![Image Cryptography using Nearest Prime
Pixels
Abstract:
Protecting the data in a safe and secure way which does not impede the access of an
authorized authority is an immensely difficult and very interesting research problem. image
cryptography is a special type of encryption technique to obscure image-based secret information
which can be decrypted by Human Visual System. Communication is the process of transmitting
information from source to destination. The exchanging information should not be stolen by
unauthorized parties like hackers while sending or receiving via channel. To avoid this stealing
of the information visual cryptography techniques are used. This paper proposes a novel method
for key generation by using nearest prime pixels. Further 2’s complement and logical operations
are performed to generate decrypted image. The final decrypted image is generated by
representing pixels in matrix form and data is retrieved in column wise.
Keywords—Image Cryptography; Nearest prime pixels; 2’s complement; XOR operation.
1. Introduction:
Image cryptography [1] is a cryptographic technique where visual information (Image, text, etc)
gets encrypted in such a way that the decryption can be performed by the human visual system
without aid of computers. Cryptography is used to constrain the potential sender and/or receivers
of a message. Cryptography is based on secrets called keys. The sender can encode its message
so that it can only decode with suitable key.
Here are some of the services that are provided by the security.
• Confidentiality(privacy)
• Authentication(who created or sent the data)
• Data integrity(has not been altered)
• Non-repudiation(the order is final)
• Access control(prevent misuse of resources)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ls-171219060750/85/Image-Cryptography-using-Nearest-Prime-Pixels-1-320.jpg){kind=tracking}
![• Availability (permanence, non-erasure).
2. Background:
Image cryptography was originally invented and pioneered by Moni Naor and Adi Shamir in
1994 at the Euro crypt conference. Image cryptography is “a new type of cryptographic scheme,
which can be decode concealed images without any cryptographic computation”. As the name
suggests, image cryptography is related to images. Naor and Shamir’s initial implementation
assumes that the image or message is a collection of black and white pixels, each pixel is handled
individually and it should be noted that the white pixel represents the transparent color. Image
cryptography mechanism is very secure and very easily implemented. This is another advantage
of image cryptography over the other popular conditionally secure cryptographic schemes. An
electronic secret can be shared directly, alternatively the secrets can be printed out onto
transparencies and superimposed, revealing the secret. The piece of secret is known as share. The
secret can only be reconstructed when a sufficient number of shares are combined together.
While these shares are separate, no information about the secret can be accessed. That is, the
shares are completely useless while they are separated. There are many types algorithms which
will include in image cryptography with different concepts and techniques to enhance the
security.
3. Proposed system:
The proposed work generates a 8-bit random sequence for key generation. Key[2] is obtained by
performing subtraction between digital values and its nearest prime pixel values.Several stages
are involved in encryption and decryption.
A. Key Generation: The Each pixel of image converted into pixels. Further find nearest
prime of it. For key generation find the difference between nearest prime pixel and for each pixel
of image. Consider the difference value as key, it is continued for each and every pixel of image.
Key generation algorithm steps:-](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ls-171219060750/85/Image-Cryptography-using-Nearest-Prime-Pixels-2-320.jpg){kind=tracking}
![4. SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS :
➢ Operating system : Windows XP/7.
➢ Coding Language : MATLAB
➢ Tool : MATLAB R 2012
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
➢ System : Pentium IV 2.4 GHz.
➢ Hard Disk : 40 GB.
➢ Floppy Drive : 1.44 Mb.
➢ Monitor : 15 VGA Colour.
➢ Mouse : Logitech.
➢ Ram : 512 Mb.
5. Conclusion:
Image cryptography [5,6] is playing vital role in current trends. This paper focusing on novel key
generation using nearest prime pixels. Further different complementary and logical functions are
used to improve the secrecy. Finally cipher image is generated with column wise retrieving. This
work may be extended with genetic operators and genetic algorithms.
[1] S. Kiran, R. Pradeep Kumar Reddy, “Multi-Stage Encryption using Seeded SDES”
International Journal of Advanced Networking and Applications Volume: 07 Issue: 02 Pages:
2694-2699 (2015) ISSN: 0975- 0290.
[2] B.Bazith Mohammed, “automatic key generation Of Caesar cipher”, international journal of
Engineering trends and technology (IJETT), vol.6, no.6, pp.337-339, dec.2013.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ls-171219060750/85/Image-Cryptography-using-Nearest-Prime-Pixels-4-320.jpg){kind=tracking}
![[3] S.G.Srikantaswamy and Dr.H.D.phaneendra,“A Cipher design using the combined effect of
arithmetic And logic operations with substitutions and Transposition techniques“, International
Journal of Computer Applications (0975-8887), vol.29, no.8, pp.34-36.
[4] A. Sinha and K. Singh, “Image encrypt ion by using fractional Fourier transform and Jigsaw
transform in image bit planes”, Source: optical engineering, spie-int society optical engineering,
vol. 44, no. 5, (2005), pp. 15- 18.
[5] N. Taneja, B. Raman and I. Gupta, “Combinational domain encryption for still visual data”,
Journal of Multimedia Tools and Applications, DOI 10.1007/s11042-011-0775-4, (2011).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ls-171219060750/85/Image-Cryptography-using-Nearest-Prime-Pixels-5-320.jpg){kind=tracking}
Image Cryptography using Nearest Prime Pixels
- 1. Image Cryptography using Nearest Prime Pixels Abstract: Protecting the data in a safe and secure way which does not impede the access of an authorized authority is an immensely difficult and very interesting research problem. image cryptography is a special type of encryption technique to obscure image-based secret information which can be decrypted by Human Visual System. Communication is the process of transmitting information from source to destination. The exchanging information should not be stolen by unauthorized parties like hackers while sending or receiving via channel. To avoid this stealing of the information visual cryptography techniques are used. This paper proposes a novel method for key generation by using nearest prime pixels. Further 2’s complement and logical operations are performed to generate decrypted image. The final decrypted image is generated by representing pixels in matrix form and data is retrieved in column wise. Keywords—Image Cryptography; Nearest prime pixels; 2’s complement; XOR operation. 1. Introduction: Image cryptography [1] is a cryptographic technique where visual information (Image, text, etc) gets encrypted in such a way that the decryption can be performed by the human visual system without aid of computers. Cryptography is used to constrain the potential sender and/or receivers of a message. Cryptography is based on secrets called keys. The sender can encode its message so that it can only decode with suitable key. Here are some of the services that are provided by the security. • Confidentiality(privacy) • Authentication(who created or sent the data) • Data integrity(has not been altered) • Non-repudiation(the order is final) • Access control(prevent misuse of resources)
- 2. • Availability (permanence, non-erasure). 2. Background: Image cryptography was originally invented and pioneered by Moni Naor and Adi Shamir in 1994 at the Euro crypt conference. Image cryptography is “a new type of cryptographic scheme, which can be decode concealed images without any cryptographic computation”. As the name suggests, image cryptography is related to images. Naor and Shamir’s initial implementation assumes that the image or message is a collection of black and white pixels, each pixel is handled individually and it should be noted that the white pixel represents the transparent color. Image cryptography mechanism is very secure and very easily implemented. This is another advantage of image cryptography over the other popular conditionally secure cryptographic schemes. An electronic secret can be shared directly, alternatively the secrets can be printed out onto transparencies and superimposed, revealing the secret. The piece of secret is known as share. The secret can only be reconstructed when a sufficient number of shares are combined together. While these shares are separate, no information about the secret can be accessed. That is, the shares are completely useless while they are separated. There are many types algorithms which will include in image cryptography with different concepts and techniques to enhance the security. 3. Proposed system: The proposed work generates a 8-bit random sequence for key generation. Key[2] is obtained by performing subtraction between digital values and its nearest prime pixel values.Several stages are involved in encryption and decryption. A. Key Generation: The Each pixel of image converted into pixels. Further find nearest prime of it. For key generation find the difference between nearest prime pixel and for each pixel of image. Consider the difference value as key, it is continued for each and every pixel of image. Key generation algorithm steps:-
- 3. Step1: Initially, the given image is converted into its equivalent digital pixels. Step2: Find nearest prime pixels for each pixel of image. Step3: The key values are obtained from finding difference between pixel values and nearest prime pixel values. Step4: Perform 2’s complement for generated pixels. Fig.1 Flow chart showing key generation process Example for key generation:
- 4. 4. SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS : ➢ Operating system : Windows XP/7. ➢ Coding Language : MATLAB ➢ Tool : MATLAB R 2012 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS: HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS: ➢ System : Pentium IV 2.4 GHz. ➢ Hard Disk : 40 GB. ➢ Floppy Drive : 1.44 Mb. ➢ Monitor : 15 VGA Colour. ➢ Mouse : Logitech. ➢ Ram : 512 Mb. 5. Conclusion: Image cryptography [5,6] is playing vital role in current trends. This paper focusing on novel key generation using nearest prime pixels. Further different complementary and logical functions are used to improve the secrecy. Finally cipher image is generated with column wise retrieving. This work may be extended with genetic operators and genetic algorithms. [1] S. Kiran, R. Pradeep Kumar Reddy, “Multi-Stage Encryption using Seeded SDES” International Journal of Advanced Networking and Applications Volume: 07 Issue: 02 Pages: 2694-2699 (2015) ISSN: 0975- 0290. [2] B.Bazith Mohammed, “automatic key generation Of Caesar cipher”, international journal of Engineering trends and technology (IJETT), vol.6, no.6, pp.337-339, dec.2013.
- 5. [3] S.G.Srikantaswamy and Dr.H.D.phaneendra,“A Cipher design using the combined effect of arithmetic And logic operations with substitutions and Transposition techniques“, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975-8887), vol.29, no.8, pp.34-36. [4] A. Sinha and K. Singh, “Image encrypt ion by using fractional Fourier transform and Jigsaw transform in image bit planes”, Source: optical engineering, spie-int society optical engineering, vol. 44, no. 5, (2005), pp. 15- 18. [5] N. Taneja, B. Raman and I. Gupta, “Combinational domain encryption for still visual data”, Journal of Multimedia Tools and Applications, DOI 10.1007/s11042-011-0775-4, (2011).