hybrid techology.ppt
- 2. CONTENTS • Concept of Hybrid Technology • Components and layout of Hybrid vehicles • Types of Hybrid Vehicles and their characteristics • Advantages of Hybrid vehicles over conventional ones and the road ahead • Need for Hybrid technology
- 3. What’s In It For Me ? • Our future depends on our ability to adapt to alternative means of fuel for energy • We as Engineers, have the responsibility to find out the best alternatives to harness renewable & eco-friendly energy sources.
- 4. Brief History of Hybrid Vehicles 1839 Robert Anderson of Aberdeen, Scotland built the first electric vehicle. 1886 An electric-powered taxicab, using a battery with 28 cells and a small electric motor, was introduced in England. 1888 Immisch & Company built a four-passenger carriage, powered by a one-horsepower motor and 24-cell battery. 1898 Dr. Ferdinand Porsche, built a hybrid, using an internal combustion engine to spin a generator that provided power to electric motors located in the wheel hubs. 1900 A Belgian carmaker, Pieper, introduced Belgium’s first Hybrid, in which a small petrol engine was mated to an electric motor under the seat. When the car was "cruising," its electric motor was in effect a generator, recharging the batteries. But when the car was climbing a grade, the electric motor, mounted coaxially with the gas engine, gave it a boost. 1969 The GM 512, a very lightweight experimental hybrid car, ran entirely on electric power up to 10 miles per hour. From 10 to 13 miles per hour, it ran on a combination of batteries and its two- cylinder gas engine. Above thirteen miles per hour, the GM 512 ran on gasoline. It could only reach 40 miles per hour. 1970s With the Arab oil embargo of 1973, the price of gasoline soared, creating new interest in electric vehicles. A hybrid known as the “VW Taxi” produced by Volkswagen in Wolfsburg, West Germany used a parallel hybrid configuration allowing flexible switching between the gasoline engine and electric motor. 1989 Audi unveiled the first generation of the Audi Duo experimental vehicle. The car had a 12.6 horsepower electric engine, which drove the rear wheels instead of a propeller shaft. A nickel-cadmium battery supplied the energy. The front-wheel drive was powered by a 2.3-litre five-cylinder engine with an output of 136 horsepower. 1997 The Toyota Prius was introduced to the Japanese market, two years before its original launch date. First-year sales were nearly 18,000. 1997 Audi became the first manufacturer in Europe to take a hybrid vehicle into volume production: the Audi duo based on the A4 Avant. The vehicle was powered by a 90 horsepower 1.9-litre TDI in conjunction with a 29 horsepower electric motor. Both power sources drove the front wheels. 1999 Honda released the two-door Insight, the first hybrid car to hit the mass market in the United States. The Insight produced mileages of 61 mpg city and 70 mpg highway. 2004 The Toyota Prius II won 2004 Car of the Year Awards from Motor Trend Magazine and the North American Auto Show. In September, Ford released the Escape Hybrid, the first American hybrid and the first SUV hybrid.
- 5. Layout of a typical Petrol Car
- 6. Layout of a typical Electric Car
- 7. What is a Hybrid Vehicle ? • “Hybrid” means FUSION of two or more entities • Hybrid cars comprise of two or more technologies, that assist in propulsion • Most commonly used Hybrid cars are Petrol-Electric Hybrids
- 9. Basic components of a Hybrid car • Petrol engine - Smaller, efficient and less emissive • Fuel tank - Similar to conventional fuel tanks • Electric motor - Very sophisticated. Can act as both motor and generator • Generator - Mostly used in Series Hybrid Vehicles
- 10. Basic components of a Hybrid car • Batteries - Large and heavy, deep cycle batteries. Nickel-Metal-hydride batteries connected in series • Computer Control Systems - Controller Area Network allow embedded controllers to communicate with electric motor controller, engine controller, battery management system, brake system controller, transmission controller, electrical grid controller, etc • Transmission - Conventional transmission and Continuously Variable Transmission used. Power split devices also used with the above methods • Capacitors - Quickly store and release large amounts of power
- 11. Basic Classification of Hybrid Cars Series Hybrid Layout Parallel Hybrid Layout
- 13. Characteristics of a Series Hybrid Car • The engine turns a generator and the generator can either charge the batteries or power an electric motor that drives the transmission • The engine should be running at all times • The batteries are continuously charged, depending upon their level of remaining charge
- 15. Characteristics of a Parallel Hybrid Car • Both, the engine and the electric motor can propel the vehicle at the same time or independently • The petrol engine can be switched off when below optimum power band • The batteries are charged only during braking or when petrol engine is propelling the vehicle
- 16. Distinctive features of Hybrid vehicles • Start / Stop engine: The engine can be used only when the speed of the vehicle enters the optimum power range • Regenerative Braking: Part of the deceleration of the vehicle provided by the generator which charges the batteries or Ultra-capacitors • Aerodynamics: Use of advanced aerodynamic shapes that can reduce drag • Low roll-resistance tires: Use of stiffer and higher pressure inflated tires • Light weight materials: Use of Composite materials like carbon fiber or lightweight metals like aluminum and magnesium, reduces body weight
- 18. Honda Insight • The Honda Insight is a simplified parallel hybrid. It consists of an entirely new petrol-electric drive system called Integrated Motor Assist • The Insight's IMA system comprises of the lean-burn combustion – low emission engines, variable valve timing, high-efficiency electric motors, regenerative braking, nickel-metal hydride battery technology and microprocessor control • Electric motor mounted between the engine and transmission to act as a starter motor, engine balancer, and assist traction motor • Requires the engine to be running at all times since the battery cannot propel the vehicle alone
- 20. Toyota Prius • Parallel hybrid power-train, called the Toyota Hybrid System (THS) used. • Uses a 1500 cc, 76 BHp @ 5000 rpm engine, which propels only at optimum power range. • Uses 67 Hp @ 1200-1540 rpm electric motor. • Uses a unique power split mechanism which incorporates the advantages of the Series and Parallel Hybrid technologies. • The power split mechanism is a planetary gear set that also acts as a Continuously Variable Transmission unit.
- 21. Ford Escape – The ultimate Green SUV • The Escape Hybrid is an SUV that gets up to 36 miles per gallon. • The electric motor, starts the petrol engine. The car then performs a series of checks to determine if it can switch to electric-only operation: It checks to see if the batteries are charged and if the operating temperatures are okay. If everything checks out, the engine will then shut off, leaving the car running under electric-only power. This process only takes a second or two. • The car runs on electric-only while you're at a stoplight or waiting in line at the drive-thru. • At highway cruising speeds 80 to 110 kmph, the petrol engine does most of the work. It's most efficient at this speed range. When a speed boost is called for, the electric motor kicks in and adds its horsepower to that of the gasoline engine.
- 22. Why do we need Hybrids? • Increase efficiency of power sources using fossil fuels • Reduce emissions and pollution • Long term Goal – Use of regenerative, eco-friendly, sustainable source of power • Hybrid Technology is just a step in the right direction
- 23. Queries?