 0027, 0145, 0473
4: 0631 see also King, Martin Luther, Jr.
Caulfield, John P.
2: 0310

31

Civil rights movement cont. Communism; Communists
see also National Black Political Convention, 3: 0899; 4: 0296; 5: 0392
Gary, Indiana CAP—“Building a Revolutionary Communist
see also Wilkins, Roy Party” 3: 0247
Clark, Kenneth Haywood, Harry
1: 0002 “The Crisis of the New Communist
Clarke, John Henrik Movement” (draft) 5: 0648
8: 0652 “Criticism of New Left Communism”
Clarke, Sebastian (draft) 5: 0648
“Roi’s Blues” 1: 0033 see also Marxism
Clash, Vernon see also Marxism-Leninism
2: 0001 Communist International
Cleage, Albert 4: 0516; 5: 0194
7: 0522 resolutions on the “Negro Question” in the
Cleaver, Eldridge United States 3: 0247
8: 0124 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU)
Clothing 8: 0124, 0177, 0279, 0304
1: 0804; 2: 0563; 9: 0473 Communist Party of the United States of
Genesco apparel plant 7: 0425 America (CPUSA)
Coalition Against Police Repression 4: 0376; 5: 0194; 6: 0014
4: 0194 Community organization
Coalition of Black Trade Unionists CAP program on 2: 0563
7: 0122 NBUF resolution on 6: 0292
Coalition to End Police Brutality Conference on Racism and Imperialism
4: 0672 7: 0377
Coleman, Milton Congressional Black Caucus
4: 0097 4: 0029; 6: 0492; 8: 0124
Colleges and universities Congress of African People (CAP)
Connecticut, University of 7: 0377 2: 0537–0895; 3: 0001–0523; 4: 0296, 0376;
Florida, University of 4: 0116 7: 0528, 0553, 0570, 0620, 0665;
Fresno State University 7: 0257 8: 0030, 0054, 0095, 0177, 0652
Howard University 7: 0327, 0377; 9: 0473 African Women’s Conference 2: 0689;
Malcolm X Liberation University 7: 0257 7: 0644, 0677
NBUF resolution on 6: 0292 Baraka
Rutgers College 9: 0351 correspondence on 1: 0691
San Francisco State University 8: 0561 “The Position of the Congress of Afrikan
Smith College 8: 0666 People: December 1974” 2: 0689
University of California at Los Angeles “Raise: Amiri Baraka Resigns as
9: 0027 Secretary General of the National
Voorhees College 7: 0257 Black Assembly: CAP Calls for
Committee for Unified NewArk (CFUN) Intensification of Struggle Inside the
1: 0787, 0804; 2: 0563; 3: 0591; 7: 0528, National Black Assembly” 8: 0124
0553, 0594; 8: 0487, 0692; 9: 0027, “Building a Revolutionary Communist Party”
0311, 0351, 0378 3: 0247
Committee to Eliminate Media Offensive to “CAP Proposal for the Future of ALSC”
African People 4: 0130
8: 0666 chronology 2: 0539
Committee to Unite Marxist-Leninists criticism of James Kilpatrick 4: 0436
4: 0467 FBI report on 2: 0550
Communalism “Ideological Statement of the Congress of
Kawaida concept of 1: 0804 African People” 2: 0553
see also Kawaida (doctrine) internal divisions 3: 0001
see also Ujamaa “Murder by Fire: Newark’s Slumlords
Genocidal Conspiracy to Burn Our
People” 3: 0375

32

organizational structure 2: 0553, 0760 Davis, Angela
organizing manual 2: 0563 3: 0770
political liberation council 2: 0553 Davis, Nathaniel
“Position on Trade Unions and Organizing in 8: 0054
Factories” 3: 0247 Davis, Ossie
“Stop Killer Cops: Struggle Against Police “Malcolm was Our Manhood, Our Living
Brutality” 3: 0340 Black Manhood” 1: 0634
see also Unity and Struggle Death penalty
Congress of Black Panamanians North Carolina 7: 0377
6: 0492 Democratic Party
Congress of Industrial Organizations 3: 0830; 7: 0026, 0257, 0435, 0570, 0620;
6: 0014; 7: 0026; 8: 0666 9: 0060
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Demonstrations and protests
9: 0378 African Solidarity Day 4: 0116
Connecticut, University of anti–death penalty rally 7: 0377
7: 0377 against inflation 7: 0377
Construction industry International Women’s Day 4: 0043, 0056;
Kawaida Towers 2: 0146, 0149 8: 0054, 0177
Conti, Richard International Working Women’s Day 4: 0516
7: 0001 March Against Repression and Police
Conyers, John Brutality in Newark, New Jersey 7: 0377
7: 0257 May Day 3: 0383; 4: 0631; 8: 0095, 0177,
Copper industry 0279, 0395
7: 0327 National March and Rally Against Racism
Council of Foreign Relations 2: 0895
8: 0054 People’s Anti-War Mobilization Rally 6: 0492
The Cricket Puerto Rican Solidarity Day 4: 0043
1: 0158 shooting of Darryl Walker 6: 0269; 7: 0001
Crime and criminals sit-in—Orange, New Jersey, mayor’s office
2: 0310; 8: 0095 7: 0001
see also Prisons and prisoners at United Nations 8: 0561
Crooms, Earl see also African Liberation Day
see Kumba, Majenzi see also Riots and disorders
Crouch, Stanley see also Strikes
“Black Song West: Horace Tapscott and the Department of Housing and Urban
Community Cultural Orchestra” 1: 0158 Development
Cryan, John F. see Housing and Urban Development
2: 0531; 7: 0570, 0620, 0665 Department
Cuba Department of State
7: 0257 see State Department
Cultural nationalism Department of Transportation
see Black nationalism see Transportation Department
Culture Detroit, Michigan
see Arts and culture 1: 0033; 8: 0054
Curvin, Robert Douglas, Rosie
1: 0749 7: 0594
Daughtry, Herbert Drugs
interview with 6: 0406, 0591 7: 0327; 8: 0487
report on local chapters and national and trafficking 1: 0850
international program 6: 0591 Du Bois, W. E. B.
speeches 6: 0719; 8: 0666
at New York Metropolitan branch Duka Ujamaa (cooperative grocery store)
meeting 6: 0591 2: 0563
at People’s Anti-War Mobilization Rally East Central Committee for Opportunity
6: 0492 7: 0242

33

Economic conditions Equal Opportunity and Full Employment Act
8: 0030, 0054, 0095, 0124, 0279, 0304 of 1975 (H.R. 50) 2: 0405
Newark, New Jersey 1: 0705 NBUF resolution on 6: 0292
see also Business Newark, New Jersey 1: 0858
see also Economic development at Walter Reed Army Medical Center
see also Employment 7: 0257
see also Great Depression see also Labor
see also Income see also Labor organizations
see also Inflation see also Labor unions
see also Unemployment see also Strikes
Economic development see also Unemployment
CAP program on 2: 0563 Equal Opportunity and Full Employment Act
Nyerere, Julius K.—“The Rational Choice” of 1975 (H.R. 50)
2: 0675; 3: 0844 2: 0405
see also Business Equal Rights Amendment
see also Economic conditions 5: 0091; 8: 0376, 0395
see also Industry Essex County, New Jersey
Education Ad Hoc Committee for an Essex County
1: 0617; 3: 0591; 6: 0014; 7: 0257, 0377, Black Leadership Convention 6: 0269
0528, 0553, 0620; 8: 0030, 0666, 0692; Democratic Party 7: 0620
9: 0001, 0145, 0311 Ethiopia
Ahmad, Muhammad—views 1: 0662 7: 0257, 0425
of Baraka 8: 0561 Baraka—“Ethiopia, Eritrea and U.S.
bilingual 7: 0175; 8: 0030 Imperialism: National Liberation and the
black studies 7: 0026, 0528; 9: 0027 Road to Socialism” 3: 0106
CAP program on 2: 0563 Europe
English-only movement 7: 0175 5: 0729
Institute of Positive Education 7: 0570, 0620, Evans, Alvin
0665 4: 0097
Kawaida concept of 1: 0804 Families
“Mwanamke Mwananchi (The Nationalist “Mwanamke Mwananchi (The Nationalist
Woman)” 1: 0804 Woman)” 1: 0804
NBUF resolution on 6: 0292 Farabundo Marti Front for National
Newark Board of Education 7: 0528, 0644, Liberation (FMLN)
0677; 8: 0616, 0692 6: 0492
see also Busing Farms and farmers
see also Colleges and universities 7: 0377; 9: 0192
see also Higher education Uhuru Sasa-Al Karim Farming Livestock
see also Schools Cooperative 6: 0591
see also Students see also Agricultural labor
see also Teachers see also Agriculture
El Salvador Farrakhan, Louis
FMLN 6: 0492 7: 0435
Elections February First Movement
Newark, New Jersey, 1970 mayoral 2: 0293, 7: 0425
0310 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
see also Presidential campaigns 2: 0550; 7: 0528, 0677
Elimu, Cheo Federal departments and agencies
3: 0591 Central Intelligence Agency 6: 0492; 7: 0425
El-Quaddafi, Muammer FBI 2: 0550; 7: 0528, 0677
see Qaddafi, Muammar Housing and Urban Development
Employment Department 2: 0405
6: 0014; 8: 0561, 0666; 9: 0001, 0060, 0266 State Department 8: 0666
discrimination in 7: 0257, 0327 Transportation Department 7: 0122

34

Ferdinand, Val Gary declaration
“News from Blkartsouth” 1: 0033 3: 0673, 0755; 7: 0026
Festival of People’s Culture see also National Black Political Convention,
8: 0395 Gary, Indiana
Films Geiser, Theodore
on drug trafficking 1: 0850 2: 0085
science fiction 8: 0395 Georgia
Ward, Val Gray and Baraka—critique of NBUF state convention 6: 0406
“Super Fly” 1: 0850 see also Atlanta, Georgia
Florida, University of see also Hancock County, Georgia
4: 0116 Gershen, Alvin
Florida Farm Workers Organization 2: 0085
8: 0487 Ghana
Ford, Gerald 7: 0327
7: 0425; 8: 0124 Gibson, Kenneth
Forward Motion: Black History Month 1: 0749; 2: 0281, 0293, 0310; 0531; 7: 0594;
Perspectives, Factors Affecting Black Youth 8: 0692; 9: 0001, 0060, 0192
7: 0026 Giovanni, Nicki
Freedom Now Party Black Judgement 1: 0382
7: 0026 Golden, Yvonne
Free Southern Theater 7: 0644, 0677
1: 0033 Goncalves, Joe
Fresno State University “Sun Ra at the End of the World” 1: 0158
7: 0257 “West Coast Drama” 1: 0033
Fuller, Howard Gordon, Charles F.
“King is a Warrior” 4: 0467 “Out of Site” 1: 0033
see also Sadaukai, Owusu review of Negro Playwrights in the American
Fuller, Hoyt W. Theatre, 1925–1959 by Doris E.
“Notes from a Sixth Pan-African Journal” Abrahamson 1: 0033
2: 0845 Government Employees United Against
Fum al Hut, Haasan Oqwiendha Racial Discrimination
“Say Be and Behold It Is” 1: 0158 7: 0257
Garrett, E. Wyman Grant, Jim
7: 0644, 0677 7: 0257, 0327, 0377, 0425
Garrett, Jimmy Graterford prison, Graterford, Pennsylvania
“And We Own the Night: A Play of 7: 0257
Blackness” 1: 0059 Graves, Milford
Garvey, Marcus “Music Workshop” 1: 0158
1: 0787; 6: 0406, 0719; 7: 0594; 8: 0652; Great Depression
9: 0060 6: 0014
“The Principles of the Universal Negro Greater New York Negro Labor Victory
Improvement Association” 1: 0634 Committee
see also Universal Negro Improvement 8: 0666
Association Great Society programs
Marcus Garvey School Newark, New Jersey 1: 0749
7: 0528, 0553; 8: 0616 Greene County, Alabama
Garvin, Vicki 7: 0257
8: 0666 Grenada
Gary, Indiana 7: 0377, 0435
National Black Political Convention 3: 0673, Gross, Ronnie
0755, 0770; 4: 0001; 7: 0026, 0257, “Between Shadow and Substance” 1: 0158
0677; 9: 0060 Guinea-Bissau
7: 0327, 0377, 0620, 0665
PAIGC 3: 0523; 7: 0257, 0327; 8: 0487

35

Gunn, Bill “Remarks: For Agenda Item ‘Who We Are
“Johnnas” 1: 0059 and What Type of Organization Do We
Guyana Want?’” [CP (M-L)] 5: 0546
6: 0591 “Remarks by Veterans at the Second
Haitian “boat people” Congress of the CP (M-L)” 5: 0546
6: 0492 “Remarks on the Chicano Question” 5: 0546
Halisi, Clyde “Remarks to the Afro-American Commission
“Sun Ra” 1: 0158 Meeting, October 1980” 5: 0609
Halisi, Jeledi “Remarks to the Central Committee on
2: 0001 Nationalities Work Discussion” 5: 0609
Hamm, Larry “Remarks to the National Emergency
8: 0692 Convention of the CP (M-L), January 24,
Hampton, Fred 1981” 5: 0546
6: 0014 “Some Remarks on the National Question”
Hancock County, Georgia 5: 0451
7: 0242 “The Struggle for the Leninist Position on the
Hand, Q. R., Jr. Negro Question in the U.S.A.” 5: 0546
“Come One, Come All” 1: 0233 “What’s Happened to the Sharecropping
Harlem, New York System” 5: 0451
1: 0002; 8: 0666 Health
see also Black Arts Repertory 2: 0563; 3: 0591; 7: 0257
Theatre/School, Harlem, New York Kawaida concept of 1: 0804
see also HARYOU-ACT NBUF resolution on 6: 0292
Harris, Earl Heard, Nathan
9: 0060 6: 0711
Harris, Henrietta Hekalu Mwalimu
“Building a Black Theatre” 1: 0059 2: 0400
Harris, Rex Henderson, David
7: 0257 “Bopping” 1: 0233
HARYOU-ACT Higher education
1: 0002 4: 0116; 8: 0666
Hatcher, Richard G. see also Colleges and universities
3: 0770, 0830; 7: 0026, 0570, 0620, 0665 Hill, E.
Haywood, Harry “Liberation (To Le Graham)” 1: 0158
5: 0451, 0729; 6: 0001; 7: 0026 Hill, Elton
“Black Middle Upper Classes” 5: 0609 2: 0001
“Black Power and the Fight for Socialism” Hill, Ngoma and Jaribu
5: 0451 “Culture: The Pulse of the Liberation
“Blacks and the New South” 5: 0546 Movement” 6: 0292, 0591
“Changes in Southern Agriculture” 5: 0451 Hill, Sandra
“The Crisis of the New Communist 4: 0043; 8: 0030
Movement” (draft) 5: 0648 Hoffa, Jimmy
“Criticism of New Left Communism” (draft) 8: 0395
5: 0648 Holliday, Tim
“For a Revolutionary Position on the Negro see Taalamu
Question” 5: 0451 Holman, Wilnora
“For Full and Unconditional Support to the 9: 0001
Negro People’s Freedom Struggle” Holman prison, Alabama
5: 0546 6: 0591
“Harold Cruse Exaggerates the Role of the Horne, Jan
Negro Bourgeoisie in the Liberation review of East of Jordan directed by John
Struggle” 5: 0451 Allen 1: 0033
“Introduction: A House Divided” (African Hospital workers
Americans and labor unions) 5: 0609 Alabama 7: 0425
Washington, D.C. 7: 0377

36

House Committee on Un-American Activities Imperialism
8: 0666 4: 0694
Housing Baraka
3: 0591; 6: 0014; 7: 0553, 0620, 0677; “Black People and Imperialism” 2: 0760;
8: 0095; 9: 0001, 0192 3: 0456
CAP program on 2: 0563 “Ethiopia, Eritrea and U.S.
décor—Kawaida concept of 1: 0804 Imperialism: National Liberation and
government programs 7: 0377 the Road to Socialism” 3: 0106
Housing and Community Development Act “Raise: Imperialism and Revolution”
of 1974 2: 0405 [three parts] 8: 0177
NBUF resolution on 6: 0292 BWUF opposition to 4: 0043
Newark Housing Authority 2: 0405; 7: 0570 Conference on Race and Imperialism
Newark, New Jersey 1: 0705; 2: 0405; 7: 0377
3: 0375; 4: 0038; 7: 0377; 8: 0030 Sékou Touré, Ahmed—“Africa and
New Jersey Housing Finance Agency Imperialism” 3: 0523; 5: 0309
2: 0050, 0149, 0185, 0405 Income
New York City 7: 0257 Newark, New Jersey 1: 0858
tenant organizations 7: 0425 India
Tenant United Front 8: 0095 8: 0124
see also Kawaida Towers Indiana
Housing and Community Development Act of see National Black Political Convention,
1974 Gary, Indiana
2: 0405 Industry
Housing and Urban Development factories—communist organizing in 5: 0194
Department Newark, New Jersey 1: 0705; 0858
2: 0405 see also Business
Houston, Texas see also Automobile industry
NBUF chapter 6: 0406 see also Construction industry
Howard University see also Copper industry
7: 0327, 0377; 9: 0473 see also Mines and mining industry
Baraka at 6: 0690 see also Oil industry
Howe, Irving see also Poultry industry
1: 0002 see also Steel industry
Hughes, Langston see also Sugar industry
“Scottsboro Limited” 7: 0435 Inflation
Human rights demonstration against 7: 0377
see National Black Human Rights Coalition Institute of Positive Education
Hunger 7: 0570, 0620, 0665
7: 0257 Intellectuals
Hutchings, Phil black 7: 0425; 8: 0030
3: 0001 Internal Revenue Service
Hutchins, Frank 7: 0242
7: 0594 International affairs
Hyde, Odis NBUF resolutions on 6: 0292
“Autobiography of Odis Hyde” 6: 0014 International Brotherhood of Teamsters,
IFCO News Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers
8: 0487 2: 0085; 7: 0553, 0570
Illinois International Longshoreman’s Association
see Chicago, Illinois 7: 0377
Imani (faith) International Women’s Day
1: 0563, 0597, 0606; 2: 0654 4: 0043, 0056; 8: 0054, 0177
Imperiale, Anthony International Working Women’s Day
2: 0085, 0149, 0281; 7: 0570, 0594 4: 0516
Iran
7: 0327

37

Israel Karenga, Maulana Ron
6: 0492; 7: 0327 1: 0563, 0577, 0597, 0606; 3: 0001; 8: 0561;
Ivory Coast 9: 0027, 0060, 0145, 0192, 0311, 0378
6: 0492 CAP statement on 2: 0654
Jackson, Jesse “Kitabu: Beginning Concepts in Kawaida”
7: 0175, 0435; 9: 0060 1: 0606
Jackson, Mae “On Black Art” 1: 0033
Can I Poet With You 1: 0406 “The Quotable Karenga” 1: 0577
Jackson, Maynard “7 Principles of US Maulana Karenga and
7: 0327 the Need for a Black Value System”
Jacob, Jesse 1: 0597
7: 0594; 8: 0030, 0692 Katibu, Mwanafunzi
Jamaica, New York “Archie Shepp, Impulse As-9162, Three for
police brutality in 7: 0570 a Quarter, One for a Dime” 1: 0158
James, C. L. R. Kaunda, Kenneth
“Negro Liberation Through Revolutionary 8: 0095
Socialism: The Socialist Workers Party Kawaida (doctrine)
Position on the Negro Struggle” 6: 0231 1: 0563, 0597, 0606, 0804; 2: 0654; 9: 0027,
Jazz 0351
7: 0435 Baraka
Jews “The Meaning and Development of
7: 0435; 9: 0418 Revolutionary Kawaida” 2: 0689
see also Zionism “Raise” 7: 0594
Jihad Productions “Raise: The Meaning and Development
2: 0563; 7: 0522 of Revolutionary Kawaida” [2 parts]
John Cervase and Anthony Imperiale v. 7: 0677
Kawaida Towers, Inc. Kawaida, Political School of
2: 0050 1: 0804
Johnson, Lyndon Baines Kawaida, Temple of
7: 0026 1: 0606; 2: 0085, 0391, 0405; 7: 0553, 0570
Johnson, Nelson N. Kawaida Towers
4: 0097 2: 0001–0185, 0405, 0529, 0563; 7: 0528,
Jones, Blanton 0553, 0570, 0594, 0620, 0665; 8: 0177,
2: 0001, 0085; 7: 0620 0692; 9: 0378
Jones, Greg Kenya
4: 0631 7: 0435
Jones, LeRoi Kerr, Edward L.
“Communications Project” 1: 0059 7: 0553, 0594
“From The Egyptian” 1: 0233 Kgositsile, Willie
“Home on the Range” 1: 0059 “Whistle for Pennies” 1: 0158
“Poem” (on Roy Wilkins) 1: 0233 Kilpatrick, James
“Police” 1: 0059 4: 0436
“W. W.” 1: 0233 King, Martin Luther, Jr.
see also Baraka—writings, speeches, 2: 0281; 4: 0467; 6: 0014; 8: 0561
statements assassination of 1: 0059; 7: 0522
Jones, Sylvia Fuller, Howard—“King is a Warrior” 4: 0467
Songs for the Masses 1: 0419 miniseries on 8: 0395
see also Baraka, Amina King, Mike
Jordan, Norman 2: 0001
“Poem for the Journal of Black Poetry” King, Woodie, Jr.
1: 0158 “Black Theatre: Present Condition” 1: 0059
“Positive Black Music” 1: 0158 Kissinger, Henry
“The Silent Prophet” 1: 0158 7: 0327; 8: 0124
Komozi
see Woodard, Komozi

38

Kujichagulia (self-determination) National Negro Labor Council 6: 0406;
1: 0563, 0597, 0606; 2: 0654 8: 0666
Ku Klux Klan Progressive Labor Party, Harlem branch
7: 0026, 0435 6: 0240
Kumba, Majenzi (Earl Crooms) Puerto Rican Revolutionary Workers
2: 0001 Organization 4: 0676, 0694; 5: 0194
Kupa, Kushauri RWL (M-L) 4: 0296, 0376; 5: 0001
“Cassius Clay aka Muhammad Ali as Big Socialist Workers Party 6: 0231; 7: 0026
Time Buck White” 1: 0033 Trade Union Congress 7: 0026
“The Poets and Performers at the New Workers Viewpoint Organization 4: 0467,
Heritage Theater” 1: 0033 0694; 5: 0194; 8: 0304
review of The Beckoning by Douglas Turner Labor unions
Ward 1: 0033 3: 0247; 4: 0516, 0694; 5: 0194
Kuumba (creativity) Bakery and Confectionery Workers
1: 0563, 0597, 0606; 2: 0654 International Union of America 7: 0257
Kuumba, Makenzi British National Union of Mineworkers
2: 0085 7: 0026
Kwanzaa Congress of Industrial Organizations
7: 0620; 9: 0027 6: 0014; 7: 0026; 8: 0666
Labor discrimination by 2: 0085
7: 0327; 8: 0054 Haywood, Harry—“Introduction: A House
agricultural 3: 0770; 7: 0594; 8: 0487 Divided” (African Americans and labor
Ahmad, Muhammad—views 1: 0662 unions) 5: 0609
“The Black Worker in New Jersey” 6: 0292 Hyde, Odis, and 6: 0014
Conference on Racism and Imperialism— International Brotherhood of Teamsters,
workshop 7: 0377 Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and
at Genesco apparel plant 7: 0425 Helpers 2: 0085; 7: 0553, 0570
hospital workers 7: 0377, 0425 International Longshoreman’s Association
International Working Women’s Day 4: 0516 7: 0377
at Library of Congress 7: 0257 and Kawaida Towers 2: 0149
miners 7: 0257, 0425, 0570, 0620, 0665 NBUF resolution on 6: 0292
poultry workers 7: 0257 Newark Teachers Union 7: 0570; 8: 0692
sanitation workers 7: 0377 and politics 7: 0175
steel workers 7: 0377 role in black freedom movement 5: 0392
sugar workers 7: 0425 Service Employees International Union
see also Employment 7: 0377
see also Labor organizations Steel Workers Organizing Committee
see also Labor unions 6: 0257
see also May Day UAW 6: 0406; 7: 0026, 0327
Labor organizations in U.K. 7: 0026
Black Workers Congress 5: 0001, 0392; United Farm Workers 3: 0770; 7: 0594
6: 0257 United Federation of Teachers 8: 0054
Coalition of Black Trade Unionists 7: 0122 United Mine Workers of America 8: 0304
Florida Farm Workers Organization 8: 0487 United Office and Professional Workers of
Greater New York Negro Labor Victory America 8: 0666
Committee 8: 0666 United Steelworkers of America 6: 0257;
James, C. L. R.—“Negro Liberation Through 8: 0030
Revolutionary Socialism: The Socialist see also Strikes
Workers Party Position on the Negro see also Trade unions
Struggle” 6: 0231 Lanier, Sidney
National Black Workers Organizing 1: 0002
Committee 7: 0122 Latimore, Jewel C.
National Caucus Labor Committee 7: 0594, Images in Black 1: 0439
0677 Latin American Union for Civil Rights
8: 0487

39

Latinos Lucarelli, Bruno, Jr.
7: 0175 2: 0085
see also Mexican Americans Lucarelli, Joe
see also Puerto Ricans in the United States 2: 0085
Law enforcement Lumumba, Patrice
3: 0591 demonstration in support of 8: 0561
see also Crime and criminals Lynching
see also Death penalty 7: 0327; 9: 0192
see also Police Macbeth, Robert
Lawyers and legal services 1: 0033
2: 0149; 7: 0242 McCall, Willis
see also Legal cases 7: 0257
League of Struggle for Negro Rights McCarthyism
5: 0546; 6: 0406 8: 0666
Lee, Don L. McClendon, John
“black music/a beginning” 1: 0158 4: 0097
Black Words That Say: Don’t Cry, Scream Machel, Samora
1: 0455 7: 0570
see also Madhubuti, Haki McNamara, Thomas
Legal cases 2: 0001
John Cervase and Anthony Imperiale v. Madhubuti, Haki
Kawaida Towers, Inc. 2: 0050 3: 0001; 8: 0030, 0054
University of California Regents v. Bakke “Ideological Conflict, Enemy: From the White
8: 0304, 0395 Left, White Right and In-Between”
Legislation 2: 0845
Equal Opportunity and Full Employment Act see also Lee, Don L.
of 1975 (H.R. 50) 2: 0405 Magee, Ruchell
Housing and Community Development Act 7: 0257
of 1974 2: 0405 Main Trend
Leland, Mickey 8: 0395
7: 0175 Malcolm X
Lenard, Bennie 1: 0002, 0033; 7: 0026, 0553; 8: 0666;
7: 0026 9: 0027
Leo Baraka (birthday of Amiri Baraka) Baraka—“Malcolm Remembered” [poem]
1: 0804; 2: 0689; 7: 0528, 0620, 0665 6: 0690
Lerner, Harry Davis, Ossie—“Malcolm was Our Manhood,
2: 0531 Our Living Black Manhood” 1: 0634
Liberia Neal, Larry—“Malcolm X: An Autobiography”
6: 0719; 7: 0327; 8: 0376 1: 0233
Library of Congress and pan-Africanism 4: 0116
black employees at 7: 0257 Simanga, Michael—“Malcolm X and Black
Literature Leadership Today” 7: 0026
6: 0690; 8: 0395 “To Young People” 1: 0634
Ahmad, Muhammad—views 1: 0662 Malcolm X Liberation University
Baraka—“Afro-American Literature and 7: 0257
Class Struggle” 7: 0014 Mao Tse-tung
see also Black Theatre 8: 0054, 0095, 0124, 0177, 0279
see also The Cricket March Against Repression and Police
Locke, Dawolu Gene Brutality in Newark, New Jersey
“A Few Remarks in Response to Criticisms 7: 0377
of ALSC” 4: 0194 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
Lovelace, Alice (1963)
7: 0435 5: 0729
Lowndes County Freedom Organization
7: 0026

40

March on Washington Movement (1940– Mexican Americans
1941) 3: 0389, 0413; 5: 0194, 0546; 7: 0175
6: 0014 Mexico
Marriage 5: 0194
Kawaida concept of 1: 0804 Michigan
Martin, Ronald Detroit 1: 0033
7: 0001 public schools 8: 0054
Martins, Jaime Middle East
2: 0001 8: 0124, 0304
Marvin X see also Iran
1: 0033 see also Israel
Fly to Allah: Poems 1: 0531 see also Palestine
The Son of Man: Proverbs 1: 0531 Migration
“Take Care of Business” 1: 0059 to Chicago 6: 0014
Marxism to Newark, New Jersey 9: 0418
3: 0001; 7: 0026; 8: 0177, 0652 Military conflicts
ben-Jochannan, Yosef A. A.—“The Saga of see Vietnam War
the ‘Black Marxists’ versus the ‘Black see World War I
Nationalists’: A Debate Resurrected” see World War II
6: 0719 Military operations
see also Communism Vieques, Puerto Rico 6: 0492
see also Communist Party of the Soviet see also Armed forces
Union Military personnel
see also Communist Party of the United African American 7: 0257
States of America see also Armed forces
Marxism-Leninism Miller, Adam David
2: 0760; 4: 0056, 0467, 0516, 0694; 5: 0091, “It’s a Long Way to St. Louis: Notes on the
0729; 7: 0131 Audience for Black Drama” 1: 0059
see also Committee to Unite Marxist- “News from the San Francisco East Bay”
Leninists 1: 0033
Marxist-Leninist-Maoist thought Miller, Larry
see Revolutionary Communist League 7: 0257
Maryland Milner, Ronald
see Baltimore, Maryland “The Monster” 1: 0059
Massachusetts Mines and mining industry
Smith College 8: 0666 National Union of Mineworkers (U.K.)
see also Boston, Massachusetts 7: 0026
May Day South Africa 7: 0257, 0425, 0570, 0620,
3: 0383; 4: 0631, 0694; 8: 0095, 0177, 0279, 0665
0304, 0395 United Mine Workers of America 8: 0304
May 18th Revolutionary Organization—New Mississippi
Democracy 8: 0395; 9: 0192
4: 0467 Missouri
Mchochezi, Naibu see St. Louis, Missouri
2: 0001, 0085 Mitchell, Clarence
Meany, George 8: 0124
8: 0304 Mkalimoto, Ernie
Media 1: 0033
see Committee to Eliminate Media Offensive Mobutu, Joseph Sese Seku
to African People 8: 0124
Mersier, Oscar MOVE
2: 0085 6: 0406
Metropolitan Ecumenical Ministry Mozambique
2: 0050 7: 0377, 0553

41

Mshauri, Baba (Russell Bingham) National Black Political Agenda
9: 0060 see Gary declaration
Mtetezi, Kaimu (David Barrett) National Black Political Convention, Gary,
2: 0001, 0085; 7: 0620 Indiana
Mtume 3: 0673, 0755, 0770; 4: 0001; 7: 0026, 0257,
“Trippin: A Need for Change” 1: 0158 0677; 9: 0060
Mumuininas National Black United Front (NBUF)
“Mwanamke Mwananchi (The Nationalist 6: 0269–0591
Woman)” 1: 0804 constitution and by-laws 6: 0492
Music “Founding Convention for a National Black
7: 0435; 8: 0395 United Front: Constitution, By-laws and
see also Arts and culture Structure of the National Black United
Nakawa, Paul Sanders Front” 6: 0292
9: 0145 Georgia State convention 6: 0406
Namibia national convention 6: 0492
7: 0327, 0553 Texas State convention 6: 0406
Nance, Jim Weusi, Jitu—“A Brief History of Our Efforts
7: 0594 to Establish a National Black United
Napanoch prison, New York Front” 6: 0406
6: 0591 National Black Workers Organizing
Narcotics Committee
see Drugs 7: 0122
Nashville, Tennessee National Caucus Labor Committee
sugar workers in 7: 0425 7: 0594, 0677
National Anti-Imperialist Conference National Fightback Conference
4: 0296 8: 0177
National Association for the Advancement of National March and Rally Against Racism
Colored People (NAACP) 2: 0895
5: 0729; 6: 0014; 7: 0242, 0327; 9: 0060, National Negro Congress
0378 6: 0406
National Black Arts Festival National Negro Labor Council
1: 0214 6: 0406; 8: 0666
National Black Assembly (NBA) National Union for the Total Independence of
3: 0173, 0591–0830, 0899; 4: 0001–0038, Angola
0043, 0130, 0376; 7: 0528, 0553, 0570, 7: 0677; 8: 0095
0594, 0620, 0665; 8: 0030, 0054, 0095, National Union of Mineworkers (U.K.)
0124, 0652; 9: 0311 7: 0026
Baraka National War Labor Board
“Raise: Amiri Baraka Resigns as 8: 0666
Secretary General of the National Nation of Islam
Black Assembly: CAP Calls for 9: 0001
Intensification of Struggle Inside the Native Americans
National Black Assembly” 8: 0124 see American Indians
“Raise: Black Women’s United Front Neal, Larry P.
and National Black Assembly “The Black Arts Movement” 1: 0059
Meetings Analyzed” 8: 0054 “The Black Writer’s Role: Richard Wright”
ideological divisions 3: 0899 1: 0233
Law and Justice Committee 2: 0001, 0050 “The Cultural Front” 1: 0002
“The National Black Assembly and the Black “Development of LeRoi Jones” 1: 0002
Liberation Movement” 2: 0689 “Karma/Pharaoh Sanders” 1: 0158
National Black Human Rights Coalition “Malcolm X: An Autobiography” 1: 0233
7: 0242 “Monk at Count Basie’s” 1: 0158
National Black Independent Political Party “New Grass/Albert Ayler” 1: 0158
6: 0492 “Toward A Relevant Black Theatre” 1: 0033

42

Neibuhr, Reinhold New Jewel Movement
1: 0002 7: 0435
Nelson, Oliver New Lafayette Theatre
“Live from Los Angeles” 1: 0158 1: 0033
Newark, New Jersey New Left
1: 0705–0858; 2: 0001–0531; 7: 0026; 5: 0648
8: 0666, 0692; 9: 0311 Newton, Huey
airport 7: 0677 1: 0634
ALSC chapter 4: 0436 New York City
Baraka—“New Era in Our Politics: The ALSC chapter 4: 0376
Revolutionary Answer to Neo- BARTS 1: 0002, 0214
Colonialism in NewArk Politics” 3: 0247 Brooklyn 6: 0484, 0492; 7: 0145
Board of Education 7: 0528, 0644, 0677; Greater New York Negro Labor Victory
8: 0616, 0692 Committee 8: 0666
City Council 2: 0405 Harlem 1: 0002, 0214; 8: 0666
City Plan Commission 1: 0858 housing in 7: 0257
history of 1: 0858 NBUF chapter 6: 0591
Housing Authority 2: 0405; 7: 0570 New York State
housing in 3: 0375; 4: 0038; 7: 0377; Attica state prison (Attica Correctional
8: 0030 Facility) 6: 0591; 7: 0257, 0327, 0377
March Against Repression and Police Jamaica 7: 0570
Brutality in Newark, New Jersey 7: 0377 Napanoch prison 6: 0591
NBUF activities in 6: 0484 see also New York City
in 1940s 8: 0561 Ngugi Wa Thiong’o (James Ngugi)
1967 riots 1: 0764; 8: 0692; 9: 0001, 0145 6: 0711; 7: 0435; 8: 0395
politics 8: 0561; 9: 0060, 0192, 0351, 0378, Nguvu, Saidi
0418, 0473 9: 0192
schools 7: 0553; 8: 0616; 9: 0001, 0473 Nia (purpose)
see also Black NewArk 1: 0563, 0597, 0606; 2: 0654
see also Kawaida Towers Niagara movement
Newark Artists Collective 6: 0406
7: 0435 Nigerian Students Union in the Americas Inc.
NewArk School 7: 0257
7: 0528 Nixon, Richard
NewArk Student Federation 4: 0194; 7: 0257, 0327, 0377, 0553, 0570;
8: 0692 8: 0030, 0177
Newark Teachers Union NJR-32 (New Jersey Redevelopment Tract
7: 0570; 8: 0692 32)
New Jersey 2: 0391, 0400, 0405
“The Black Worker in New Jersey” 6: 0292 Nkrumah, Kwame
Rutgers College 9: 0351 7: 0257
Trenton state prison 7: 0644, 0677 North Carolina
see also Essex County, New Jersey Black Political Convention 7: 0257
see also Newark, New Jersey Charlotte-Mecklenburg schools 7: 0327
see also NJR-32 Criminal Task Force 7: 0257
see also Orange, New Jersey death penalty cases in 7: 0377
New Jersey Council of Churches higher education in 4: 0116
2: 0050 Raleigh central prison 7: 0257
New Jersey Historical Commission North Newark Clergy Group
8: 0505 2: 0050, 0085
New Jersey Housing Finance Agency North Ward Citizens Committee
2: 0050, 0149, 0185, 0405 2: 0281
New Jersey Presbyterian Committee on
Church and Race
2: 0050

43

Nyerere, Julius K. Fuller, Hoyt W.—“Notes from a Sixth Pan-
7: 0257, 0528, 0677 African Journal” 2: 0845
“The Rational Choice” (economic Malcolm X and 4: 0116
development) 2: 0675; 3: 0844 Organization of African Unity 4: 0116;
“Ujamaa—The Basis of African Socialism” 8: 0095
5: 0302 “The Pan-African Party and the Black
Nyumba Ya Ujamaa (House of Cooperative Nation” 2: 0553
Economics) Sékou Touré, Ahmed—“Message to the
2: 0563 Sixth Pan-African Congress” 2: 0845
October League SOBU 4: 0116
5: 0194; 8: 0177 see also African Liberation Day
October Revolution (1917) Pan-African Students Organization in the
4: 0467; 8: 0030, 0304 Americas
Oglala Sioux 7: 0257, 0327
7: 0377 Parker, Charles
Oil industry 7: 0377
7: 0327, 0594, 0620, 0644, 0677; 8: 0376 Partido Africano da Independencia da Guine
Baraka—“Raise” 7: 0644, 0677 ve Cabo Verde (PAIGC)
O’Neal, John 3: 0523; 7: 0257, 0327; 8: 0487
“Motion in the Ocean: Some Political Payne, Donald
Dimensions of the Free Southern 7: 0594
Theater” 1: 0059 Pennsylvania
Oral history see Graterford prison, Graterford,
8: 0505–0692; 9: 0001–0473 Pennsylvania
Orange, New Jersey see Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
7: 0001 see Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Organization of African Unity Pennsylvania State University
4: 0116; 8: 0095 7: 0257
OYE Inc. People’s Anti-War Mobilization Rally
7: 0528 6: 0492
Palestine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
6: 0492; 7: 0327; 8: 0030, 0177 MOVE 6: 0406
Palestine Liberation Organization NBUF chapter 6: 0406, 0591
8: 0304 Pilgrim Baptist Church
Pan-African Congress 2: 0391
2: 0845; 3: 0844, 0899; 4: 0194; 7: 0377, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
0620, 0677; 8: 0652 NBUF chapter 6: 0492
General Declaration 3: 0844 Poetry
Sékou Touré, Ahmed—message 2: 0845 6: 0690; 7: 0026, 0175, 0435; 8: 0395, 0561
Pan-Africanism Afro Arts 1: 0233
2: 0654; 3: 0001, 0844; 5: 0001, 0357; Baraka
6: 0591; 7: 0257; 8: 0652 Black Art 1: 0262
Baraka Hard Facts 1: 0283
“Nationalism, Pan Afrikanism, Ujamaa, It’s Nation Time 1: 0333
Their Future” 3: 0456 “Malcolm Remembered” 6: 0690
“Raise” 7: 0620 Spirit Reach 1: 0349
“Some Questions about the Sixth Pan- The Writer and Social Responsibility
African Congress” 3: 0001 1: 0367
“Strategy and Tactics of a Pan-African Giovanni, Nicki—Black Judgement 1: 0382
Nationalist Party” 1: 0787 Jackson, Mae—Can I Poet With You
ben-Jochannan, Yosef A. A.—“The Saga of 1: 0406
the ‘Black Marxists’ versus the ‘Black Jones, Sylvia—Songs for the Masses
Nationalists’: A Debate Resurrected” 1: 0419
6: 0719 Latimore, Jewel C.—Images in Black
1: 0439

44

Lee, Don L.—Black Words That Say: Don’t “Raise” 7: 0570, 0644
Cry, Scream 1: 0455 “Strategy and Tactics of a Pan-African
Marvin X Nationalist Party” 1: 0787
Fly to Allah: Poems 1: 0531 “Toward the Creation of Political
The Son of Man: Proverbs 1: 0531 Institutions for All African Peoples”
Sanchez, Sonia—We a BaddDDD People 3: 0733; 4: 0001
1: 0491 CAP program on 2: 0563; 3: 0389
see also The Cricket Conference on Racism and Imperialism
Police workshop on 7: 0377
7: 0327, 0377, 0425, 0570, 0644, 0677; Congressional Black Caucus 4: 0029;
8: 0395; 9: 0001 6: 0492; 8: 0124
NBUF resolution on 6: 0292 Greene County, Alabama 7: 0257
Newark, New Jersey 1: 0749 Hyde, Odis—comments 6: 0014
Police brutality independent black political party 3: 0591;
7: 0594; 8: 0030, 0054, 0095, 0124, 0177, 6: 0492
0304 involvement of artists in 9: 0473
Brooklyn, New York 7: 0145 Karenga, Maulana—views 1: 0577
CAP—“Stop Killer Cops: Struggle Against National Black Political Convention, Gary,
Police Brutality” 3: 0340 Indiana 3: 0673, 0755, 0770; 4: 0001;
Coalition Against Police Repression 4: 0194 7: 0026, 0257, 0677; 9: 0060
Coalition to End Police Brutality 4: 0672 NBUF resolution on 6: 0292
Jamaica, New York 7: 0570 Newark, New Jersey 1: 0705, 0749, 0804;
March Against Repression and Police 2: 0281, 0293, 0336; 9: 0060, 0192,
Brutality in Newark, New Jersey 7: 0377 0351, 0378, 0418, 0473
Newark, New Jersey 2: 0085; 7: 0377 New Jersey redistricting plan 2: 0336
Walker, Darryl—shooting of 6: 0269; 7: 0001 Omaha, Nebraska 7: 0257
Political parties see also Elections
All African People’s Party 7: 0377 see also Political parties
All African Revolutionary Party 5: 0357 see also Presidential campaigns
All Afrikan People’s Revolutionary Party see also Voter registration
3: 0001 Population characteristics
Black Panther Party 7: 0026; 8: 0561 Newark, New Jersey 1: 0858; 2: 0336
Communist Party of the Soviet Union Porambo, Ron
8: 0124, 0177, 0279, 0304 2: 0085
Communist Party of the United States of Pori ‘det, Ibn
America 4: 0376; 5: 0194; 6: 0014 “Revolutionary Black Music for the
Democratic Party 3: 0830; 7: 0026, 0257, Revolutionary Black People at the East
0435, 0570, 0620; 9: 0060 Coffee House/Rappa House on Detroit’s
Freedom Now Party 7: 0026 East Side” 1: 0158
Independent black political party 3: 0591 Portugal
National Black Independent Political Party 7: 0257; 8: 0124
6: 0492 Poultry industry
Progressive Labor Party, Harlem Branch workers—Mississippi 7: 0257
6: 0240 Presidential campaigns
Progressive Party 6: 0014 Jackson, Jesse—1988 7: 0175
Republican Party 9: 0060 Princeton Cooperative School program
Socialist Workers Party 6: 0231; 7: 0026 9: 0351
Politics Prisons and prisoners
3: 0830; 5: 0357; 7: 0594, 0644, 0677; 6: 0406; 8: 0030, 0054, 0177
8: 0692 Attica Correctional Facility, New York
Ad Hoc Committee for an Essex County 6: 0591; 7: 0257, 0327, 0377
Black Leadership Convention 6: 0269 Black People United For Prison Reform
Baraka 7: 0327
“Needed: A Revolutionary Strategy” CAP program on 2: 0563
3: 0830

45

Prisons and prisoners cont. Radio
Central prison, Raleigh, North Carolina 7: 0257, 0528, 0644; 8: 0487
7: 0257 Raleigh, North Carolina
Graterford prison, Graterford, Pennsylvania Central prison 7: 0257
7: 0257 Randolph, A. Philip
Holman prison, Alabama 6: 0591 6: 0014
Napanoch prison, New York 6: 0591 Rashidd, Naima
NBUF resolution on 6: 0292 “Black Theatre in Detroit” 1: 0033
Trenton state prison, New Jersey 7: 0644, Reagan, Ronald
0677 6: 0406, 0492; 7: 0026, 0175, 0435
United Black Prisoners Freedom Movement Reconstruction, 1865–1877
7: 0257 Simanga, Michael—“Lessons of
Progressive Bank Reconstruction” 7: 0026
7: 0528 Recreation
Progressive Labor Party, Harlem Branch Newark, New Jersey 1: 0858
“The Plot Against Black America” 6: 0240 Reddy, T. J.
Progressive Party 7: 0377
6: 0014 Reed, Ishmael
Project Area Committee (PAC) “Aide Denies LBJ Called Pope ‘A Dumb
2: 0391, 0400, 0405, 0529 Cunt’” 1: 0158
Public relations activities Religion
CAP 2: 0563 Karenga, Maulana—views 1: 0577
Puerto Rican Revolutionary Workers see also Churches
Organization see also Religious organizations
4: 0676, 0694; 5: 0194 Religious organizations
Puerto Ricans in the United States Metropolitan Ecumenical Ministry 2: 0050
2: 0353, 0380; 3: 0389, 0413 Nation of Islam 9: 0001
Puerto Rican Solidarity Committee New Jersey Council of Churches 2: 0050
8: 0177 New Jersey Presbyterian Committee on
Puerto Rican Solidarity Day Church and Race 2: 0050
4: 0043 North Newark Clergy Group 2: 0050, 0085
Puerto Rico see also Churches
7: 0257, 0377, 0425, 0594; 8: 0030 Republic of New Africa
Qaddafi, Muammar 7: 0257, 0327
7: 0257 Republican Party
Ra, Sun 9: 0060
“Music: The Neglected Plane of Wisdom” Revolutionary Communist League (RCL)
1: 0158 4: 0065, 0467–0694; 5: 0001–0194; 8: 0177,
“The Outer Bridge” 1: 0158 0279, 0304
Racial discrimination “The Black Nation: Position of the
9: 0001 Revolutionary Communist League (M-L-
employment 7: 0257, 0327 M) on the Afro-American National
Government Employees United Against Question” 4: 0568
Racial Discrimination 7: 0257 “Building a Revolutionary Communist Party”
labor unions 2: 0085 4: 0516
at Newark, New Jersey, airport 7: 0677 Class Struggle: Journal of Communist
see also Segregation Thought 5: 0194
Racial violence “Position on Trade Unions and Organizing in
6: 0492 Factories” 4: 0516
see also Lynching “PRRWO and RWL: Not a ‘Revolutionary
see also Police brutality Wing’, But a Dangerous Duo!” 4: 0676
see also Riots and disorders Revolutionary Union
Racism 5: 0194
see National March and Rally Against
Racism

46

Revolutionary Workers League (RWL) St. Louis, Missouri
4: 0296, 0376; 5: 0001 NBUF chapter 6: 0492
“ALSC and the Black Liberation Movement” Sakiestewa, Douglas
4: 0296 8: 0487
Bolshevik: Organ of the Revolutionary Salimu (Nettie Rogers)
Workers League (May 1976) 5: 0001 9: 0311
“History of the Modern Black Liberation and Sanchez, Sonia
the Black Workers Congress—Summed “Because” 1: 0233
Up” 5: 0001 “The Bronx is Next” 1: 0059
“The National Question in the U.S. Today” “Memorial” 1: 0158
5: 0001 “A Modern Song of the FBI” 1: 0233
Reynolds, Bill “2nd Ave. and 12th St.” 1: 0233
9: 0266 We a BaddDDD People 1: 0491
Richardson, Dave Sanders, Beulah
6: 0591 8: 0487
Richardson, George San Francisco, California
2: 0085 ALSC chapter 4: 0376, 0436
Riggins, Roger Black Arts movement in 1: 0033
“Charles E. Clark: Suddenly the Blues” San Francisco Mime Troupe
1: 0158 8: 0395
“Record Review: Your Prayer” 1: 0158 San Francisco State University
“Respect” 1: 0158 8: 0561
“Scenes/Basic Makeup of the Music” Sanitation workers
1: 0158 Alabama 7: 0377
Riots and disorders Schechner, Richard
Newark, New Jersey “White on Black” 1: 0059
1967 1: 0764; 8: 0692; 9: 0001, 0145 School desegregation
1974 2: 0353, 0380 see Busing
see also Demonstrations and protests Schools
Robeson, Paul African Free School 1: 0617; 2: 0563;
6: 0001; 8: 0177, 0666; 9: 0001, 0060 7: 0528, 0594; 8: 0561, 0616
Rodino, Peter W. Boston, Massachusetts 2: 0895
2: 0336; 7: 0644, 0677; 8: 0030 Boys and Girls High School, Brooklyn, New
Rodney, Walter York 6: 0492
“Tanzania, Ujamaa, and Scientific Chad School 7: 0528
Socialism” 4: 0130 Charlotte-Mecklenburg, North Carolina,
Rogers, Nettie schools 7: 0327
see Salimu 9: 0311 Detroit, Michigan 8: 0054
Rojas, Don Marcus Garvey School 7: 0553; 8: 0616
7: 0435 Newark, New Jersey 9: 0001, 0473
Roman, Alphonso NewArk School 7: 0528
7: 0594 Princeton Cooperative School program
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 9: 0351
9: 0060 Vailsburg High School 7: 0553; 8: 0692
Russian revolution see also Busing
see October Revolution see also Colleges and universities
Rutabanzibwa, Goibert see also Education
4: 0116 see also Higher education
Rutgers College, New Brunswick see also Teachers
9: 0351 Seaga, Edward
Sadat, Anwar El 6: 0492
6: 0492; 8: 0124 Seale, Bobby
Sadaukai, Owusu 7: 0026, 0594
7: 0377, 0665; 8: 0487

47

Segregation Smith, Vincent
1: 0705; 9: 0060, 0418 7: 0570
see also Racial discrimination Smith College
Sékou Touré, Ahmed 8: 0666
6: 0591 Sobukwe, Mangaliso
“Africa and Imperialism” 3: 0523; 5: 0309 7: 0570, 0620, 0644, 0665
“Message to the Sixth Pan-African Social development
Congress” 2: 0845; 3: 0844 Baraka, Amina—articles
“The Political Leader Considered as the “Social Development: Beginning African
Representative of A Culture” 3: 0523 National Educational Institutions”
“Revolution and Production” 5: 0309 7: 0594
“The Role of Women in the Revolution” “Social Development: Education as a
5: 0309 Social Tool” 7: 0528
speech in honor of Kwame Nkrumah 7: 0257 “Social Development: On African
“Traitors, Go to Hell!” 3: 0456, 0844 Women” 7: 0594
Selassie, Haile “Social Development: Raise Your
7: 0257 Values” 7: 0594
Sellers, Cleveland Socialism
7: 0327, 0553, 0594 in Africa 5: 0302, 0309
Seneca Indians Baraka articles
7: 0327 “Black Liberation is a Struggle for
Service Employees International Union Socialism” 3: 0001
7: 0377 “Black Nationalism and Socialist
Shakur, Assata Revolution” 3: 0106
5: 0357; 8: 0124, 0279 “Ethiopia, Eritrea and U.S.
Shanker, Albert Imperialism: National Liberation and
8: 0054 the Road to Socialism” 3: 0106
Sharper, Horace Haywood, Harry—“Black Power and the
7: 0570 Fight for Socialism” 5: 0451
Sibeko, David see also Communism
6: 0591 see also Marxism
Sierra Leone see also Marxism-Leninism
4: 0116 Socialist Workers Party
Simanga, Michael 6: 0231; 7: 0026
“ALD: The Struggle Continues” 7: 0026 Social organization
“Build the Black United Front” 7: 0026 Baraka, Amina—articles
“The Ku Klux Klan and the Black Liberation “Social Organization: Ritual Celebrating
Movement” 7: 0026 the Birth of Our Children” 7: 0528
“Lessons of Reconstruction” 7: 0026 “Social Organization: The Work of a
“Malcolm X and Black Leadership Today” Society” 7: 0528
7: 0026 Solidarity Tour
“Remember Malcolm X: Build the Black 6: 0492
United Front” 7: 0026 South Africa
Sisters Against South African Apartheid 4: 0116; 6: 0406, 0492; 7: 0257, 0377, 0425,
8: 0666 0435, 0570, 0620, 0665; 8: 0030, 0666
Sisulu, Zwelakhe South Carolina
7: 0435 Voorhees College 7: 0257
Slavery South Dakota
6: 0484; 7: 0257 see Wounded Knee, South Dakota
Smith, Billy Southern Africa
7: 0257 8: 0304
Smith, Mark Southern Collective of African American
4: 0097 Writers
Smith, Michael 7: 0435
7: 0435

48

Spain wildcats
8: 0177 automobile workers 7: 0327
Spaulding, Dorothy telephone operators 7: 0377
8: 0487 see also Labor
Speed, Dennis see also Labor unions
7: 0594 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Spellman, A. B. (SNCC)
“Letter from Atlanta” 1: 0158 9: 0027, 0145, 0473
Spirit House Student Organization for Black Unity (SOBU)
8: 0561; 9: 0473 4: 0097, 0116
Spirituals see also Youth Organization for Black Unity
7: 0435 Student organizations
Sports Abibiman Adesaufo Fekuw 7: 0257
7: 0257 Nigerian Students Union in the Americas
All Africa Games 7: 0528, 0553 Inc. 7: 0257
baseball 8: 0395; 9: 0418 Pan-African Students Organization in the
boxing 9: 0418 Americas 7: 0257, 0327
Spriggs, Edward S. Students
“Amen to the Revolutionary Theatre and Boston, Massachusetts 7: 0026
Black Arts” 1: 0233 Sugar industry
“HarYou The Pimp” 1: 0233 workers—Nashville, Tennessee 7: 0425
Stanford, Max Symbionese Liberation Army
7: 0131, 0528 7: 0327
State Department Taalamu (Tim Holliday)
8: 0666 9: 0351
Steel industry Tanganyikan African Nationalist Union
6: 0257; 8: 0054 7: 0594
Bethlehem Steel Corporation 6: 0257; Tanzania
7: 0377 7: 0257; 8: 0124
workers 6: 0257; 7: 0377 Tarik, Sultani
see also United Steelworkers of America 2: 0001
Steel Workers Organizing Committee Taylor, Stanley
6: 0257 7: 0594
see also United Steelworkers of America Teachers
Stewart, James 7: 0553
“A Consideration of the Art of Ornette Newark Teachers Union 7: 0570; 8: 0692
Coleman” 1: 0158 United Federation of Teachers 8: 0054
“Revolutionary Black Music in the Total Television
Context of Black Distension” 1: 0158 3: 0247, 0456; 4: 0436; 7: 0377; 8: 0395
Stokes, Carl B. Temple of Kawaida
7: 0026 see Kawaida, Temple of
Stokes, Herbert Temporary Alliance of Local Organizations
“The Uncle Toms” 1: 0059 9: 0027
Stone, Donald Tenant United Front
“Julius Lester” 1: 0158 8: 0095
Stop the Apartheid Rugby Tour (SART) Tennessee
6: 0492 see Nashville, Tennessee
Strikes Terrorism
coal miners 8: 0304 NBUF statement on 6: 0492
Newark Teachers Union 8: 0692 Texas
poultry workers—Mississippi 7: 0257 Houston NBUF chapter 6: 0406
Service Employees International Union Hyde, Odis—childhood 6: 0014
7: 0377 NBUF state convention 6: 0406
at South Africa’s Vaal Reef’s gold mining
complex 7: 0425

49

Theater Nyerere, Julius K.—“Ujamaa—The Basis of
8: 0395 African Socialism” 5: 0302
directory of black theater groups 1: 0059 see also Kawaida (doctrine)
Free Southern Theater 1: 0033 Ujima (collective work and responsibility)
New Lafayette Theatre 1: 0033 1: 0563, 0597, 0606; 2: 0654
see also Black Theatre Umoja (unity)
Thomas, Clive Y. 1: 0563, 0597, 0606; 2: 0654
“Walter Rodney and the Caribbean Unemployment
Revolution” 7: 0435 among black Vietnam veterans 7: 0425
Thomas, Minnie Allen Conference on Racism and Imperialism
7: 0620 workshop on 7: 0377
Thomas, Tim United Automobile, Aircraft, and Agricultural
4: 0097 Implement Workers of America (UAW)
Thompson, Ernie 6: 0406; 7: 0026, 0327
8: 0666 United Black Brothers
Till, Emmett 7: 0522
6: 0014; 9: 0192 United Black Prisoners Freedom Movement
Tindall, Daniel 7: 0257
2: 0085 United Brothers
Toure, Abdoulaye 9: 0060, 0145, 0192, 0351, 0378, 0418
4: 0116 United Church of Christ
Toure, Askia Muhammad 8: 0692
1: 0033 United Community Corporation (UCC)
“Eulogy for Tommy” 1: 0158 1: 0749; 7: 0553; 9: 0060
Trade Union Congress United Farm Workers
7: 0026 3: 0770; 7: 0594
Trade unions United Federation of Teachers
see Labor unions 8: 0054
Transportation Department United fronts
7: 0122 see Black united fronts
Traywich, Wadall see Black Women’s United Front
4: 0672 see National Black United Front
Trenton state prison, New Jersey see Tenant United Front
7: 0644, 0677 United Kingdom
Tucker, Connie labor unions 7: 0026
4: 0116 United League
Tucker, Donald 8: 0395
9: 0378 United Mine Workers of America
Turco, Louis M. 8: 0304
7: 0528, 0570, 0620 United Nations
Turner, Irvine 4: 0116; 7: 0327, 0377; 8: 0124
1: 0749; 9: 0001, 0418 Lumumba demonstration at 8: 0561
Uganda United Neighborhoods Organization
4: 0116 6: 0406
Uhuru Food Co-op Inc. United Office and Professional Workers of
6: 0591 America
Uhuru Sasa-Al Karim Farming Livestock 8: 0666
Cooperative United Steelworkers of America
6: 0591 6: 0257; 8: 0030
Ujamaa (African communalism) Unity and Struggle
1: 0563, 0597, 0606, 0787; 2: 0654 2: 0544; 7: 0665, 0677; 8: 0001–0376
Baraka—“Raise: Ujamaa, Small Business, Unity movement
Socialism and Capitalism” 7: 0570, 7: 0570, 0594, 0620, 0665; 8: 0030
0620, 0665

50

Universal Negro Improvement Association Ward, Honey
1: 0634; 6: 0406, 0719 9: 0418
see also Garvey, Marcus Ward, Val Gray and Baraka
University of California at Los Angeles critique of “Super Fly” 1: 0850
9: 0027 Washington, D.C.
University of California Regents v. Bakke home rule 7: 0257
8: 0304, 0395 hospital workers in 7: 0377
Urban renewal Howard University 6: 0690; 7: 0327, 0377;
7: 0257 9: 0473
Newark, New Jersey 2: 0391, 0400, 0405; Watergate
4: 0038 7: 0327, 0570; 8: 0030
US Organization Welfare programs
1: 0563, 0597, 0606; 3: 0389; 8: 0561; 7: 0377; 8: 0376
9: 0027 see also Antipoverty programs
USSR Wesley, Richard
4: 0631; 5: 0194; 7: 0620, 0665; 8: 0054, 9: 0473
0177, 0304 West, Levin P.
see also Communist Party of the Soviet 2: 0310
Union Westbrooks, Dennis
see also October Revolution 7: 0594
Vail, Richard Weusi, Jitu
2: 0085 6: 0492; 8: 0030, 0054
Vailsburg High School “A Brief History of our Efforts to Establish a
7: 0553; 8: 0692 National Black United Front” 6: 0406,
Veterans 0591
7: 0425 White, Joseph
Vietnam, South “Old Judge Mose is Dead” 1: 0059
7: 0327 “The Wise Guy” 1: 0233
Vietnam War Whites
7: 0257, 0425; 8: 0095; 9: 0266 Karenga, Maulana—views 1: 0606
Vita Wa Watu—Peoples War Publishing White supremacy groups
3: 0456 Ku Klux Klan 7: 0435
Volgelman, Irving Wilkins, Roy
2: 0085 8: 0030; 9: 0473
Voorhees College, Denmark, South Carolina Williams, Robert F.
7: 0257 7: 0327; 8: 0177, 0666
Voter registration Wilson, Ed
7: 0594 2: 0001
Voters Independent Council Wilson, Harold
9: 0418 7: 0026
Walker, Darryl Women
memorial rally 6: 0269 7: 0522, 0570, 0594, 0620, 0644, 0677;
shooting of 7: 0001 8: 0304
Walker, Jerry and African liberation movement 7: 0257
4: 0097 Ahmad, Muhammad—views 1: 0662
Walker, Margaret Baraka—“Raise: The Woman’s Role”
7: 0435 7: 0594
Wallace, Henry Baraka, Amina
6: 0014 “Social Development: On African
“Wall of Respect” Women” 7: 0594
6: 0014 “The Woman Question: Black Women
Walters, Ronald and Struggle” 3: 0247; 4: 0065
3: 0001 and black freedom movement 5: 0357,
Wansley, Thomas 0392, 9: 0311
7: 0377

51

Women cont. World War II
“Black Liberation Movement and the Role of 6: 0014
Women” 4: 0065 Wounded Knee, South Dakota
and CAP 2: 0563 7: 0327, 0377, 0570
CAP African Women’s Conference 2: 0689; see also American Indian Movement
7: 0644, 0677 Wright, Richard
Conference on Racism and Imperialism 1: 0002
7: 0377 Writers
Equal Rights Amendment 5: 0091; 8: 0376, Black Writers Conference 8: 0304
0395 Southern Collective of African American
International Women’s Day 4: 0043, 0056; Writers 7: 0435
8: 0054, 0177 see also Poetry
International Working Women’s Day 4: 0516 Young, Andrew
Karenga, Maulana—views 1: 0577 6: 0591
“Mwanamke Mwananchi (The Nationalist Young, Whitney
Woman)” 1: 0804 9: 0473
NBUF resolution on 6: 0292 Youth
RCL position paper on 5: 0091 Ahmad, Muhammad—views 1: 0662
Sékou Touré, Ahmed—“The Role of Women Conference on Racism and Imperialism
in the Revolution” 5: 0309 workshop on 7: 0377
Sisters Against South African Apartheid NBUF resolution on 6: 0292
8: 0666 role in black freedom movement 5: 0392
steel workers 7: 0377 see also African Youth Movement for
see also Black Women’s United Front Liberation and Unity
Woodard, Komozi Youth Organization for Black Unity (YOBU)
7: 0026 3: 0001; 7: 0257
“Black United Fronts: Fighting for 150 Years” see also Student Organization for Black
6: 0406 Unity
Work and workers Zaire
see Employment 7: 0377
see Labor Zambia
see Labor organizations 7: 0257; 8: 0095
see Labor unions Zanzibar
Workers Viewpoint Organization 4: 0029
4: 0467, 0694; 5: 0194; 8: 0304 Zimbabwe African National Union
World Black Festival of Arts and Culture 8: 0095, 0124
7: 0257 Zionism
World War I 8: 0124
9: 0060

52

TITLE INDEX
The following index is an alphabetical list of the titles of pamphlets, articles, and speeches in this
microform publication. Each entry includes the title of the document followed by the name of the author.
The first number after each entry refers to the reel while the four-digit number following the colon refers to
the frame number at which a particular file folder containing the document begins. Hence, 6: 0014 directs
the researcher to the folder that begins at frame 0014 of Reel 6. By referring to the Reel Index, which
constitutes the initial section of this guide, the researcher will find the folder title and a list of Major Topics
and Principal Correspondents, arranged in the order in which they appear on the film.

“Africa: Discard a False Approach! There is “Archie Shepp, Impulse As-9162, Three for a
No Alternative to Socialism.” Abdul Rahman Quarter, One for a Dime.” Mwanafunzi
Mohamed Babu. Katibu.
7: 0435 1: 0158
“Africa and Imperialism.” Ahmed Sékou “Autobiography of Odis Hyde.” Odis Hyde.
Touré. 6: 0014
3: 0523; 5: 0309 “Basic Tenets of Revolutionary Black
“African Liberation Month Handbook.” Nationalism.” Muhammad Ahmad.
African Liberation Support Committee. 1: 0662
4: 0194 “Because.” Sonia Sanchez.
“African Revolutionary Class-Value Analysis, 1: 0233
Part 1.” Baraka. “Between Shadow and Substance.” Ronnie
7: 0594 Gross.
“Afro-American Literature and Class 1: 0158
Struggle.” Baraka. “Black and Angry.” Baraka.
7: 0014 3: 0770
Afro-Arts Black Art. Baraka.
1: 0233 1: 0262
“Aide Denies LBJ Called Pope ‘A Dumb “The Black Arts Movement.” Larry Neal.
Cunt.’” Ishmael Reed. 1: 0059
1: 0158 Black Judgement. Nicki Giovanni.
“ALD: The Struggle Continues.” Michael 1: 0382
Simanga. “Black Liberation is a Struggle for
7: 0026 Socialism.” Baraka.
“ALSC and the Black Liberation Movement.” 3: 0001
4: 0296 “Black Liberation Movement and the Role of
“Amen to the Revolutionary Theatre and Women.” Black Women’s United Front.
Black Arts.” Edward S. Spriggs. 4: 0065
1: 0233 “The Black Liberation Struggle, The Black
“And We Own the Night: A Play of Workers Congress and Proletarian
Blackness.” Jimmy Garrett. Revolution: A Comprehensive Statement by
1: 0059 the Black Workers Congress.” Black
Workers Congress.
5: 0392

53

“The Black Masses and Black Artists.” “Black Writing: Yesterday, Today, and
7: 0435 Tomorrow.” Baraka.
“Black Middle Upper Classes.” Harry 6: 0711
Haywood. “Bloody Neo-Colonialism or The Murder of
5: 0609 Mikey Smith or The Murder of Walter Rodney
“black music/a beginning.” Don L. Lee. or The Murder of Maurice Bishop.” Baraka.
1: 0158 7: 0435
“The Black Nation: Position of the Bolshevik: Organ of the Revolutionary
Revolutionary Communist League (M-L-M) Workers League (May 1976). Revolutionary
on the Afro-American National Question.” Workers League (M-L).
Revolutionary Communist League. 5: 0001
4: 0568 “Bopping.” David Henderson.
“Black Nationalism: 1972.” Baraka. 1: 0233
3: 0733 “A Brief History of our Efforts to Establish a
“Black Nationalism and Socialist National Black United Front.” Jitu Weusi.
Revolution.” Baraka. 6: 0406, 0591
3: 0106 “The Bronx is Next.” Sonia Sanchez.
“Black People and Imperialism.” Baraka. 1: 0059
2: 0760; 3: 0456 “Building a Black Theatre.” Henrietta Harris.
“Black Power.” Stokely Carmichael. 1: 0059
1: 0634 “Building a Revolutionary Communist
“Black Power and the Fight for Socialism.” Party.” Congress of African People.
Harry Haywood. 3: 0247
5: 0451 “Building a Revolutionary Communist
“Black Power Chant.” Baraka. Party.” Revolutionary Communist League.
1: 0033 4: 0516
Black Revolution “Build the Black United Front.” Michael
5: 0357 Simanga.
“Blacks and the New South.” Harry 7: 0026
Haywood. “Cadre Development.” Baraka.
5: 0546 5: 0125
“Black Song West: Horace Tapscott and the Can I Poet With You. Mae Jackson.
Community Cultural Orchestra.” Stanley 1: 0406
Crouch. “CAP Proposal for the Future of ALSC.”
1: 0158 Congress of African People.
“Black Theatre: Present Condition.” Woodie 4: 0130
King Jr. “Cassius Clay aka Muhammad Ali as Big
1: 0059 Time Buck White.” Kushauri Kupa.
“Black Theatre in Detroit.” Naima Rashidd. 1: 0033
1: 0033 “Changes in Southern Agriculture.” Harry
“Black United Fronts: Fighting for 150 Haywood.
Years.” Komozi. 5: 0451
6: 0406 “Charles E. Clark: Suddenly the Blues.”
“A Black Value System.” Baraka. Roger Riggins.
1: 0563 1: 0158
Black Words That Say: Don’t Cry, Scream. “China.” Baraka.
Don L. Lee 5: 0125
1: 0455 “Clara’s Ole Man.” Ed Bullins.
“The Black Worker in New Jersey.” 1: 0059
6: 0292 Class Struggle: Journal of Communist
“The Black Writer’s Role: Richard Wright.” Thought. Revolutionary Communist League.
Larry P. Neal. 5: 0194
1: 0233 “Come One, Come All.” Q. R. Hand.
1: 0233

54

“Communications are Critical.” Baraka. “For a Revolutionary Position on the Negro
7: 0528 Question.” Harry Haywood.
“Communications Project.” LeRoi Jones. 5: 0451
1: 0059 “For Full and Unconditional Support to the
“The Concept of a Black United Front.” Negro People’s Freedom Struggle.” Harry
Baraka. Haywood.
3: 0456 5: 0546
“Congress of Afrikan People on the Afro- “For Maulana Karenga and Pharaoh
American National Question.” Baraka. Saunders.” Baraka.
3: 0173 1: 0033
“A Consideration of the Art of Ornette Forward Motion: Black History Month
Coleman.” James Stewart. Perspectives, Factors Affecting Black Youth
1: 0158 7: 0026
“Creating a Unified Consciousness Among “Founding Convention for a National Black
the Leadership and Putting the Value System United Front: Constitution, By-laws and
and Ideology in Control.” Baraka. Structure of the National Black United
2: 0689 Front.” National Black United Front.
“Crisis in Boston!!! A Black Revolutionary 6: 0292
Analysis of the Ruling Class Conspiracy to “4 Plays.” Ben Caldwell.
Agitate Racial Violence Around Busing in 1: 0059
Boston.” Baraka. “From The Egyptian.” LeRoi Jones.
2: 0895; 3: 0523 1: 0233
“The Crisis of the New Communist “General Declaration of the Sixth Pan-African
Movement” (draft). Harry Haywood. Congress.” Pan-African Congress.
5: 0648 3: 0844
“Criticism of New Left Communism” (draft). “Hail the 57th Anniversary of the Great and
Harry Haywood. Correct CPC [Chinese Communist Party].”
5: 0648 Baraka.
“Critique of ‘Super Fly.’” [Val Gray Ward and 5: 0125
Baraka.] Hard Facts. Baraka.
1: 0850 1: 0283
“The Cultural Front.” Larry Neal. “Harlem Column #2.” Ben Caldwell.
1: 0002 1: 0158
“Culture: The Pulse of the Liberation “Harold Cruse Exaggerates the Role of the
Movement.” Ngoma and Jaribu Hill. Negro Bourgeoisie in the Liberation
6: 0292, 0591 Struggle.” Harry Haywood.
“Development of LeRoi Jones.” Lawrence P. 5: 0451
Neal. “HarYou The Pimp.” Edward S. Spriggs.
1: 0002 1: 0233
“Education for Liberation.” Baraka. “History of the Modern Black Liberation and
7: 0528 the Black Workers Congress—Summed Up.”
“Ethiopia, Eritrea and U.S. Imperialism: Revolutionary Workers League (M-L)
National Liberation and the Road to 5: 0001
Socialism.” Baraka. “Home on the Range.” LeRoi Jones.
3: 0106 1: 0059
“Eulogy for Tommy.” Askia Muhammad “Hypnotism.” Ben Caldwell.
Toure. 1: 0233
1: 0158 “Ideological Conflict, Enemy: From the White
“A Few Remarks in Response to Criticisms Left, White Right and In-Between.” Haki R.
of ALSC.” Dawolu Gene Locke. Madhubuti.
4: 0194 2: 0845
Fly to Allah: Poems. Marvin X. “Ideological Statement of the Congress of
1: 0531 African People.” Baraka.
2: 0553

55

“If Goetz Goes Free Black People Should 1: 0158
Arm Themselves.” Baraka. “Liberation (To Le Graham).” E. Hill.
7: 0156 1: 0158
Images in Black. Jewel C. Latimore. “Lines in the Struggle.” Baraka.
1: 0439 5: 0125
“Important Questions” [Albania-China “Live from Los Angeles.” Oliver Nelson.
Question]. Baraka. 1: 0158
5: 0125 “Malcolm Remembered” (poem). Baraka.
“Integration Music.” Baraka. 6: 0690
1: 0158 “Malcolm was Our Manhood, Our Living
“International Book Fair of Radical Black and Black Manhood.” Ossie Davis.
Third World Books.” Baraka. 1: 0634
7: 0435 “Malcolm X: An Autobiography.” Larry Neal.
“In the U.S., Pregant with Revisionism: The 1: 0233
Struggle for Proletarian Revolution Moves “Malcolm X and Black Leadership Today.”
Ahead—The Political Positions of the Puerto Michael Simanga.
Rican Revolutionary Workers Organization.” 7: 0026
Puerto Rican Revolutionary Workers “Manifesto for a Black Revolutionary Party.”
Organization. James Boggs
4: 0694 5: 0428
“Introduction: A House Divided” (African “Marxist-Leninist Revolutionary Theory: Its
Americans and labor unions). Harry Relation and Application to the Third World
Haywood. and African Americans.” Baraka.
5: 0609 7: 0435
“It’s a Long Way to St. Louis: Notes on the “The Meaning and Development of
Audience for Black Drama.” Adam David Revolutionary Kawaida.” Baraka.
Miller. 2: 0689
1: 0059 “Memorial.” Sonia Sanchez.
It’s Nation Time. Baraka. 1: 0158
1: 0333 “Message to the Sixth Pan-African
“Jesse 88.” Baraka. Congress.” Ahmed Sékou Touré.
7: 0175 2: 0845; 3: 0844
“Jim Brown on the Screen.” Baraka. “To Mr. Jones: I Had a Vision.” Albert Ayler.
1: 0033 1: 0158
“Johnnas.” Bill Gunn. “A Modern Song of the FBI.” Sonia Sanchez
1: 0059 1: 0233
“Julius Lester.” Donald Stone. “Monk at Count Basie’s.” Larry Neal.
1: 0158 1: 0158
“Karma/Pharaoh Sanders.” Larry Neal. “The Monster.” Ronald Milner.
1: 0158 1: 0059
“King is a Warrior.” Howard Fuller. “Motion in the Ocean: Some Political
4: 0467 Dimensions of the Free Southern Theater.”
“The King is Dead” (assassination of Martin John O’Neal.
Luther King Jr.). Ed Bullins. 1: 0059
1: 0059 “Murder by Fire: Newark’s Slumlords
“Kitabu: Beginning Concepts in Kawaida.” Genocidal Conspiracy to Burn Our People.”
Maulana Ron Karenga. Congress of African People.
1: 0606 3: 0375
“The Ku Klux Klan and the Black Liberation “Music: The Neglected Plane of Wisdom.”
Movement.” Michael Simanga. Ra.
7: 0026 1: 0158
“Lessons of Reconstruction.” Michael “Music Workshop.” Milford Graves.
Simanga. 1: 0158
7: 0026
“Letter from Atlanta.” A. B. Spellman.

56

“Mwanamke Mwananchi (The Nationalist “Out of Site.” Charles F. Gordon.
Woman)” (families, role of women, 1: 0033
education). Mumuininas. “The Pan-African Party and the Black
1: 0804 Nation.” Baraka.
“The National Black Assembly and the Black 2: 0553
Liberation Movement.” Baraka. “Papa’s Daughter.” Dorothy Ahmad.
2: 0689; 4: 0001 1: 0059
“Nationalism, Pan Afrikanism, Ujamaa, Their “Party Building in the Heat of the Class
Future.” Baraka. Struggle.” Workers Viewpoint.
3: 0456 4: 0694
“Nationalism, Self-Determination, and “Phil Cochran: Affro Arts Theater.” Baraka.
Socialist Revolution.” Baraka. 1: 0158
7: 0156, 0435 “The Plot Against Black America.”
“National Liberation and Politics.” Baraka. Progressive Labor Party, Harlem Branch.
2: 0760 6: 0240
“The National Question in the U.S. Today.” “Poem for the Journal of Black Poetry.”
Revolutionary Workers League (M-L). Norman Jordan.
5: 0001 1: 0158
“Needed: A Revolutionary Strategy.” Baraka. “Poem” [Roy Wilkins]. LeRoi Jones.
3: 0830 1: 0233
“Negro Liberation Through Revolutionary “The Poets and Performers at the New
Socialism: The Socialist Workers Party Heritage Theater.” Kushauri Kupa.
Position on the Negro Struggle.” C. L. R. 1: 0033
James. “Police.” LeRoi Jones.
6: 0231 1: 0059
“Newark Seven Years Later: ¡Unidad Y “The Political Leader Considered as the
Lucha!” Baraka. Representative of A Culture.” Ahmed Sékou
2: 0380 Touré.
“New Era in Our Politics: The Revolutionary 3: 0523
Answer to Neo-Colonialism in NewArk “The Position of the Congress of Afrikan
Politics.” Baraka. People: December 1974.” Baraka.
3: 0247 2: 0689
“New Grass/Albert Ayler.” Larry Neal. “Position on Trade Unions and Organizing in
1: 0158 Factories.” [Congress of African People.]
“News from Blkartsouth.” Val Ferdinand. 3: 0247; 4: 0516
1: 0033 “Positive Black Music.” Norman Jordan.
“News from the San Francisco East Bay.” 1: 0158
Adam David Miller. “The Principles of the Universal Negro
1: 0033 Improvement Association.” Marcus Garvey.
“Notes from a Sixth Pan-African Journal.” 1: 0634
Hoyt W. Fuller. “Proposal for Change of Line in RCL
2: 0845 (M-L-M).” Baraka.
“Notes on Lou Donaldson and Andrew Hill.” 5: 0125
Baraka. “PRRWO and RWL: Not a ‘Revolutionary
1: 0158 Wing,’ But a Dangerous Duo!” Revolutionary
“Old Judge Mose is Dead.” Joseph White. Communist League.
1: 0059 4: 0676
“On African Dress.” Amina Baraka. “The Quotable Karenga.” Maulana Ron
7: 0570 Karenga.
“On Black Art.” Maulana Ron Karenga,. 1: 0577
1: 0033 “Raise” [attacks on nationalism and pan-
“The Outer Bridge.” Sun Ra. Africanism]. Baraka.
1: 0158 7: 0594
“Raise” [China, USSR]. Baraka.
7: 0665

57

“Raise” [Kawaida doctrine]. Baraka. “Raise: People’s Opposition to Capitalist
7: 0594 Lieutenant Ford Intensifies, Danger of War
“Raise” [politics, Black Power]. Baraka. Between Superpowers Increases.” Baraka.
7: 0570 8: 0124
“Raise” [revolution, politics, imperialism, oil “Raise: Pig Neo-Pig Opportunism.” Baraka.
industry]. Baraka. 7: 0620
7: 0644, 0677 “Raise: Revolutionary Nationalism=Scientific
“Raise” [revolutionary nationalism, pan- Socialism, Our Cry: Liberation of the Black
Africanism, China, USSR]. Baraka. Nation.” Baraka.
7: 0620 8: 0095
“Raise” [Richard Nixon, right-wing “Raise: SDS Intervenes at Kawaida Towers.”
repression]. Baraka. Baraka.
7: 0528 7: 0553
“Raise” [Watergate, politics]. Baraka. “Raise: Sectarianism, Undermining, Secret
7: 0570 Agents and Struggle.” Baraka.
“Raise: Against Some Bogus Types Posing 8: 0030
as Revolutionaries.” Baraka. “Raise: The Struggle Continues.” Baraka.
8: 0124 7: 0553
“Raise: Amiri Baraka Resigns as Secretary “Raise: 2 Line Struggle Heats Up NBA.”
General of the National Black Assembly: Baraka.
CAP Calls for Intensification of Struggle 8: 0054
Inside the National Black Assembly.” Baraka. “Raise: Ujamaa, Small Business, Socialism,
8: 0124 and Capitalism.” Baraka.
“Raise: Black Liberation is a Struggle for 7: 0570, 0620, 0665
Socialism.” Baraka. “Raise: U.S. ‘Diplomacy’ Doomed Sinai Pact
8: 0054 and China Visit Miss.” Baraka.
“Raise: Black Liberation Today.” Baraka. 8: 0124
8: 0054, 0177 “Raise: Viewing the Body.” Baraka.
“Raise: Black Women’s United Front and 7: 0553
National Black Assembly Meetings “Raise: The Woman’s Role.” Baraka.
Analyzed.” Baraka. 7: 0594
8: 0054 “The Rational Choice” (economic
“Raise: Capitalism On It’s Deathbed.” development). Julius K. Nyerere.
Baraka. 3: 0844
8: 0095 “RCL’s Position in the 2-line Struggle in the
“Raise: Imperialism and Revolution” [3 International Communist Movement.”
parts]. Baraka. Baraka.
8: 0177 5: 0125
“Raise: The Meaning and Development of The Red Banner. August Twenty-Ninth
Revolutionary Kawaida” [2 parts]. Baraka. Movement (M-L).
7: 0677 5: 0194
“Raise: Mickey Mouse Joins the Storm “Remarks: For Agenda Item ‘Who We Are
Troopers.” Baraka. and What Type of Organization Do We
7: 0620 Want?’” [CP (M-L)]. Harry Haywood.
“Raise: Nationalist Aspects of National 5: 0546
Liberation.” Baraka. “Remarks by Veterans at the Second
7: 0644, 0677 Congress of the CP (M-L). “Harry Haywood.
“Raise: Needed: Black Socialist 5: 0546
Intellectuals.” Baraka. “Remarks on the Chicano Question.” Harry
8: 0030 Haywood.
“Raise: Nixxxing Nixxxon.” Baraka. 5: 0546
7: 0570 “Remarks to the Afro-American Commission
“Raise: On Being Incorrect.” Baraka. Meeting, October 1980.” Harry Haywood.
8: 0030 5: 0609

58

“Remarks to the Central Committee on “The Saga of the ‘Black Marxists’ versus the
Nationalities Work Discussion.” Harry ‘Black Nationalists’: A Debate Resurrected.”
Haywood. Yosef A. A. ben-Jochannan.
5: 0609 6: 0719
“Remarks to the National Emergency “Scenes/Basic Makeup of the Music.” Roger
Convention of the CP (M-L), January 24, Riggins.
1981.” Harry Haywood. 1: 0158
5: 0546 “Scottsboro Limited.” Langston Hughes.
“Remember Malcolm X: Build the Black 7: 0435
United Front.” Michael Simanga. “Second Answer to Houston CAP.” Baraka.
7: 0026 3: 0001, 0106
“Report on Meeting with Worker’s “2nd Ave. and 12th St.” Sonia Sanchez.
Congress—June 10.” Baraka. 1: 0233
5: 0125 “7 Principles of US Maulana Karenga and the
“Resolutions of the Communist International Need for a Black Value System.” Maulana
on the Negro Question in the United States.” Ron Karenga.
Communist International. 1: 0597
3: 0247; 4: 0516 “A Short Statement on Street Theatre.” Ed
“Respect.” Roger Riggins. Bullins.
1: 0158 1: 0059
“Revolution and Production.” Ahmed Sékou “The Silent Prophet.” Norman Jordan.
Touré. 1: 0158
5: 0309 “Social Development: Beginning African
“Revolutionary Black Music for the National Educational Institutions.” Amina
Revolutionary Black People at the East Baraka.
Coffee House/Rappa House on Detroit’s East 7: 0594
Side.” Ibn Pori ‘det. “Social Development: Education as a Social
1: 0158 Tool.” Amina Baraka.
“Revolutionary Black Music in the Total 7: 0528
Context of Black Distension.” Jimmie “Social Development: On African Women.”
Stewart. Amina Baraka.
1: 0158 7: 0594
“Revolutionary Culture and Future of Pan- “Social Development: Raise Your Values.”
Afrikan Culture: The Revolutionary Uses of Amina Baraka.
Culture.” Baraka. 7: 0594
3: 0844 “Social Organization: Ritual Celebrating the
“Revolutionary Party: Revolutionary Birth of Our Children.” Amina Baraka.
Ideology.” Baraka. 7: 0528
2: 0760 “Social Organization: The Work of a
“Rockgroup.” Baraka. Society.” Amina Baraka.
1: 0158 7: 0528
“Roi’s Blues.” Sebastian Clarke. “Some Questions about the Sixth Pan-
1: 0033 African Congress.” Baraka.
“The Role of Black Marxist-Leninists in the 3: 0001
Black Liberation Movement.” [Max Stanford.] “Some Remarks on the National Question.”
7: 0131 Harry Haywood.
“The Role of Women in the Revolution.” 5: 0451
Ahmed Sékou Touré. Songs for the Masses. Sylvia Jones.
5: 0309 1: 0419
“Say Be and Behold It Is.” Haasan The Son of Man: Proverbs. Marvin X.
Oqwiendha Fum al Hut. 1: 0531
1: 0158 Spirit Reach. Baraka.
1: 0349

59

“Statement of Principles.” African Liberation “Traitors, Go to Hell!” Ahmed Sékou Touré.
Support Committee. 3: 0456, 0844
4: 0130 “Trippin: A Need for Change.” Mtume.
“Stop Killer Cops: Struggle Against Police 1: 0158
Brutality.” Congress of African People. “Ujamaa—The Basis of African Socialism.”
3: 0340 Julius K. Nyerere.
“Strategy and Tactics of a Pan-African 5: 0302
Nationalist Party.” Baraka. “The Uncle Toms.” Herbert Stokes.
1: 0787 1: 0059
“The Struggle for the Leninist Position on “Vincent Smith: The Original Hipster as
the Negro Question in the U.S.A.” Harry Artist.” Baraka.
Haywood. 7: 0435
5: 0546 “W. W.” LeRoi Jones.
“Sun Ra.” Clyde Halisi. 1: 0233
1: 0158 “Walter Rodney and the Caribbean
“Sun Ra at the End of the World.” Joe Revolution.” Clive Y. Thomas.
Goncalves. 7: 0435
1: 0158 We a BaddDDD People. Sonia Sanchez.
“The Swansong of Johnny One Note or Just 1: 0491
Another Crisis in Black Cultural Nationalism: “West Coast Drama.” Joe Goncalves.
Review of Earthquakes and Sunrise Missions 1: 0033
by Haki Madhubuti (Don L. Lee).” Baron “What’s Happened to the Sharecropping
James Ashanti. System.” Harry Haywood.
7: 0435 5: 0451
“Take Care of Business.” Marvin X. “Whistle for Pennies.” Willie Kgositsile.
1: 0059 1: 0158
“Tanzania, Ujamaa, and Scientific “White on Black.” Richard Schechner.
Socialism.” Walter Rodney. 1: 0059
4: 0130 “The Wise Guy.” Joseph White
“The Third World and the Ghetto.” H. Rap 1: 0233
Brown. “The Woman Question: Black Women and
1: 0634 Struggle.” Amina Baraka.
“Tom Feelings: A People’s Artist.” Baraka. 3: 0247; 4: 0065
7: 0435 The Writer and Social Responsibility. Baraka.
“Toward A Relevant Black Theatre.” Larry 1: 0367
Neal. “Yet Another Answer for the Departing
1: 0033 Opportunists.” Baraka.
“Toward Ideological Clarity.” Baraka. 3: 0001, 0173
2: 0760 “To Young People.” Malcolm X.
“Toward the Creation of Political Institutions 1: 0634
for All African Peoples.” Baraka.
3: 0733; 4: 0001
“Toward the Ideological Unity of the African
Liberation Support Committee: A Response
to Criticisms of the ALSC Statement of
Principles.” Abdul Hakimu Ibn Alkalimat and
Nelson Johnson.
4: 0161

60

Black Studies Research Sources
The Bayard Rustin Papers
Black Workers in the Era of the Great Migration, 1916–1929
Centers of the Southern Struggle:
FBI Files on Selma, Memphis, Montgomery, Albany and St. Augustine
Civil Rights During the Kennedy Administration, 1961–1963
Civil Rights During the Johnson Administration, 1963–1969
Civil Rights During the Nixon Administration, 1969–1974
The Claude A. Barnett Papers
Congress of Racial Equality Papers, 1959–1976
The East St. Louis Race Riot of 1917
Federal Surveillance of Afro-Americans (1917–1925):
The First World War, the Red Scare and the Garvey Movement
The Horace Mann Bond Papers
The Ivy Leaf, 1921–1998: A Chronicle of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority
Manuscript Collections from the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
The Arthur A. Schomburg Papers
Papers of the Civil Rights Congress
Papers of the International Labor Defense
Papers of the National Negro Congress
The Paul Robeson Collection
The Martin Luther King Jr. FBI File
Mary McLeod Bethune Papers
New Deal Agencies and Black America
Papers of the American Slave Trade
The Papers of A. Philip Randolph
Papers of Carter G. Woodson and the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History,
1915–1950
Papers of John and Lugenia Burns Hope
Papers of the NAACP
The Peonage Files of the U.S. Department of Justice, 1901–1945
President Truman’s Committee on Civil Rights
Race, Slavery, and Free Blacks: Petitions to Southern Legislatures, 1777–1867
Records of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
Records of the National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs, 1895–1992
Records of the National Negro Business League
Records of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 1954–1970
Slavery in Ante-Bellum Southern Industries
State Slavery Statutes

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Amiri Baraka and the Black Power Movement

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