Hybrid powersystems
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Hybrid power systems combine multiple technologies like PV, wind, batteries, and generators to provide reliable electricity tailored to local resources and needs. They can range from small household systems to large village-scale mini-grids. Larger hybrid systems for villages use components working together through a central controller to balance power sources and loads. These systems aim to maximize the use of renewable energy through technologies that provide stability when wind or solar power vary.
Hybrid powersystems
- 1. Hybrid Power Systems Roger Taylor
- 2. Hybrid Power System Examples: “Communications” Carol Spring Mtn., AZ Mt. Home AFB, ID Test Ban Treaty Monitoring, Antarctica McMurdo Station, Antarctica
- 3. Hybrid Power Systems • Hybrid power systems use local renewable resource to provide power. • Village hybrid power systems can range in size from small household systems (100 Wh/day) to ones supplying a whole area (10’s MWh/day). • They combine many technologies to provide reliable power that is tailored to the local resources and community. • Potential components include: PV, wind, micro- hydro, river-run hydro, biomass, batteries and conventional generators.
- 4. Agricultural Water Pumping • Livestock watering at the Bledsoe Ranch Colorado, USA • PV, Mechanical wind and diesel backup solves problems with seasonal variations in resource NEOS Corporation
- 5. Home Power Systems • Systems do not have a dispatchable backup generator like most hybrids • Very simple architecture: – Turbine, PV, Disconnects, Batteries – DC Loads or AC power through an inverter • Primarily PV dominated for small loads, wind has potential at larger loads. • In many instances a combination of PV and wind make most sense • Can vary in size, power output
- 6. Inner Mongolia, Wind/PV Home Systems
- 7. Energy Flow for all Renewable Hybrid Power sources and sinks, 0.2 Wind 0.15 Load kW 0.1 0.05 Solar 0 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 Hour of the day Battery SOC, % 100 50 0 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 Hour of day
- 8. Single Home Systems/mini-grids • Chipepte, Mexico – Windseeker 503 – 1000Ah, 12V, “No maintenance” Battery Bank – < 100W DC Loads • Pez Maya, Mexico – 2 AIR Marine 403 turbines – 1000Ah, 12V, “No maintenance” Battery Bank – 1100W inverter – power to a small mini-grid Pez Maya for homes and cottages
- 9. Village Scale Power Systems • Larger, village scale power systems can further be distinguished into two sizes. – Micro-grids – Mini-grids • All have the same feature that they are centrally located and used by the whole community or area through a common distribution system
- 10. Micro-grid System Architecture Wind Turbine Guyed Lattice Tower Turbine Disconnect PV Charge PV Array Controller Turbine Controller DC Source Center Generator (optional) Battery Bank DC Loads AC Loads Inverter (bi-directional optional)
- 11. Micro-Grid Power Systems • Small systems with demands up to ~100kWh/day load (15 kW peak load) • Components of wind, PV, batteries and conventional generators • Provide AC and potentially DC power • Use of batteries to store renewable energy for use at night or low renewable times • Generator used as backup power supply • Mature market
- 12. Energy Flow for Small Hybrid 30.0 Diesel 25.0 20.0 Power, kW 15.0 Load 10.0 5.0 Wind 0.0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour of day Battery SOC, % 100% 50% 0% 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 Hour of day
- 13. Sunwize Power System • Whisper 3000 wind turbine • 1.8 kW PV (Siemens) • 5.8 kW diesel generator • 25.6kWh battery bank • 2-SW4048 4kW inverters
- 14. Santa Cruz Island, California, USA • Remote Telecommunications station • Power System – PV array – Two wind turbines – No Backup generator • Vary costly access/site visits • Remote operation and monitoring of Northern Power Systems system
- 15. Mini-Grid Power Systems • Larger systems with demands up to ~700kWh/day load (100 kW peak load) • Same components used as in Micro-Grids, just more of them and larger • Use of batteries to store renewable energy for use at times of light loading • Generator used to supply large loads • Mature market though fewer examples • Provide AC power
- 16. Parallel System - Smaller Diesel 20 18 Both 16 Wind Diesel diesel and 14 inverter Power, kW 12 10 8 needed to Load 6 cover the 4 2 maximum 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 load. Hour of day Both units Battery SOC, % 100% run 50% 0% together. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Hour of Day
- 17. Switched System - Larger Diesel 30 Both 25 Diesel diesel and 20 inverter Power, kW Wind 15 sized to 10 5 Load cover the 0 complete 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Hour of day load. Only one runs Battery SOC, % 100% 50% at a time. 0% c 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Hour of Day
- 18. Village power system in Joanes, Brazil Remote village the Island of Marajo 50kW Power System – PV array – Four wind turbines – Backup Northern Power Systems generator Power system used to support local grid
- 19. Hybrid Power System Examples: “Parks” Sleeping Bear Dunes Nat. Lakeshore, MI (11 kW) Farallon Island, CA, US Fish & Wildlife Svc. (9 kW) Dangling Rope Marina, Lake Powell, UT (160 kW PV/Propane)
- 20. Hybrid Power System Examples: Xcalac, Mexico ly el On Di es on ni ng Run N ow 60 kW Wind, 12 kW PV, 40 kW Inverter
- 21. Hybrid Power System Examples: Campinas, Brazil 50 kW PV 50 kVA Inverter 300 kWh Batteries
- 22. San Juanico, Mexico Remote fishing & tourism community of 400 people San Juanico Power System • 17 kW PV • 70 kW wind • 80 kW diesel generator • 100 kW power converter/controller • Advanced monitoring system
- 23. Wind-Diesel Power Systems • Larger systems with demands over ~ 100 kW peak load us to many MW • Based on an AC bus configurations • Batteries, if used, store power to cover short lulls in wind power • Both small and large renewable penetration designs available • Large potential mature with fewer examples • Provide AC power
- 24. Wind-Diesel System Penetration Ranges Low Medium High Peak <50% 50 – 100% 100 – 400% Instantaneous Annual <20 20 – 50% 50 – 150 % Average Commercial Fully Well proven System status utilized Fully commercial prototype Multiple use Operating Examples Denmark, San Clemente, CA St. Paul Greece Kotzebue, Ak Wales Ak Coyaique, Chile
- 25. Diesel Only Power System System Controller 100 80 Diesel Gensets Power 60 40 20 0 0 6 12 18 24 -20 Time Village Load
- 26. Low Penetration wind/diesel system Wind Turbine 100 Diesel Gensets 80 60 Power 40 20 0 0 6 12 18 24 -20 System Controller Time Village Load
- 27. Multiple diesel plants with control In multiple 1500 diesel systems the diesels may Power Sinks Power Sources 1000 be dispatched 500 to take 0 advantage of 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 the renewable -500 energy. -1000 Requires -1500 automatic Hour of Day diesel control. Load, kW Wind power Dsl #1Power Dsl #2 Power
- 28. Ascension Island • U.S. Air Force installation on British island in mid-Atlantic ocean. • Prime diesel generation with rotary interconnect to British 50 hertz system Four NEG-Micon 225 kW turbines installed in 1996.
- 29. Coyaique, Chile Isolated Community Private Utility – 2 MW Wind, 4.6 MW Hydro, 16.9 MW Diesel Remote installation
- 30. High Penetration Wind-Diesel with storage AC Wind turbines Control System DC AC DC Bus Rotary Converter AC Bus
- 31. Wind/Diesel with short term storage 300 250 Wind • Diesel used to 200 150 Load provide power 100 to system Power, kW 50 0 when the wind 1 13 25 37 49 61 73 85 97 109 121 133 145 157 169 181 193 -50 -100 can not cover -150 Battery power (Charging is negative) load. -200 -250 • Battery used Time, minutes to fill short 250 200 gaps in or to i e oe W start diesel Dslpw,k r 150 100 e 50 0 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 5 7 19 11 13 15 17 19 11 13 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 0 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 Time, minutes
- 32. Wales Alaska Wind Diesel System High penetration system • 80kW average load with 130kW of wind power • Short term battery storage • Resistive loads used for heating and hot water
- 33. Wales Alaska Wind Turbines (Induction, Stall-Regulated) 2 X 65 KW = 130 KW Diesel #1 142 kW Diesel #2 DC AC 75 kW Battery Bank Rotary Converter 240 VDC, 130 Ah 156 kVA ~30 kWh Diesel #3 Secondary Load 148 kW Controllers School Heating System Resistance Heaters Diesel Plant Hydronic Primary Village Load Loop 40-120 kW
- 34. Schematic of Wind-Diesel without storage Control System AC Bus Synchronous Dump Loads Condenser
- 35. Wind Diesel without Storage 100 When the wind power is larger than the 80 load by some margin 60 - Diesel is shut off. • Frequency controlled 40 by dump load 20 • Voltage controlled by 0 0 6 12 18 24 condenser -20 Red = Diesel Blue = Load Green = Windpower
- 36. St. Paul Alaska, USA Island in the middle of the Bering Sea Peak load of 160kW Cost of Power, + $0.21/kWh Waste energy used for heating
- 37. St. Paul Power System • 225 kW Wind Turbine • 2 x 150 kW Diesel Gensets • Digital Engine Controls • NPS Components – System Controllers/ RemoteView™ – Synchronous Condenser – Heating and Thermal Plant – Integrated Shelter – Dump Load Regulator
- 38. Key Points of Large Hybrid Systems • Differences in Energy Storage – Long term energy storage: Larger battery bank to transfer energy from one time to another. Order of hours. – Short term power storage: Energy used for very short periods to provide grid stability and allow controlled diesel engine starting. Order of minutes. • Power Quality issues • System Control – DSP based advanced control is required
- 39. Power Balancing Alternatives • Control wind generation: mechanical pitch control, electronic control, individual machine switching in multiple machine windfarms. • Dispatchable Loads: Installations of controllable incremental loads like resistance heating to consume extra power. • Load shedding where non-critical loads are temporarily shut off to quickly reduce system load.
- 40. More Power Control Alternatives • Back-driving the diesel generator, a process where power is actually put into the generator to overcome the generator losses while keeping the generation running so that it can be loaded quickly. Installing systems, like block heaters, to allow quick starting of generators. • Installation of a synchronous condenser or rotary converter, which is used to produce reactive power • Installation of a capacitor bank to smooth out rapid power transients and partially correct the systems power factor
- 41. Conclusions • Lots of options for the configuration of hybrid systems - Depend on load, resource, and costs. • Medium penetration wind-diesel systems are operating in various isolated locations around the world. Instantaneous wind penetration levels exceeding 50% of load are common. • Several high penetration systems, with and without energy storage, have been successfully demonstrated. • High penetration systems are capable of prolonged diesel-off operation.
- 42. CPC’s 5 to 25kWe Small Modular Biopower System Alaminos, Philippines April 2, 2001
- 43. Village Power Hybrids Simulation Models for Options Analysis Wind PV Inverter Diesel losses Fuel Cell Rectifier Bio-Power DC Bus AC Bus Wind losses µ-Hydro µ-Turbines losses Dump Battery Load Load Bank losses Rate Structure