Hypothesis in Research
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This document defines and discusses hypotheses in research. It begins by defining a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It then discusses the importance of hypotheses in providing direction, goals, and a framework for research. The document outlines characteristics of good hypotheses and different types of hypotheses, including simple vs. complex, associative vs. causal, directional vs. non-directional, and null vs. research hypotheses. Sources of hypotheses and their role in linking theories to practice are also mentioned.
Hypothesis in Research
- 1. Hypothesis in Research Muthuvenkatachalam S., D.Pharm, M.Sc (AIIMS), PhD Scholar (RGUHS) Associate Professor, PCNMS, Haldwani
- 2. Introduction • A hypothesis is a formal tentative statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables under study. • A clearly stated hypothesis includes the variables to be manipulated or measured, identifies the population to be examined, and indicates the proposed outcome of the study
- 3. DEFINITION • Hypothesis is a tentative predication or explanation of the relationship between two variables. • ‘It implies there is a systematic relationship between two variables.’
- 4. IMPORTANCES OF HYPOTHESIS • Enables the researcher to investigate objectively • Provides objectivity to research activity • Provides direction to conduct research • Provides clear and specific goals to the researchers • Links theories and practice • Bridge between theories and reality
- 5. IMPORTANCES OF HYPOTHESIS • Suggests which type of research is most likely to appropriate • Guides the researcher towards the direction in which research should proceeds • Stimulates the thinking process of the researchers • Serves as a framework for drawing conclusions of a research • Without hypothesis research would be like aimless wandering
- 6. Characteristics of good hypothesis A good hypothesis is • based on sound reasoning. • provides explanation for the predicted outcome. • clearly states the relationship between the defined variables. • Defines the variables in easy to measure terms. • Testable in a reasonable amount of time.
- 7. Sources • Theoritical or conceptual frameworks • Previous research • Real life experiences • Academic literatures
- 8. TYPES • Simple Vs. Complex • Associative Vs. Causal • Directional Vs. Non – Directional • Null Vs. Research
- 9. SIMPLE Vs. COMPLEX • The statement which reflects the relationship between two variables is known as simple hypothesis. – E.g. The lower the level of haemoglobin the higher is the risk of infection among postpartum women. • The statement which reflects the relationship beyween more than two variables is known as complex hypothesis. – E.g. Satisfaction is higher among patients who are older and dwelling in rural areas than those who are younger and dwelling in urban areas.
- 10. ASSOCIATIVE Vs. CAUSAL • It reflects a relationship between variables that occurs or exists in natural settings without manipulation. – E.g. The lower the blood sugar level, the lesser is the risk of infection among diabetic patients. • It predicts the cause and effect relationship between two or more dependent and independent variables. – E.g. Prevalence of pin site infection is lower in patients who receive pin site care with hydrogen peroxide as compared to patients who receive the pin site care with betadine solution.
- 11. DIRECTIONAL Vs. Non - DIRECTIONAL • It specifies not only the existence, but also the expected direction of the relationship between variables. – E.g. There is a positive relationship between years of nursing experience and job satisfaction. • It just predicts the existence of relationship between the variables. – E.g. There is a relationship between year of nursing experiences and job satisfaction among nurses.
- 12. NULL AND RESEARCH • Null hypothesis is also known as statistical hypothesis and is used for statistical testing and interpretations. • It states the existence of no relationship between the variables. • Research hypothesis states the existence of relationship between two or more variables.