Impact of bypass nutrients on immune system
- 1. Impact of bypass nutrients on immune system K.GURU MOHAN REDDY TVM/2016-13 DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL NUTRTION COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE, TIRUPATI SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY
- 2. Optimal immunity • The immune system appears to have priority for nutrients over growth. • The optimum immune response is the one that is the shortest in duration and the lowest in intensity while successfully eliminating the pathogen. • An extreme immune response not only wastes resources but may cause local cell damage and depress productivity.
- 3. • Reducing challenges to the immune system by providing a clean environment and reducing stress can improve growth rate, even in the absence of disease. • Good nutrition improves disease resistance of stressed cattle, by helping to counteract the suppression of the immune system caused by stress hormones and by providing nutrients essential for maintaining and activating the immune system as required.
- 4. • Generally, nutrition has most impact on health during the first month on feed and particularly for highly-stressed or lighter weight cattle • In general, diets that contain relatively low or high levels of dietary proteins adversely affect immunity to infection compared to diets with moderate protein levels . • The best performance is usually achieved at higher levels of dietary protein (16 to 20%). Morbidity was better when less soluble, higher bypass proteins were fed.
- 5. Naturally Protected Proteins Feed UDP % Maize (grain) 65 Barley 21( 11-27) Sorghum 52 Bajra 68 Oat grain 14–20 Wheat grain 20–36 Cotton seed meal 41–50 Linseed meal 11–45 Ground nut meal 30 Rapeseed meal 23 Soybean meal 28 ( 15–45) Sunflower meal 24 Subabul 51 – 70 Feed UDP % Blood meal 76 – 82 Fish meal 71 – 80 Meat meal 53 – 76 Brewers dried 53 Corn gluten 53 Wheat bread 29 Corn silage 27 Rice straw 63 Wheat straw 45 Para grass 52 Cow pea 32 – 45 Berseem 37 – 52 Alfa-Alfa 28 (NRC, 1985; Dutta et. al., 1997)
- 6. NATURAL SOURCES OF BYPASS FAT Source : Neb Guide,2004. OILSEEDS FAT % SATURATED FAT % UN SATURATED FAT % Cotton 20 26 74 Soybean 18.8 15 85 Sunflower 44.4 12 88 Palm - 51 49
- 7. Methods of protein protection • Heat Treatment • Tannic acid Treatment • Esophageal Groove • Post Rumen Infusion (Fistula) • Encapsulation of Proteins • Amino Acids Analogs
- 8. Chemically prepared bypass fat • Formaldehyde treated protein encapsulated fatty acids • Crystalline or Prilled fatty acids • Fatty acyl amide • Calcium salts of long chain fatty acids
- 9. Potential of Using Condensed Tannins to Control Gastrointestinal Nematodes • Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections are characteristic of pastoral grazing systems. • Many GIN species have developed resistance to anthelmintic drugs. • Infestation with internal parasites causes significant production losses. • Use of phyto-chemicals (condensed tannins; CT) is becoming preferable and may offer better control than anthelmintics to treat GINs.
- 10. • Dietary supplementation of CT through tropical tanniferous tree leaves/ leaf meal mixture (LMM) at low to moderate level (1~2% of DMI) • It was found to be effective against different developmental stages (eggs, larvae and adult) of GIN and decreased GI parasitic load in ruminants. • CT supplementation also improved nutrient utilization, productive performance, antioxidant status and immunological (both cell mediated and humoral immune) response in small ruminants.
- 11. • Therefore, CT supplementation in the diets of small ruminants may act as natural dewormer without having any residual effect in animal products. • There are several phenotypic and genetic markers for GIN resistance in sheep naturally infected with GIN that could potentially assist responses to selection. • The phenotypic physiological markers include IgA activity, pepsinogenaemia , fructosamine concentrations in the plasma and eosinophilia.
- 12. • IgA is a secreted antibody, which is part of the acquired immune response; it has a major role in gut infections and appears to regulate worm fecundity (Smith et al., 1985; Stear et al., 1995). • The parasitic antigens interact with innate immune system cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer; NK, basophils), which release cytokines, mainly IL-4, that provide instructions to T and B cells of the acquired immune system to generate a specific response (Falcone et al., 2001; London et al., 1998).
- 13. • Eosinophils are anti-parasitic effector cells (Stear et al., 2002), whose main function is as a defense against non-phagocytable organisms, particularly helminths. • The increased expression of complement receptors on the cells surface, along with the abundant protein deposits of the same on the surface of the parasite, would cause degranulation and death (Meeusen, 1999).
- 14. • A greater amount of eosinophils in the tissue suggests that they might be involved in larvae development prevention or in the rapid expulsion phenomenon (Bricarello et al., 2004). • Feeding of quebracho as the source of CT in sheep infected with T. circumcincta (Niezen et al., 1998b) and in goat infected with H. contortus, T. circumcincta and T. colubriformis (Paolini et al., 2003b and 2005) causes the reduction in egg output was associated with significant decreases in worm fecundity.
- 15. • The consumption of tanniferous legume forage by sheep (Niezen et al., 1998a) and goat (Paolini et al., 2005) was not only associated with an improved resistance of the host but also an improved resilience. • The cell mediated immune response of does was measured by skin thickness reaction after the intradermal injection of 250-μg phytohaemagglutinin and they observed the improved cell mediated immune response, in goats fed CT-containing forage (Sericea lespedeza) compared to control (Min et al., 2005)
- 16. • With regard to humoral immune response, it seems that humoral responses regulate parasite size and fecundity, while hypersensitivity reactions regulate parasite burden. • Dietary polyphenols appear to have a protective effect on immune cell functions. • They could increase macrophage chemotaxis, phagocytosis, microbicidal activity, and increase lymphoproliferation and IL-2 release in response to lipopolysaccharide.
- 17. • CTs are widely distributed in plants from grasses and legumes to browse leaves and fruits. • Eating plants high in tannins is a way for herbivores to reduce GINs. • By making the protein unavailable for digestion and absorption until it reaches the more acidic abomasum, CT also enhance nutrition by providing high-quality protein to the small intestines. • This high-quality protein bypass effect has the potential to enhance the immune response and increase resistance to GINs (Min et al., 2004).
- 18. Tannin fractions of some tropical tree leaves Tree leaves TPH (%) HT (%) CT (%) C. spinarum 4.90~7.50 0.37~1.90 4.53~5.60 F. roxburghii 2.80~5.10 0.50~0.90 2.30~4.20 L. leucocephala 4.10~4.50 2.70~3.10 1.4 Azadirachta indica 2.9 - 0.6 Ficus bengalensis 19.6 - 10.3~12.6 Z. nummularia 5.90 1.20 4.70 Mangifera indica 5.8 - 0.9 Musca paradisiacal 1.7 - 0.6 Ficus glomerata 17.5 - 12.1
- 19. • Bypassing amino acids like arginine, glutamine and cysteine can enhance immune responses . • As these amino acids regulate activation of -T and B lymphocytes, - natural killer cells and macrophages, - gene expression and lymphocyte proliferation, - production of antibodies, cytokines.
- 20. • Parasitized does and lambs grazing forages containing CT had enhanced immune responses and had higher antibody titers against secretory-excretory antigens to O. circumcincta and to T. colubriformis • Likewise, protein supplementation rapidly improves periparturient immunity to T. circumcincta in sheep that subsequently manifest increased leukocyte counts and plasma Ig E anti-infective larvae (L3) antibodies (Houdijk et al., 2005; 2006).
- 21. Effect of feeding calf starter on the immune status • Sixteen HF crossbred female calves of similar age and body weight were randomly divided into two groups of eight each. • Calves in group-I (Control group) were kept on measured quantity of traditional ration,
- 22. • while those in group-II (Experimental group) were fed calf starter comprising - sodium butyrate, - calcium propionate, - quality protein meal , - bypass fat, - vitamins A, D3, E, - toxin binder, - mineral mixture and anti-oxidants @ 100 g per day, which was slowly increased to 2.0 kg per day, for a period of 180 days
- 23. • Calves in both the groups were fed ad lib green fodder. • Average daily weight gain was 0.76 kg in experimental group, which was significantly higher than that of control group (0.56 kg). • Feed conversion ratio (kg calf starter consumed/kg body weight gain) was 3.13 and 2.33 in control and experimental groups, respectively.
- 24. Immunity status Control group Experimental group Serum IgG (mg/dl) 13.30 ±1.3 18.71 ±3.0 Serum IgA (mg/dl) 0.62±0.14 0.96±0.22 Serum IgM (mg/dl) 2.31±0.40 2.43±0.32
- 25. • Parasitic load also reduced significantly in experimental group fed on calf starter. • A calf starter formulated scientifically can help in significantly improving the daily weight gain, immune status and reducing parasitic infestation in growing calves, which in turn can help in reducing the age at first calving. • Imbalances or inadequacy of nutrients in the diet can alter the activity of certain enzymes, thereby, impairing overall immune function
- 26. • During the trial period, the intensity of infection as faecal egg counts ranged from 100 to 400per gram of faeces in control group, while in experimental group, there were significant reduction in parasitic eggs and coccidian oocyst in faecal samples . • Studies showed that feeding essential nutrients in balanced form has the potential to reduce parasitic load in dairy animals. Effect of feeding calf starter on parasitic load
- 27. Faecal egg count Control group Experimental group Trichostrongyles eggs Present Absent Trichuris eggs Present Absent Coccidian oocyst Present Present (oocyst revealed) Eggs per gram (EPG) 200 ± 37.78 50.0 ±7.40
- 28. • An increased availability of essential nutrients can be expected to improve host resistant to gastrointestinal parasites provided that they are first limiting for immune functions. • Animals fed on im balanced diet are vulnerable to parasitic infestation due to lower host immunity reaction . • Parasitic load in dairy animals affect growth, milk production and general health as these parasites hijack vital essential nutrients in the assimilation form supplemented through feed and feed supplements.
- 29. • Supplementing essential nutrients in adequate amount is an excellent way to reduce parasites by enhancing overall vitality of the body. • Good nutrition has been shown to reduce parasitic load through improvement in immunity of animals.
- 30. Conclusion • The immune system appears to have priority for nutrients over growth. • Condensed tannins serves as natural dewormer with out any residual effect. • Use of bypass fat increased levels of serum immunoglobulins like Ig A, Ig G and Ig M.
- 31. REFERENCES • Nutrition and Management section of the Alberta Feedlot Management Guide, Second Edition published September 2000. • International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research • Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 89 No. 4, 2006 • Veterinary World, EISSN: 2231-0916 . • Molecular Veterinary Research, Int’l Journal of 2013.