Implants and transdermal patches
- 1. Implants And Transdermal Patches PRESENTED BY – ANUP KUMAR RAY B.PHARM. 3rd YEAR DR. K. N. M. I. P. E. R.
- 2. IMPLANTS
- 3. INTRODUCTION TO IMPLANTS • In the past, drugs were frequently administered orally, as liquids or in powder forms. • To avoid problems incurred through the utilization of the oral route of drug administration, new dosage forms containing the drug(s) were introduced. • As time progressed, there was a need for delivery systems that could maintain a steady release of drug to the specific site of action. • Therefore, drug delivery systems were developed to optimize the therapeutic properties of drug products and render them more safe, effective, and reliable. • Implantable drug delivery systems (IDDS) are an example of such systems available for therapeutic use.
- 4. IMPLANT (DEFINITION) • An implant is a medical device manufactured to replace a missing biological structure, support a damaged biological structure, or enhance an existing biological structure. • Medical implants are man-made devices, in contrast to a transplant, which is a transplanted biomedical tissue. • The surface of implants that contact the body might be made of a biomedical material such as titanium, silicone, or apatite depending on what is the most functional. • In some cases implants contain electronics e.g. artificial pacemaker and cochlear implants. • Some implants are bioactive, such as subcutaneous drug delivery devices in the form of implantable pills or drug- eluting stents
- 5. COMPONENTS OF IMPLANTS •MICROPUMP •RESERVOIR •POWER MANAGEMENT •CONTROL AND TELEMETRY CIRCUITRY
- 6. The Advantages of implantation therapy include. • Convenience: Effective concentration of drug in the blood can be maintained for longer period of time by techniques such as continuous intravenous infusion or repeated injections. • Improved drug delivery: The drug is distributed locally or in systemic circulation with least interference by metabolic or biological barriers.
- 7. • Compliance: By allowing a reduction, or complete elimination, of patient-involved dosing compliance is increased hugely. • Potential for controlled release: Implants are available which deliver drugs by zeroorder controlled release kinetics. The advantages of zero order controlled release are: • (a) Peaks (toxicity) and troughs (ineffectiveness) of • conventional therapy is avoided, • (b) Dosing frequency is reduced, • (c)Patient compliance is increased.
- 8. • Potential for bio-responsive release: Bio-responsive release from implantables is an area of on-going research. • Potential for intermittent release: Intermittent release can be facilitated by externally programmable pumps. • Flexibility: In the choice of materials, methods of manufacture, degree of drug loading, drug release rate etc. considerable flexibility is possible.
- 9. The Disadvantages of implantables include: • Invasive: To initiate therapy either a minor or a major surgical procedure is required to initiate therapy. Appropriate surgical personnel is required for this, and may be time-consuming,traumatic. • Danger of device failure: There is no associated danger with this treatment that the device may for some reason fail to work. This again requires surgical involvement to correct.
- 10. • Termination: Osmotic pumps and non-biodegradable polymeric implants also are surgically recovered at the end of therapy. Although surgical recovery is not required in biodegradable polymeric implants. Its on-going biodegradation makes it difficult to end drug delivery, or to maintain the accurate dose at the end of its lifetime. • Limited to potent drugs: In order to minimize patient’s discomfort the size of an implant is usually kept small. Therefore most implants have a limited loading capacity so that frequently only somewhat potent medicines such as hormones may be appropriate for delivery by implantable devices. • Biocompatibility issues: Concerns over body reactions to a foreign substance often increase the issues of biocompatibility and safety of an implant.
- 11. • Possibility of adverse reactions: A high concentration of the drug delivered by an implantable device at the implantation site may produce adverse reactions. • Commercial disadvantages: An enormous amount of R&D investment,effort and time is required in the development on an IDDS.
- 13. Background A Transdermal Patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. Often, this promotes healing to an injured area of the body. An advantage of a transdermal drug delivery route over other types of medication delivery such as oral, topical, intravenous, intramuscular, etc. is that the patch provides a controlled release of the medication into the patient, usually through either a porous membrane covering a reservoir of medication or through body heat melting thin layers of medication embedded in the adhesive. 1 3
- 14. Medicines in pill form have a long, tortuous journey to get to destination must go through the digestive system they are absorbed into the blood they pass through the liver, before circulating to the rest of the body the liver must eventually eliminate them 1 4
- 15. 3 Transdermal Patch Much more than a Surgical Tape Transdermal patches are simple to use deliver drugs straight into the bloodstream through the skin.
- 16. The main Componen ts The main components to a transdermal patch are: Liner - Protects the patch during storage. The liner is removed prior to use. Drug solution in direct contact with release linerDrug - Adhesive - the patch patch to the Serves to adhere the components of together along with adhering the skin Membrane - Backing - Controls the release of the drug from the reservoir and multi-layer patches Protects the patch from the outer environment 1 6
- 17. There are five main types of transdermal patches. Single-layer Drug-in-Adhesive Multi-layer Drug-in-Adhesive Reservoir Matrix Vapour Patch 1 7
- 18. Single-layer Drug-in-Adhesive The adhesive layer of this system also contains the drug. In this type of patch the adhesive layer not only serves to adhere the various layers together, along with the entire system to the skin, but is also responsible for the releasing of the drug. The adhesive layer is surrounded by a temporary liner and a backing. 1 8
- 19. Multi-layer Drug-in-Adhesive The multi-layer drug-in adhesive patch is similar to the single- layer system in that both adhesive layers are also responsible for the releasing of the drug.One of the layers is for immediate release of the drug and other layer is for control release of drug from the reservoir. The multi-layer system is different however that it adds another layer of drug-in-adhesive, usually separated by a membrane (but not in all cases). This patch also has a temporary liner-layer and a permanent backing.
- 20. Reservoir Unlike the Single-layer and Multi-layer Drug-in-adhesive systems the reservoir transdermal system has a separate drug layer. The drug layer is a liquid compartment containing a drug solution or suspension separated by the adhesive layer. This patch is also backed by the backing layer. In this type of system the rate of release is zero order. 2 0
- 21. Matrix The Matrix system has a drug layer of a semisolid matrix containing a drug solution or suspension. The adhesive layer in this patch surrounds the drug layer partially overlaying it. Also known as a monolithic device. 2 1
- 22. Vapour Patch In this type of patch the adhesive layer not only serves to adhere the various layers together but also to release vapour. The vapour patches are new on the market and they release essential oils for up to 6 hours. The vapour patches release essential oils and are used in cases of decongestion mainly. Other vapour patches on the market are controller vapour patches that improve the quality of sleep. Vapour patches that reduce the quantity of cigarettes that one smokes in a month are also available on the market. 2 2
- 23. The Manufacturing Process 2 3 The preparation and homogeneity of the bulk drug containing or non bulk drug containing adhesive mass the coating process , including those parameters to control layer thickness drying , curing and removal of residual solvent lamination steps the storage and handling of intermediate rolls roll conversion to patches primary packing
- 24. Popular uses The highest selling transdermal patch in USA is the nicotine patch, Hormonal patches Estrogen patches contraceptive patch testosterone patches for both men and women Nitroglycerin patches Transdermal scopolamine The anti-hypertensive drug Clonidine Vitamin B12 may also be administered through a transdermal patch. 2 4
- 25. Advantages of Transdermal Drug Delivery do not put too much load on digestive system and liver avoid the pain on injection eliminate the adverse effects associated with excessive absorption of drugs taken orally thereby alleviate anxiety offer more comfort to patients produce excellent prolonged effects administration can be visually confirmed
- 26. DISADVANTAGES
- 27. Transdermal Drug Delivery patches May cause side effects difficulty in breathing or swallowing o light headedness o dizziness o redness or irritation of the skin ( covered by the patch ) o flushing some other side effects cab be serious slow or fast heart beat worsening chest pain fainting rash itching
- 28. 1517-06-2013 symptoms of overdose may include Transdermal Drug Delivery patches The patient can suffer a overdose • Headache • confusion • Fever • dizziness • slow or pounding heartbeat • nausea • Vomiting • fainting • shortness of breath • sweating • Flushing • cold and clammy skin
- 29. THANK YOU