immunization.docx
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The document provides an overview of immunization, defining it as the process of creating immunity against diseases through vaccination, which can be active or passive. It discusses various types of vaccines, including live-attenuated, killed-inactivated, toxoid, and sub-unit vaccines, along with their components and administration methods. Additionally, it outlines governmental initiatives in India to improve immunization coverage, particularly during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
![AEGI (ADUERSE EVENT FOLLOWING IMMUNIZATION):
BCG Lymphadenitis / osteomyelitis
MMR [TEF] thrombocytopenia, Encephalopathy, febrile seizure
OPV Vaccine associated paralytic polio
TT Brachial neuritis.
DP1 Seizure, hypo/hypertonic episode
Influenza GBS, Ocular and Respiratory effects
Varicella Febrile seizure,
Rotavirus Intussusceptions
Measles Toxic shock syndrome
GOVERNMENTSCHEMES
MissionIndradhanush
This mission was launched on 25 December 2014 to cover all children and pregnant mother
against 7 vaccine preventable diseases. The goal was to obtain 90% full immunization coverage
of India and sustain the same by year 2020.
Intensified MissionIndradhanush (IMI) 3.0
Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0 scheme has been rolled out to cover children and
pregnant women who missed routine immunization during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Universal immunization programme protects against 12 vaccine-preventable diseases in
children and pregnant women. Provides vaccination against 12 Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
(VPD) i.e. diphtheria, Whooping cough, tetanus, polio, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, meningitis and
pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae type B infections, Japanese encephalitis (JE), rotavirus
vaccine, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and measles-rubella (MR).
Vaccination against Japanese Encephalitis and Haemophilus influenzae type B is being
provided in selected districts of the country.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/immunization-220924092711-4b2548e0/85/immunization-docx-6-320.jpg)
immunization.docx
- 1. IMMUNIZATION Immunization is defined as the procedure in which vaccine is injected into body to produce immunity against specifics diseases or it’s a process of protecting person from diseases by vaccination. Passive immunization Immunity produced without challenging the immune system. Active immunization. Immunity is acquired by activating immune system by exposing to antigen Active Natural Immunization It is achieved in both clinical and subclinical infections Active Artificial Immunization It is achieved by the administration of vaccines or toxoid. IMMUNIZATION Passive Natural Immunization Acquired from the mother before and after birth maternal antibodies (mainly IgG) through placenta. After birth, the antibodies (IgA) are transferred through breast milk. Passive artificial immunization Developed by injecting previously prepared antibodies ex measles etc
- 2. VACCINE • Vaccine term was coined by Louis pasteur. • Vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent the disease produced by certain pathogens. • Vaccine consists of dead pathogens or live attenuated (artificially weakened) organisms. • The vaccine induces immunity against the pathogen, either by production of antibodies or by activation of T lymphocytes. • Edward Jenner produced first live vaccine. He produced the vaccine for smallpox from cowpox virus. COMPONENTOF VACCINE • Adjuvant-Enhance the immunity (Aluminum hydroxide and Aluminum phosphate) • Antibiotic- Neomycin (IPV / MMR) • Preservative- Formaldehyde (Increasing duration) • Stabilizer- Lactose, sodium, potassium, Albumin (increasing stability) TYPES OF VACCINE 1. Live-attenuated (weakened) vaccines These vaccines contain modified strains of a pathogen (bacteria or viruses) that have been weakened but are able to multiply within the body and remain antigenic enough to induce a strong immune response. The oral poliovirus (OPV) vaccine, yellow fever virus vaccine, Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR combined vaccine), Varicella (chickenpox), Influenza (nasal spray), Rotavirus are some examples of this type of vaccine. 2. Killed-inactivated vaccines To produce this type of vaccines, bacteria or viruses are killed or inactivated by a chemical treatment or heat. The vaccine in this group includes inactivated poliovirus (IPV), pertussis, rabies, hepatitis A virus, Japnease Encephatitis, Influenza. 3. Toxoid Vaccines These vaccines are used when a bacterial toxin is the main cause of illness. When the immune system receives a vaccine containing a harmless toxoid, it learns how to fight off the natural toxin. The immune system produces antibodies that block the toxin. i.e. Vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus. 4. Sub-Unit Vaccines
- 3. Instead of the entire microbe, subunit vaccines include only the antigens that best stimulate the immune system. Subunit vaccines contain only the essential antigens and not all the other molecules that make up the microbe, the chances of adverse reactions to the vaccine are lower. Examples of subunit or sub-conjugate vaccine are Hepatitis B, Influenza (injection), Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib), Pertussis (part of DTaP combined immunization), Pneumococcal, Meningococcal. LIVE VACCINE KILLED VACCINE Live Attenuated Inactivated Contraindicate in Pregnant Female Safe in Pregnancy Less Stable Stable More Effective Less Effective PERIODS OF MAINTAINED IMMUNITY DUE TO VACCINES Short period (months): cholera vaccine Two years: TAB vaccine (typhoid-paratyphoid A and B vaccine) Three to five years: DPT vaccine (diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus) Five or more years: BCG vaccine(Bacillus Calmette–Guérin is a vaccine against tuberculosis) Ten years: yellow fever vaccine Solid immunity: measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines
- 5. BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerine) Camille Gurien/ Albert calmette discovered BCG BCG protect against tuberculosis It is in Powder form diluted in normal saline BCG Dose = 0.1ml Intra dermal (1 Yr) At birth = 0.05ml Scar Formation 2 to 3 weeks short. Permanent Scar 6 – 12 wks DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus): Toxoid + Killed Stored at 2 – 80c Measles 9 month 1st dose with Vitamin A Supplements Dilute in distilled water Gap to be taken 6 Month Temperature stored at 2-8 degree Celsius Polio Polio is given in two variant T1 and T2 Oral Polio Vaccine IV Polio Vaccine Live Killed Sabin salk Stored at -20degree Celsius 2-8 degree Celsius Not fully safe Safe Orally 2 drops (0.1ml) IM (0.5 ml) 14 week, IV (0.1ml) 6week and 14 week. Openvial policy:vial thatare usedtill 4 weeks(28days) afteropeningare OPV,DPT,Hib, TT. Most remainingvaccine shouldbe usedwithin4-6hoursof opening.
- 6. AEGI (ADUERSE EVENT FOLLOWING IMMUNIZATION): BCG Lymphadenitis / osteomyelitis MMR [TEF] thrombocytopenia, Encephalopathy, febrile seizure OPV Vaccine associated paralytic polio TT Brachial neuritis. DP1 Seizure, hypo/hypertonic episode Influenza GBS, Ocular and Respiratory effects Varicella Febrile seizure, Rotavirus Intussusceptions Measles Toxic shock syndrome GOVERNMENTSCHEMES MissionIndradhanush This mission was launched on 25 December 2014 to cover all children and pregnant mother against 7 vaccine preventable diseases. The goal was to obtain 90% full immunization coverage of India and sustain the same by year 2020. Intensified MissionIndradhanush (IMI) 3.0 Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 3.0 scheme has been rolled out to cover children and pregnant women who missed routine immunization during the Covid-19 pandemic. Universal immunization programme protects against 12 vaccine-preventable diseases in children and pregnant women. Provides vaccination against 12 Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (VPD) i.e. diphtheria, Whooping cough, tetanus, polio, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, meningitis and pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae type B infections, Japanese encephalitis (JE), rotavirus vaccine, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and measles-rubella (MR). Vaccination against Japanese Encephalitis and Haemophilus influenzae type B is being provided in selected districts of the country.