IMAGE PROCESSING - MATHANKUMAR.S - VMKVEC

 Image is an Artifact that
reproduce the likeness of
some subjects usually a
physical object.

 Images are pictures!
A picture that represents visual
information.
 Used to save visual experiences.
 A picture is worth a 1000 words…I
think more!!!
 How are non-digital images stored?
Photographic film
Canvas/paint
Digitally

 Imaging is the process of acquiring images.
 Shorthand for image acquisition.
 Process of sensing our surroundings and then
representing the measurements that are made in
the form of an image.

 Passive imaging – employs energy sources
that are already present in the scene.
 Active imaging – involves use of artificial
energy sources to probe our surroundings.
5

 Passive imaging is subject to the limitations of
existing energy sources.
Passive Imaging

 Active imaging is not restrictive in this way
but is invariably a more complicated &
expensive procedure.
 Active imaging predominates in medical field,
where precise control over radiations sources
is essential.
 Active imaging is also an important tool in
remote sensing.
7
Active Imaging

DICOM - Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
8

 User Consortia (e.g., HL7)
 Organizations (e.g., NEMA, IEEE)
 US Government Agencies (e.g., ANSI, NIST)
 Foreign Government Agencies (e.g., CEN)
 United Nations (e.g., ISO, CCITT)

 The name was changed to separate the standard
from the originating body
 1991 - Release of Parts 1 and 8 of DICOM
 1992 - RSNA demonstration, Part 8
 1993 - DICOM Parts 1-9 approved,
RSNA demonstration of ALL parts
 1994 - Part 10: Media Storage and File Format
 1995 - Parts 11,12, and 13 plus Supplements

MAGN
ETOM
Information Management System
Storage, Query/Retrieve,
Study Component
Query/Retrieve, Patient & Study Management
Query/Retrieve
Results Management
Print Management
Media Exchange
LiteBox

SOP
Data Dictionary
Real-World Object
Information Object DIMSE Service Group

 Composite
Verification
Storage
Query/Retrieve
Study Content Notification
 Normalized
Patient Management
Study Management
Results Management
Basic Print Management

 Joint CEN-DICOM development
 Medicom = DICOM
 MIPS 95 work is underway with JIRA
 IS&C Harmonization is also in progress
 HL7 Harmonization continuing interest
 New DICOM organization
 Companies: NEMA and non-NEMA
 ACR, ACC, CAP, ...
 individuals

Networking is a critical component of all
medical imaging systems
Support for Open Communication Standards is a
MUST
DICOM is here, NOW
DICOM products exist on the market
DICOM is emerging as THE common protocol for
medical image communication - WORLD WIDE!

 Images stored in digital form!
Many ways of acquiring images
Scanner
Digital Camera
Others…
Many ways of storing images
Gif
Tiff
BMP
JPG
Others…

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)
PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
PGM (Portable Gray Map)
FITS (Flexible Image Transport System)
BMP (Bitmap Format)

JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts Group
JPEG is designed with photographs in mind.
 It is capable of handling all of the colors needed.
JPEGs have a lossy way of compressing images.
At a low compression value, this is largely not
noticeable, but at high compression, an image can
become blurry and messy. .jpg

JPEG cautions:
• Images with hard edges, high contrasts, angular areas, and
text suffer from JPEG compression.
• Scanned “natural” photographs do not lose much,
especially at High or Maximum quality.
• Only save finished images as JPEGs, every time you open
and save again, even if you don’t edit, you lose quality.
• Always keep the original non-JPEG version (the native .psd
format).
So why use JPEG?
• It is the best format for photographic images on the Web.
• It’s compression ability is very great.

GIF - Graphics Interchange Format
GIF is the most popular on the Internet, mainly because of its
small file size. It is ideal for small navigational icons and simple
diagrams and illustrations where accuracy is required, or
graphics with large blocks of a single color. The format is loss-
less, meaning it does not get blurry or messy.
The 256 color maximum is sometimes tight, and so it has the
option to dither, which means create the needed color by
mixing two or more available colors.
GIF use a simple technique called LZW compression to reduce
the file sizes of images by finding repeated patterns, but this
compression never degrades the image quality.
.GIF

23
 The GIF format is one of the most commonly used
graphic file formats, especially on the Internet.
 The GIF format is exceedingly useful in that it can
contain animations. Its internal structure is such
that it can store multiple images and the controls to
make them appear as real time animation
 animated GIF.
 The GIF format also allows a special color as to be
specified as "using the background." This results in
the image looks like transparent
 transparent GIF.

24
 Portable Network Graphic (PNG) which is
pronounced as “Ping”.
 Alternative to GIF, a lossless compression
scheme is used.
 Support three image type: true color,
grayscale, palette-based (8-bit).
 JPEG supports the first 2.
 GIF supports the 3rd one.

25
 Advantages
 Better Compression
○ Deflate is an improved version of the Lempel-Ziv compression
algorithm.
 Improve Interlacing
○ Display image quicker than Interlaced GIF.
 True Color and Transparency
○ Support 16-bit (Grey scale) or 48-bit (True Color)
○ 16-bit for alpha channel (Transparency).
 Gamma storage
○ Store the gamma setting of the platform of the creator.
 Disadvantages
 Not support by old browsers (Netscape 2,3,4 and IE 2,3,4)

TIFF - Tagged Image File Format
 Widely used cross platform file format also designed for printing.
 A bitmap image format.
 TIFF supports lossless LZW compression which also makes it a
good archive format for Photoshop documents.

 A popular format for grayscale images (8 bits/pixel)
 Closely-related formats are:
 PBM (Portable Bitmap), for binary images (1 bit/pixel)
 PPM (Portable Pixelmap), for color images (24 bits/pixel)
- ASCII or binary (raw) storage

FITS - Flexible Image Transport System
 Format of a FITS file (http://fits.gsfc.nasa.gov)
 Primary Header: metadata describing
instrument, observation & file contents
 Primary Data Array: array of 0-999
dimensions – usually a 2D image
+ none or more Extensions:
 Array, ASCII Table or Binary Table, each with
Header
(New FITS-inspired XML format – VOTable)

29
BMP - Bitmap Format
uses a pixel map which contains line by line information.
It is a very common format, as it got its start in Windows.
 This format can cause an image to be super large.

Image Processing is any form of signal processing for
which our input is an image, such as photographs or
frames of video and our output can be either an image or
a set of characteristics or parameters related to the
image.

 Image Processing generally refers to processing
of two dimensional picture and by two
dimensional picture we implies a digital image.
 A digital image is an array of real or complex
numbers represented by a finite number of bits.
 But now in these days optical and analog image
processing is also possible.

 Is enhancing an image or extracting information
or features from an image.
 Computerized routines for information extraction
(eg, pattern recognition, classification) from
remotely sensed images to obtain categories of
information about specific features.

Image processing are of two
aspects..
improving the visual appearance
of images to a human viewer
preparing images for
measurement of the features
and structures present.
2/1/2015 33

❶ Acquisition of Image
 Medical image data is acquired one slice at a time.
 Resulting data set comprises n slices, each containing w x h
pixels.
Basic Steps for Image Processing

❷ Data Storage
 Array starts with the first row of the first slice and so on until the end of
the first slice.
 Next, the array continues with the first row of the second slice, then the
second row of the second slice, and so on.

 A single slice corresponds to a k
space plane acquired in real-time
 The “K-Space” undergoes an Inverse
Fourier Transform.
 Following this mathematical step,
we finally have an image
❸ Image Formation

❹ Data Visualisation
 Medical image data is commonly visualised by two
methods.
 Reslicing
 Surface rendering

Since the digital image is “invisible” it must be
prepared for viewing on one or more output
device (laser printer, monitor, etc.,)
It might be possible to analyze the image in the
computer and provide cues to the radiologists to
help detect important/suspicious structures (e.g.:
Computed Aided Diagnosis, CAD)
2/1/2015 38
Why do we need Image Processing

Image processing can be done using various
software's and languages such as:-
Language
VHDL
C/C++
Software
Matlab
Adobe Photoshop
Irfan view
How Image Processing is done?

40
 Early 1920’s: One of the first applications of digital
imaging was in the newspaper industry
 The Bartlane cable picture
transmission service
 Images were transferred by
submarine cable between London
and New York
 Pictures were coded for cable
transfer and reconstructed at the
receiving end on a telegraph printer
Early digital image

 Mid to late 1920’s: Improvements to the Bartlane
system resulted in higher quality images
Improved
digital image Early 15 tone digital
image
New reproduction processes
based on photographic
techniques
Increased number of tones in
reproduced images

1960’s: Improvements in computing technology
and the onset of the space race led to a surge of
work in digital image processing
A picture of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
minutes before landing
 1964: Computers used to
improve the quality of images of
the moon taken by the Ranger 7
probe
 Such techniques were used in
other space missions including
the Apollo landings

1970’s: Digital image processing begins to be
used in medical applications
Typical head slice CAT
image
1979: Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield & Prof.
Allan M. Cormack share the Nobel Prize
in medicine for the invention of
tomography, the technology behind
Computerised Axial Tomography (CAT)
scans

1980’s - Today: The use of digital image processing
techniques has exploded and they are now used for all kinds
of tasks in all kinds of areas
 Image enhancement/restoration
 Artistic effects
 Medical visualisation
 Industrial inspection
 Law enforcement
 Human computer interfaces

 Face detection
 Feature detection
 Non-photorealistic rendering
 Medical image processing
 Microscope image processing
 Morphological image processing
 Remote sensing
 Automated Sieving Procedures
 Finger print recognization
Applications

 Primary purpose is to identify pathologic conditions.
 Requires recognition of normal anatomy and
physiology.
 Create image of body part
 Disease Monitoring

Medical imaging is the technique and
process used to create images of
the human body or it’s parts for clinical
purposes .
Non-invasive visualization of internal
organs, tissue, etc.

 Medical imaging has come a long way since 1895
when Röntgen first described a ‘new kind of ray’.
 That X-rays could be used to display anatomical
features on a photographic plate was of immediate
interest to the medical community at the time.
 Today a scan can refer to any one of a number of
medical-imaging techniques used for diagnosis and
treatment.
Medical Imaging using Ionising Radiations

 The transmission and detection of X-rays still lies at the heart of
radiography, angiography, fluoroscopy and conventional
mammography examinations.
 However, traditional film-based scanners are gradually being
replaced by digital systems
 The end result is the data can be viewed, moved and stored without
a single piece of film ever being exposed.
Digital Systems

Projection X-ray (Radiography)
Ultrasound
X-ray Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)

Imaging Modalities
 Imaging for medical purposes involves the services of
radiologists, radiographers, medical physicists and
biomedical engineers working together as a team for
maximum output. This ensures the production of
high quality of radiological service with consequent
improvement of health care service delivery.
51

 Technological advances have made human imaging possible at
scales from a single molecule to the whole body.
 By linking the anatomical data collected with emerging imaging
technologies to computer simulations, researchers now can
form truly functional images of individual patients.
 These images will allow physicians not only to see what a
patient’s organs look like but also how they are functioning
even at the smallest dimensions.
 A major challenge is how to store, analyze, distribute,
understand and use the enormous amount of data associated
with thousands of images.
52

 Biomedical engineering stands at the forefront of this effort
because its researchers are able to integrate the engineering
tools needed to solve the technological problems of image
analysis with the deeper knowledge of the underlying biological
mechanisms.
 Already, members of the Department of Biomedical
Engineering, in close collaboration with the Departments of
Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Computer Science,
Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Radiology, have
pioneered the use of imaging technology in computational
anatomy, neuropsychiatry, computer-integrated surgery and
cardiac procedures.
53

 Now, researchers are expanding their imaging efforts
into other modalities and organ systems.
 Ultimately, their work will contribute to advancing
image-guided therapy and to the early diagnosis and
treatment of a host of disorders, including heart
disease and brain dysfunction.
54

Research - Biomedical Imaging
 New developments in biomedical imaging provide a window
into complex biological phenomena.
 Imaging enables researchers to track the movements of
molecules, cells, fluids, gases, or sometimes even whole
organisms.
 Imaging techniques such as x-ray crystallography and magnetic
resonance imaging can also yield information about important
biological structures from single proteins to the human brain.
 The frontiers of biomedical imaging promise to make diagnosis
of disease more accurate and less invasive, and to improve our
understanding of disease.
55

Imaging research encompasses
 Imaging of protein complexes involved in synaptic communication in the
brain
 Fluorescence tagging of molecules involved in intracellular signalling
networks
 Non-invasive imaging of cancer
 Imaging of human movement using dynamic MR, motion capture systems,
and ultrasonic imaging
 Molecular and biochemical imaging with PET, SPECT, and optical imaging
 Three-dimensional medical imaging of blood flow, blood vessels, and
cardiovascular lesions
 Functional human brain mapping
 Strategies for fusing images across modalities (e.g., CT and MR)
 Ultrasonic diagnostic technology in medicine
 Computational analysis and reconstruction of complex imaging data
56

IMAGE PROCESSING - MATHANKUMAR.S - VMKVEC

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked (20)

Similar to IMAGE PROCESSING - MATHANKUMAR.S - VMKVEC (20)

More from Mathankumar S (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

IMAGE PROCESSING - MATHANKUMAR.S - VMKVEC