I Q
Download as PPT, PDF1 like280 views
1) Intelligence remains stable or increases into middle age according to longitudinal studies, though it may decline more rapidly after 80 due to physiological changes. 2) There are different types of intelligence like fluid and crystallized intelligence - crystallized intelligence based on experience is less affected by age. 3) Health issues and diseases, rather than normal aging, are associated with greater intellectual declines later in life. Maintaining an active lifestyle and environment supports better cognitive functioning at older ages.
I Q
- 1. Stages of Adult DevelopmentStages of Adult Development I.Q
- 2. Key question: What happens toKey question: What happens to intelligence with age?intelligence with age? • Does intelligence increase or decrease with age? • If there is a decrease, is it due to aging or disease? • Are intelligent people better in school? • Are intelligent people more successful in life? • What is the relationship between life and academic achievements? • These questions will be examined and answers postulated based on current research
- 3. Assessment of Intellectual FunctionsAssessment of Intellectual Functions • Psychological tests were originally developed to identify intelligent people • Galton, in 1883 focused on sensory information • Alfred Benet, 1903 wanted to identify people of low intelligence from average • Stanford-Benet, 1916 developed scales to identify “intelligence quotient” or “I Q” • Designed to predict scholastic scores • Average IQ = 100 • Not designed to measure adult intelligence • WAIS: most frequently used by psychologists to measure adult intelligence
- 4. Intelligence as Multiple AbilitiesIntelligence as Multiple Abilities • Factor analysis regularly indicates 6-12 primary mental abilities • Verbal comprehension • Word fluency • Number • Associative memory • Perceptual speed • Induction (general reasoning)
- 5. Intelligence as Multiple AbilitiesIntelligence as Multiple Abilities • Sternberg, 1985 • Basic components of intelligence • Three sub-theories • Individual’s inner world • Learning, planning, integrating new information • How individual relates to outer world • Adaptation to environment • How individual relates to both worlds • Adaptation to novelty, automatization of routing tasks
- 6. Intelligence and AgeIntelligence and Age • WAIS may not be optimal for measuring healthy adults • Designed to measure cognitive dysfunctions • Normed on young adults • May not be generalizable to older adults • Early cross-sectional studies • Intelligence declined with age • See figure 12-2, pp 361
- 7. Intelligence and AgeIntelligence and Age • Crystallized and fluid intelligence • Crystallized • Reflects mental abilities that depend on experience • Formal and informal schooling • Should not be effected by age • Fluid intelligence • Native mental ability • Quality of brain • How quickly signal can get in/out • May be effected by age
- 8. Intelligence and Age- LongitudinalIntelligence and Age- Longitudinal StudiesStudies • 1st longitudinal studies surprisingly showed no decline in IQ by middle age • Average person seemed to get smarter by age 50 • Cross-sectional data vs. longitudinal data • See figure 12-5, pp 365 • In general, even in advanced age, change proceeds slowly • Once into 80s and 90s declines are more rapid • Driven by failure of physiological infrastructures
- 9. Health, Lifestyle and DevelopmentHealth, Lifestyle and Development • How to separate natural process of aging from effects of disease? • Studies indicate intellectual declines are associated with disease • Most people maintain constant level of mental functioning throughout life • But show greatest decline the five years preceding death • Favorable “life-style” • Least mental decline in highly educated with favorable environments • Those who “live by their wits, die with their wits”
- 10. Perceptions of Intellectual ChangePerceptions of Intellectual Change • Older adults who think they are more in control, report higher cognitive functioning • Research suggests older adults can continue to learn • Capable of learning and performing at high levels • Intellectual decline is chiefly driven by disease and lack of environmental stimulation
- 11. WisdomWisdom • Wisdom can be defined as • Expert knowledge system on the fundamentals of life • Living long is not a condition of wisdom • Conditions for Wisdom: • Exposure and openness to experience over a life time • Personality trait “in between” extroversion and introversion