Immune system
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The document summarizes the three lines of defense that make up the immune system. The first line of defense is physical and chemical barriers like the skin and mucus membranes. The second line of defense is the innate immune response, which includes inflammation, fever, proteins, and white blood cells. The third and acquired line of defense is the adaptive immune response involving T cells, B cells, antibodies, and immunological memory that provides pathogen-specific protection.
Immune system
- 2. THE THREE LINES OF DEFENCE
- 3. There are “Three lines of Defense” that all contribute to the Immune System ,each an important part in the destruction of Pathogens (Pathogens are any foreign substance found in the body that causes an Immune Response)
- 4. First Line of Defense
- 5. Skin Thick layers of Skin make the penetration of Pathogens nearly Impossible
- 6. The First Line of Defense Sweat and Oil on your skin kill most Pathogens they come in contact with due to the fact that your Sweat is acidic.
- 8. Thick walls of Mucus line your Nose, Throat , and Stomach. Mucus acts as a kind of glue that traps any Pathogens that happen to be going by . The Cilia (little hairs) then move the Pathogen filled Mucus out of the body
- 13. The various secretions push out pathogens and also contains a chemical called Lysozyme that breaks through the cell walls of Bacteria therefore killing them.
- 14. Mucus
- 15. Tears
- 16. Saliva
- 17. Sweat
- 18. Second line of Defense
- 19. Innate Immune Response There are four important non- specific (Innate) defenses that come into action once a pathogen has entered the body. Inflammatory Response Temperature Response Proteins White Blood Cells
- 20. The Inflammatory Response A series of events that repress infection and speed healing through dilation of blood vessels.
- 21. Histamines dilate blood vessels and bring white blood cells to the area of infection thus causing Inflammation
- 22. Swelling ,Redness, and Puss may also occur (Puss—A build up of millions of dead white blood cells )
- 23. Temperature Response To fight pathogens the body will raise its temperature a couple degrees above normal to try and kill them.
- 24. Fever helps to combat bacteria due to the fact that Pathogens cannot survive high temperatures.
- 25. Proteins A variety of proteins provide a non-specific defense from Pathogens
- 26. Interferon is a protein release by cells infected with a virus. (Its causes nearby cells to create an enzyme that prevents Viruses from making proteins and RNA)
- 27. White Blood Cells (Phagocytes) Neutrophils , macrophages and natural killer cells wait within tissue for pathogens to annihilate.
- 28. Neutrophils overwhelm and destroy pathogens by sacrificing themselves for wellbeing of the rest of the body
- 31. Macrophages consume and kill pathogens as well as clear the body of dead cells and debris.
- 33. Natural killer cells puncture the cell membranes of pathogens, allowing liquid to rush in and make the cell burst
- 35. The Third Line of Defense
- 36. Acquired Immune Response The 3rd line of defense is Called “The Acquired Immune Response” is a specific Immune response unlike the first and second line of defense. Its is an Immune response that you gain by being infected with pathogens or virus’ and combating them.
- 37. Helper T-Cells activate both cytotoxic T cells and B cells
- 38. Helper T-Cell
- 39. The helper T Cells recognize Virus’s that would otherwise go un- noticed. It then alerts the B-Cells. The B cells first analyze the virus then they construct a antibody that is specifically for that one virus.
- 41. After the Virus is smothered in antibodies and cannot infect anything other cells the killer t cells are called to the seen to dispose of the incapacitated virus and kill the infected cells.
- 45. Antibodies are Immune System proteins that destroy pathogens