Id. 01 router (computing)

Akre Technical College
Dept. of Information Technology
2nd stage
Subject: Internet Technology (Pr)
Date: 11/11/2015
ID. 01 IT-ATC.blogspot.com :: fb.com/ATC.Information.Technology :: fb.com/groups/IT.ATC
Router (computing)
Mr. Saleem & Mr. Rzgar

Router has operating system – IOS – Internetworking
Operating System and it's extension is (.bin)
Router types :
1- Fixed port : cannot add Interface
2- Modular : can add interface
2 ID. 01 IT-ATC.blogspot.com :: fb.com/ATC.Information.Technology :: fb.com/groups/IT.ATC

Router internal components: CPU, RAM, FLASH, ROM, BUSES,
NVRAM, INTERFACES, POWER SUPPLY.

Router external components :
Two Fast Ethernet ports ( connecting to switch and router)
Console port ( connecting to router for configuration , router connector is RJ-45 and PC
connector is DB-9).
Auxiliary port ( connect to FAX modem, router connector is RJ-45 and PC connector is DB-
25
power switch , power connection .
to connect to router from Console port you must have a program ( Hyper terminal ( XP) ,
SecureCRT ,TeraTerm )
4
ID. 01 IT-ATC.blogspot.com :: fb.com/ATC.Information.Technology :: fb.com/groups/IT.ATC

Router internal configuration:
RAM: random access memory: temp config file, ARP
cashe, Packet buffering
NVRAM: non volatile RAM: storing backup copy of config file
Flash: Saving os image (command based) IOS comprised
ROM: read only memory: Power-On Self-Test (POST),
bootstrap program

Router startup sequence:
Step1 = checking the hardware ---- POST --- bootstrap
program that check the functionality of hardware (ROM)
Step2 = Find the ios --- flash, TFTP, ROM
Step3 = Load it……….
Step4 = Find the configuration file  NVRAM, TFTP
Step5 = Load it ……….
Step6 = setup mode ------ creating the config file

Router Modes
1- setup mode
2- User execute mode
Router>
3- Privilege execute mode
Router#
Router>enable // login privilege mode
4- Global configuration mode
#(Router(config
Router#configuration terminal or config t
5- Interface configuration
Router(config-if)#
Router(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0

Router configuration must be saved into NVRAM.
Router configuration is on running – config file and to save it into
NVRAM you must copy it to startup-config file
Copy run startOrCopy running – config startup-config
Some Router show command
Show version
show flash
show interface
Show startup-config or show start
Show history
show ip interface brief

Change Router Name and setup Router user mode password
Router>ena
Router#config t
Router(config)#hostname IT Router
ITRouter(config)#enable password 123 ------1
ITRouter(config)#^Z
ITRouter#copy run start
To remove ena password
ITRouter(config)#no enable password
copy run startT Router#
ITRouter#config t
ITRouter(config)#enable secret 1234 ---------------- 2
ITRouter(config)#copy run start

Setup Router console password
IT Router#
ITRouter#config t
ITRouter(config)#line console 0
ITRouter(config-line)#password 333
ITRouter(config-line)#login
ITRouter(config-line)#^Z
Destination filename [startup-config]?
IT Router#

Setup Banner
ITRouter#config t
ITRouter(config)#banner MOTD #IT Router#
ITRouter(config)#^Z
IT Router#
IT Router#
Sets the local time on the Router
ITRouter#clock set 20:05:00 11 december 2014

Setup Router Interface IP Address
ITRouter(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
ITRouter(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
ITRouter(config-if)#no shut
ITRouter(config-if)#no shutdown
ITRouter(config-if)#
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
ITRouter(config-if)#^Z
IT Router#
IT Router#

Assigning a Local Host Name to an IP Address
ITRouter#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End
with CNTL/Z.
ITRouter(config)#ip host Akre 192.168.1.1
ITRouter(config)#^Z
ITRouter#
Building configuration...
[OK]

Setup telnet password
ITRouter#config t
ITRouter(config)#line vty 0 ?
<1-15> Last Line number
<cr>
ITRouter(config)#line vty 0 4
ITRouter(config-line)#password 12345
ITRouter(config-line)#login
ITRouter(config-line)#^Z
IT Router#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
[OK]
ITRouter#RT1#

Encryption all Router password
ITRouter#config t
ITRouter(config)#service password-encryption
ITRouter(config)#^Z
ITRouter#
Router(config)#do show running-config
Executes the privileged-level show running-config
command while in global configuration mode.

Recovering router passwords
The Cisco IOS provides a mechanism to recover passwords, in case
you lost them or you do not remember them.
You need to have physical access to the router to connect to its
console port.
The key point of the password recovery process is to boot up the
Cisco router ignoring its current startup configuration, which
contains the current passwords. To boot up the Cisco router
ignoring its current startup configuration you need to change the
value in the configuration register. You can set bit 6 in the
configuration register to instruct the bootstrap program
to avoid reading the startup configuration from NVRAM. By doing
this, you boot up the router as if it had no startup configuration —
as if the router were new, coming out of the box.

Password recovery process
Follow these steps to recover passwords on a Cisco router:
1. Change the configuration register to 0x2142.
2. Reboot the router.
3. Upon reboot, exit from setup mode.
The router ignores the startup configuration in NVRAM, so it automatically
starts in setup mode. You need to exit setup mode because your
router is already set up. You just want to reset the passwords in the current
startup configuration, not to reset the whole configuration.
4. Enable privileged EXEC mode.
5. Load the startup configuration manually from NVRAM to RAM.
6. Enable global configuration mode.
7. Change the passwords.
8. Save the running configuration over the startup configuration in NVRAM.
9. Change the configuration register back to the default value of 0x2102.
10. Reboot the router.

#The normal router configuration register value is
0x2102 and its size is 2 bytes (16 bits ).
The router configuration register value that let
router to ignore its startup-configuration file is
0x2142
# to change router configuration register value to
0x2142 you must boot router from Rommon
by ( ctrl + Break )
# Config register calculator application

Rommon 1> ? Show commands that are using in
Rommon
rommon 2 > confreg 0x2142
rommon 3 > reset
no
Router>ena
Router#copy start run
Destination filename [running-config]?
ITRouter#
ITRouter#config t
ITRouter(config)#no ena
ITRouter(config)#no enable pass
ITRouter(config)#no enable password // to remove enable password
ITRouter(config)#

Router(config)#no ena
Router(config)#no enable secret //to remove enable secret
password
Router(config)#exit
Router#
Router#config t
ITRouter(config)#line console 0
ITRouter(config-line)#no pass
ITRouter(config-line)#no password //to remove console password
ITRouter(config-line)#exit
ITRouter(config)#line vty 0 4
ITRouter(config-line)#no pass
ITRouter(config-line)#no password /to remove telnet password
ITRouter(config-line)#exit

ITRouter(config)#config-register 0x2102
ITRouter(config)#do copy run start
ITRouter(config)# exit
Router#reload
There is not any passwords and Enjoy ------------------

Creating DHCP on Router interface
Router(config)#ip dhcp pool net1
Router(dhcp-config)#network 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
Router(dhcp-config)#def
Router(dhcp-config)#default-router 192.168.1.1
Router(dhcp-config)#dns
Router(dhcp-config)#dns-server 192.168.1.10
Router(dhcp-config)#^Z
Router#Router# copy run start

Define DNS server to Router
Router#config t
Router(config)#ip name
Router(config)#ip name-server 192.168.1.10
Router(config)#^Z
Router#copy run start
[OK]
Router#ping pc1
Akre(config)#ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.10
// to exlude ip address or dhcp should not asign this range to client

Router interface obtain ip from dhcp server
Router(config)#interface fastethernet 0/1
or Router(config)# int fa 0/1
Router(config-if)#no shut
Router(config-if)#ip
Router(config-if)#ip add
Router(config-if)#ip address dhcp
Router(config-if)#^Z
Router#copy run start
[OK]
Router#

Router IOS or Start file backup and restore
Copy flash tftp // to copy a file from flash to tftp server
Like ios file, this to backup ios to tftp server
Copy tftp flash // to restore a file from tftp server
Copy start tftp // to copy or backup start file to tftp server
Copy tftp start // to restore start file from tftp server
Akre#delete flash // to delete a file from flash
Delete filename []?c2800nm-advipservicesk9-mz.124-15.T1.bin
IOS file name
Akre#erase start // to remove satrt file

Router(config-if)#clock rate ?
Are you meaning in LAB environment?, if so, you can do
it, but if you are meaning on a real connection then you
should set the exact clock rate supplied by your ISP.

A network route is a data transmission path through one
or more networks between two end nodes.
More than one route can exist between two end nodes.
The main purpose of a router is to find the best route to
reach a destination node.
network routes types :
✦ Static routes
✦ Default routes
✦ Dynamic routes

Static routes
You define static routes manually on a router. Static
routes are best suited for small networks, such as LANs,
where routes rarely change. If routes change, you need
to update your routes to reflect the new data
transmission paths.
Configuring static routes :
Router(config)# ip route network-address subnet-mask {ip-address
| exit-interface }

Dissecting static route syntax
ip route - Static route command
Network address – Destination network address
Subnet mask - Subnet mask of destination network
IP address - Serial 0/0/0 interface IP address on R2,
which is the "next-hop" to this network

General Role of the Router
Connections of a Router for WAN
-A router has a DB-60 port that can support 5
different cabling standards
Connections of a Router for Ethernet
-2 types of connectors can be used: Straight through
and Cross-over
Straight through used to connect:
-Switch-to-Router, Switch-to-PC, Router-to-Server, Hub-to-
PC, Hub-to-Server
Cross-over used to connect:
-Switch-to-Switch, PC-to-PC, Switch-to-Hub, Hub-to-Hub,
Router-to-Router

Examining Router Interfaces
-Show IP router command – used to view routing table
-Show Interfaces command – used to show status of an
interface
-Show IP Interface brief command – used to show a
portion of the interface information
-Show running-config command – used to show
configuration file in RAM

Interfaces
Configuring an Ethernet interface
-By default all serial and Ethernet interfaces are down
-To enable an interface use the No Shutdown command
Configuring a Serial interface
-Enter interface configuration mode
-Enter in the ip address and subnet mask
-Enter in the no shutdown command

-Physically connecting a WAN Interface.
-A WAN Physical Layer connection has sides:
Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) – This is the
service provider. CSU/DSU is a DCE device.
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) – Typically the router is
the DTE device.

Configuring serial links in a lab environment
One side of a serial connection must be considered a
DCE
This requires placing a clocking signal – use the clock
rate command.
Example:
-R1(config)#interface serial 0/0
-R1(config-if)#clockrate 64000
Serial Interfaces require a clock signal to control the
timing of the communications.

Id. 01 router (computing)

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