Implementing An Effective Student Discipline School Heads Perspective

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 03, MARCH 2020 ISSN 2277-8616
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Implementing An Effective Student Discipline:
School Heads‘ Perspective
Dorothy Joy S. Sichon, Dr. Eugenio S. Guhao Jr.
Abstract: This study described the implementation of students‘ discipline. Qualitative phenomenological approach was employed to 13 school heads of
both elementary and secondary schools in Sarangani Province Division for the School Year 2016-2017. To gather data, in depth interview and focus
group discussion were conducted. The results of the interview were transcribed, translated and coded to produce themes. As regards the experiences of
school heads, the following were the themes: parental participation and involvement (on one hand); parental inattention and non-engagement (on the
other hand); school-wide adoption of child protection policy; diverse levels of teacher acceptance; teacher inadequacies and inconsistencies; and
continued indiscipline of students. Looking upon their challenges in the student discipline implementation, the following themes were created: parental
engagement and collaboration; provision of teacher guidance and support; use of ―positive discipline‖; diverse levels of teacher acceptance; and use of
creative approaches. As to their insights, the following themes were generated: parental involvement is essential to student discipline; schools should be
steadfast in the implementation; be positive and constructive; teachers need understanding and support; and discipline should be relevant and pertinent.
Keywords: Education, School-Wide Adoption, Child Protection Policy, Positive Discipline, Philippines
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1. Introduction
“Too often we forget that discipline really means to teach,
not to punish, a disciple is a student not a recipient of
behavioral consequences” -Dr. Dan Siegel
The abovementioned quote is a reminder on the strict
implementation of discipline some decades ago. It serves
as a reminder to the policy-making committee of
educational institutions on the essence of discipline in
teaching-learning processes. Too many researches and
studies associated with the importance, effects and policy
on discipline were made in order to perceive the importance
of discipline in schools. However, strategies used in
discipline may vary from characteristics and attitudes of a
person (Bartolomei, 2011; Kyeyune, 2012; Williams, 2015).
Today, varying kinds of discipline are passed from one
generation to another. That is why there are approaches
that are traditional and some are the so-called millennial
discipline approach. It is true that, way back 1940‘s to
1970‘s, corporal punishment was used in disciplining a child
in the school. But gradually it has been abolished because
of laws that protect children‘s rights. Traditional parents
thought that spanking and hitting children were the best
way to putting up good discipline and some teachers tend
to use violence and humiliation for disciplinary actions as
part of the educational system (Durrant, 2010; Smenyak &
Fleming, 2012). Furthermore, studies show that in the
United States even up to now there are 21 states that still
practice and utilize corporal punishment as one way of
disciplining students in school.
________________
 Dorothy Joy S. Sichon, Dr. Eugenio S. Guhao Jr., University of
Mindanao Professional Schools Matina, Davao City, Philippines
It was found out that more than 100,000 students are
physically punished every year. Proponents say that
punishment positively motivates the children‘s behavior, but
some research suggests otherwise. The change of corporal
punishment of children to positive discipline will be difficult
and will not happen overnight (Glasser & Farr, 2013). To
make this possible, the educational community needs to
support their teachers, as children may be receiving
contradictory messages in the home. Teachers need
support from the administration. Other organizations,
parents and colleagues vital in molding the attitudes of
students need to be more responsible, productive,
empowered and successful individuals (Osher, Coggshall,
Colombi, Woodruff, & Francois, Woodruff, 2012). In the
Philippines, the Department of Education (DepEd) revealed
that two out of ten students experience violence among
schools and added that they received corporal punishment
or the use of violence to discipline a child, whilst the other
eight is related to bullying. Experts suggest that incorrect
used of discipline may have negative results on a student‘s
attitude and may affect brain development resulting to
hurting other people. The Department of Education has
issued Department Order no. 40, series of 2012, which
prohibits the use of corporal punishment and promotes the
use of positive discipline. Of the forms of violence
experienced by children globally, corporal punishment is the
most common, 80% to 98% of children experience it in their
homes (Department of Education, 2012).As a matter of fact,
the DepEd supports the prohibition of corporal punishment
and practice of positive discipline in public and private
schools. Teachers really take their breath off letting go of
the stress from their learners whose individuality is unique.
They have their hardships on imposing discipline, for some
teachers have abused the said promulgation of the
government on child protection. To cultivate the
understanding on the implementation of student discipline
in public schools, it is necessary to identify the gaps in the
existing research. One identified gap is the research on
dealing with unresolved indiscipline cases in school and
how to treat students with misbehavior disorders. Another
gap is the battle between the use of positive form of
discipline and student diminishing values (Dyke & Wilcox,
2006). Various researches show that corporal punishment
is ineffective in disciplining children of all ages and most

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often, it produces anger, resentment, and low self-esteem
in children. It also teaches the child that violence is an
acceptable behavior and is a solution to problems. Corporal
punishment perpetuates itself as children imitate the actions
of adults (Philippine Senate Bill 1997).More research is
needed to know more on the strategies and techniques in
the student discipline implementation. The existing research
also reveals a lack of qualitative studies in the
implementation of student discipline as a whole. Although a
great deal of quantitative research has been conducted on
student discipline from the perspective of school heads,
considerably less qualitative research has been done in the
implementation of discipline in varied schools both public
and private. As practicing school heads, we all go through
life cycles, and each person has his/her ways of dealing
with the implementation of an effective student discipline.
As a matter of fact, I have not come across a similar study
that dealt with the implementation of an effective student
discipline from the school heads‘ perspective in the local
setting. Therefore, in this context, I am interested to know
the experiences of these school heads as this can raise
concern for the intended beneficiaries of the study, and
come up with the implication for educational to practice,
thus the need to conduct a study.
1.1. Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this phenomenological study was to set out
ideas, knowledge and understanding on the challenges in
the implementation of student discipline, treating
unresolved cases of indiscipline and positive discipline as
the foundation of the Child Protection Policy in every
school, its effect and implications in discipline. This study
involved different schools in the division of Sarangani
Province, Philippines with the intent of gaining insights and
choosing the discipline approaches and strategies relevant
the problems existing in today‘s classroom setting. It is a
phenomenon in which the insights of school heads were
being extracted from their experiences in implementing
discipline in their assigned school.
1.2. Research Questions
1. What are the experiences of school heads in
implementing discipline program?
2. How do school heads address the problems in
discipline?
3. What are the insights of school heads in
discipline practice?
1.3. Theoretical Lens
This study is viewed from the lens of Skinner (1999) also
known as Skinnerian Model. The Skinnerian model as a
behaviour modification paradigm derived from the work of
behavioural psychologist, Burrhus Frederic Skinner.
Skinner has been a major influence behind the adaptation
of clinical behaviour techniques to classroom settings (Duke
& Meckel 1980). He believed that consequences shape an
individual‘s behaviour. He focused his approach on
reinforcement and reward. Reinforcers are like rewards; if
used in a systematic way, they influence an individual‘s
behaviour in a desired direction. Skinner made use of terms
such as operant behaviour, reinforcing stimuli, schedule of
reinforcement, successive approximations, positive and
negative reinforcements (Charles & Barr, 1989). Moreover,
operant behaviour is a purposeful, voluntary action.
Reinforcing stimuli are rewards that the individual receives
directly after performing an appropriate behaviour.
Receiving rewards pleases learners; this makes them more
likely to repeat a good behaviour pattern in the hope of
obtaining further rewards. Schedules of reinforcements
occur when reinforcement is produced in an ongoing basis.
Positive reinforcement is the process of supplying a reward
that the learners favour; all rewards can thus be seen as
reinforcement (Van Wyk, 2000). Negative reinforcement
means taking away something that the learners like. The
Skinnerian model assumes that behaviour is learnt and that
reinforcements contribute towards achieving good
behaviour when reinforcement procedures are used to
shape learners‘ behaviour in a desired direction. Educators
reward desired behaviour with praise and enjoyable prizes;
they punish undesirable behaviour by withholding all
rewards. It is vital that educators who utilise behaviour
modification consider their own behaviour and how it may
be used to reinforce good behaviour in the classroom
environment. Furthermore, Gordon‘s (1989) International
Model of Effective Training promotes that good classroom
discipline involves students developing their own inner
sense of self-control. He uses a behaviour window, which is
a visual device that helps to clarify whether a problem
exists and who has the problem. He indicates that there are
two feelings, namely a primary feeling, which an individual
experiences after unacceptable behaviour, and a secondary
feeling sensed after the resolution of the matter (Van Wyk,
2000).
2. REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Concepts on Students Discipline
Every individual is entitled to his/her basic right, regardless
of race, religion, origin, status and ability. This is also true of
children but often ignored by some adults. The individual
referred here is a child who may or may not be involved in
school discipline problems which are tardiness (delay),
vandalism, violence, bullying, disrespect, drop outs, drug
abuse, gangs and sexting. There has been a study that
adopted zero tolerance policies, and which proposed that
students shall be subjected to punishments for violations
which have predetermined consequences according to
school policies mandate (Campbell, 2011; Casella, 2003;
Ewing, 2000; Simatwa, 2012 & Taylor, 2012). In the
Philippines, the Department of Education has ordered the
No. 40 series of 2012 also known as ―Policy and Guidelines
on Protecting Children In School from Abuse, Violence,
Exploitation, Discrimination, Bullying And Other Forms Of
Abuse‖. Some policies that protect children‘s rights are:
DepEd Order No. 55, which supports the implementation of
Republic Act No. 10627 otherwise known as the Anti-
Bullying Act of 2013; and DepEd Order No. 18 or the
Guidelines and Procedures on the Management of
Children-At-Risk and Children in Conflict with the Law
(Langan-Fox & Copper, 2011; UNICEF, 2013). Moreover, it
was also described in the United Nations Convention on the
Rights of the Child that the state shall prioritize the well-
being of the child and that the child should be free from any
form of violence. State Parties are also required to ensure
that school discipline is administered in a manner
consistent with the child‘s human dignity and in conformity
with the present Convention. The UNCRC guarantees child

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rights which are the right to survival and full development of
their potential, adequate food, shelter, education, health
care, leisure activities, cultural calamities, information and
dignity; the right to be protected from violence, neglect,
exploitation and cruelty; the right to be part of making
decisions and freedom of expression. They also have the
right to associate themselves with other people (Meyers,
Platt, & Pawlas, 1989; Durrant, 2013; Lansdown, 2011;
Willis, 2007). To protect the child‘s well-being, the UNCRC
strongly advised that protective measures should include
social program that will effectively give support for the child
and for those who have the care of the child. Such
protective procedures shall also cover other forms of
prevention and for identification, reporting, referral,
investigation, treatment and follow-up of instances of child
maltreatment described heretofore, and, as appropriate, for
judicial involvement (United Nations Convention on the
Rights of Children, 1991; Education and Inspection Act,
2006). The World Health Organization (WHO), in the World
Report on Violence and Health year 2002, defines violence
as the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened
or actual, against a child, by an individual or group, that
either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in actual
or potential harm to the child‘s health, survival,
development or dignity. In 2011, about two in three parents
of children under 17 said they used corporal punishment.
Spanking the bottom (52%) is considered to be the most
prevalent form of corporal punishment used. Children
experiencing corporal punishment are most likely to have
negative attitudes towards siblings and peers (Duke, 1989;
Banerjee, 2011; Gershoff, 2014; Smith & Taylor 2006;
Donald & Frank, 2010). Another study conducted
advocated for positive discipline. Teachers have immense
responsibilities and challenges which include guidance,
motivation, nurturing of learners with different family
background, strengths, weaknesses, talents and skills. Yet,
teaching is still gratifying for it is the noblest profession that
needs sacrifices and 100% commitment to work. Relatively,
school discipline is one of the major challenges
experienced by the faculty and administrator of a certain
school. It is an obstacle to an effective learning environment
as well to the teaching-learning processes (Finn, Fish, &
Scott, 2008; Undiyandeye, 2015; Monteiro & Durrant,
2013). Furthermore, discipline plays a significant role in
achieving organizational standards. Discipline helps control
negative behavior and promotes positive behavior such as
obedience. School discipline is a form of discipline
implemented at school to regulate students and maintain
order. To achieve high performance, there is a need to
coerce, control and even threaten them. Teachers serve as
leaders who must enable learners find their true potential.
The school administrators need to impose a code of
discipline to establish a higher set of standards in the
performance of teachers as well as academic achievement
for the learners (Bower & Griffin, 2011; Herbert, 2005;
Cotton, 2000; Okumbe, 1998).
2.2. Challenges in Implementation of Student Discipline
Studies cite that poor implementation of school discipline
such as leniency with some students or stringency with
other students could trigger violence, which eventually
leads to corporal punishment. In this regard, classroom
management introduced by Dewey is an approach to
address the issue of poor administration at school. Dewey
believed that with the help of the teacher as a facilitator,
children are capable of learning, cooperation, generosity
and mindfulness for one another. He believed that
instructional management included a natural approach
involving direction and guidance and that behavior
management included the sequential behavior development
of students. Many teachers practice this technique today as
a central component of classroom management (Fisher,
Frey & Pumpian 2012; Landau, & Gathercoal 2000;
Oludare, 2011; Durrant, 2013; Duffy, 2013). Similarly,
another finding explains the teachers‘ inconsistencies in
enforcing classroom discipline. Teachers explain that few of
them are well-oriented with all the rules, while many others
lack training in classroom management. For the teachers,
despite the inconsistencies in classroom management the
most important thing is that they have dealt with the student
effectively. An ethnographic study about the moral life of
schools included extensive observations in 18 classrooms
in elementary schools and high schools. They observed
that two main categories capture the moral life in
classroom: moral instruction, which are deliberate attempts
to promote moral instruction and to encourage moral
behavior. In this regard, teachers explain that following and
implementing numerous rules is too challenging for them to
enforce effectively (Duke, 1986; Tattum, 1982; Ingersoll,
2001; Jackson, 2011). Additionally, the inconsistencies of
the enforcement of the rules caused by teachers‘ being
oblivious to the rules, but rather reflect refinements of the
rules that most people involved have a common
understanding about. Another study about the use of
positive discipline in school management showed a
statistically significant improvement in the behavior of
students in the program schools when compared with the
control schools. There are other small-scale studies that
prove the positive impact of positive discipline. It‘s been
observed that students‘ perception as being part of the
school community decreases the incidence of socially risky
behavior (such as emotional distress and suicidal attempts/
thoughts, cigarette, alcohol and marijuana use; violent
behavior) and increases academic performance (Nelsen,
1979; Osher, 2010; Smith, Wohlstetter, Kuzin & De Pedro,
2011).There is also significant evidence that social skills
development is vital to student‘s success. It is also notable
that strengthening such skills promotes a positive behavior
among students and they are less likely they get involved in
behavioral problems. Finally four main components have
been identified as important for learning: physical and
emotional safety, connectedness, challenges, and a
positive peer climate. The School who does positive
intervention on treating misbehavior and creates policies
reflects these important factors for students may be equally
effective in creating an atmosphere more conducive to
learning. From some points of view, creative thinking is a
catalyst to the accomplishment of goals through the
complex, interconnected world; hence, education
researchers and psychologists emphasize and push the
acquisition of creative abilities for social, emotional,
cognitive, and professional benefits (Battistich, Davidovitch
& Milgram, 1999; Kellam, 1998; Osher, 2010; Sternberg,
2006).

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2.3. Insights on Student Discipline Implementation
Research studies have proven that self-disciplined students
do better than impulsive ones. Certain academic indicators
were used to measure students‘ performance such as
grades, achievement tests, admission to a competitive high
school program, and attendance. Self-disciplined students
are more focused to doing their homework and watch TV
less, Self-discipline significantly affects academic
performance better than IQ. Researchers estimate that self-
discipline accounted for twice as much variance in GPA as
IQ did. It must be emphasized that the school head has a
great influence on the development of the children. How the
heads treats them in school could have a long-lasting
effect, whether it be positive or negative (Duckworth &
Seligman, 2005; Durrant, 2013). Furthermore, discipline
isn‘t only limited to enforcing the rules and the
predetermined consequences of a violation, but rather it is a
socio-cultural practice through which a teacher can decide
whether to suspend a child for a non-violent event or not.
There are various ways how teachers can be involved in
school-wide programs, such as the implementation of an
action plan against school violence; Addressing rule
violators, involving students as decision makers, and
meeting with gang leaders. No school is immune to
violence; thus, practical methods must be carried out.
Primarily, issues must be identified to come up with
practical solutions. To put into effect the solutions, the
district must be involved with the school and promote a
district-wide safety committee (Knowles, 1975; Black &
Downs, 1992; Cole, 2002; Ferguson, 2008). The
involvement of the community is imperative. Committees for
the program should be composed of representatives from
the schools, community, school system, and community
agencies--especially law enforcement, medical, and
juvenile services. Explicitly, administrators should recognize
the negative teachers as they might enforce assertive
discipline into negative practice. It is the duty of the
administrators to guide the teachers in practicing positive
reinforcement. Moreover, State and Federal laws require
that some special needs students receive special attention
(Canter, 1984; Durrant, 2013; Kim & Cichitte,
2010).Troubled students don‘t receive severe punishment
as both parents and schools believe that their misbehavior
isn‘t solely their fault. Because of the growing awareness of
civil rights of children, the law requires adults to go through
appropriate practice of school discipline. This process is
often expensive, time-consuming and confusing. While the
law protects children‘s rights, it has become more
challenging to carry out effective school discipline (Durrant,
2013). There are many organizations that advocate the
rights of the children such as: Save the Children Foundation
which is another watchdog to the practice of school
discipline (Bowen, 2012). Its advocacy reaches out even in
the farthest place in Mindanao, specifically in Sarangani
province, where their goal is to strengthen the CPP (Child
Protection Policy) system both in public and private
schools. The primary goal of the system is to make sure
that children's rights is recognized and protected that the
child will be free from abuse, neglect, exploitation and any
form of violence. A child protection system is made up of a
set of components that strengthen the protective
environment around each child through proper coordination.
Through the initiatives of the National Child Protection
systems violence against children, including sexual abuse
and exploitation, neglect, corporal punishment, children in
hazardous work, recruitment of children into armed groups,
early marriage and other harmful traditional practices shall
be addressed (Cohen & Canan, 2006: SCF Foundation,
2010). There are keys in creating a CPP; these are national
strategy, legal framework, coordinating agency, local
preventive and responsive services, child- friendly justice
system, child participation, an aware and supportive public,
committed workforce, adequate resources standards,
regulations, monitoring and oversight and data collection
systems. The National School Safety Center (1993)
reported that the occurrence of disruptive behavior happens
about every 6 seconds in class. Studies of time-off-task
student behavior revealed that 45% to 55% is accounted to
misbehavior in the average middle- and high-school
classrooms (Curwin, 2000; Jones, 1989; Pinheiro, 2006).
Moreover, this long-term goal for learners is one of the
foundations of the positive discipline approach. Imposing
discipline in school that is positive and non-violent helps
children at risk. Remember that children grow; they do
commit mistakes where they learn things that have positive
results and negative results. Additionally, it is already
apparent that there is a significant difference in how
discipline is implemented today compared to the 1950s.
However, finding the reason/s for this difference requires
arduous investigation. Some studies reveal that students
who were involved in trouble tend to have a variety of
reasons behind certain acts. Among these reasons is the
perception that teachers care less about them; others don't
want to be in school at all; some don't give importance to
setting of goals and achieving success; and some students
don‘t have awareness or orientation to the consequences of
their bad behavior (NAESP, 1983; Berg & Lune, 2012;
Lhamon, 2014; Muyot, 2015). Discipline enforcers have to
follow the due processes which are hearings, specific
charges, witnesses, and appeals. A school is just the same
as a street if there will be no discipline encircling in the
cognitive process. Corporal punishment is defined in the
United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child as any
punishment in which physical force is used and intended to
cause some degree of pain or discomfort, however light.
Most involves hitting (smacking, slapping, spanking)
children, with the hand or with an implement, a whip, stick,
belt, shoe, wooden spoon. It can also involve, for example,
kicking, shaking or throwing children, scratching, pinching,
biting, pulling hair or boxing ears, forcing children to stay in
uncomfortable positions, burning, scolding or forced
ingestion (Durrant, 2012; Kayode, 1984; Speziale &
Carpenter, 2007). Non-physical forms of punishment do not
align to the advocacy of the Convention as well. Examples
of these are punishment that belittles, humiliates,
denigrates, scapegoats, threatens, scares or ridicules the
child. In the Philippines, Save the Children conducted a
study in 2005 which revealed that 85% of children have
experienced corporal punishment in their homes and that
the most common form is spanking (65%). Majority of the
children interviewed (82%) reported that they were hit on
different parts of their body (Harper & Row, 1987; Glasser,
2015). Consequently, effective discipline must be both
positive and constructive. Settings of goals and constructive
solutions should be met so that challenging situations can

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be addressed effectively. The School should respect
children‘s developmental levels, their rights to dignity and
physical integrity, and their right to participate fully in their
learning. The only way to promote effective school
discipline is through collective effort of the educators and
everyone within the school environment. Definitely, learning
follows, prompted by order and civility (Durrant, 2013;
School Discipline, 2013; Langan-Fox & Cooper, 2011).
Foregoing views on positive discipline in everyday teaching
approach are based on sound pedagogical principles and
practice. Positive discipline is Holistic, it applies not only to
students‘ behavior, but to all aspects of their learning and
social interactions. It is strength-based, as it identifies and
builds on the students‘ strengths. It is Constructive, aimed
at strengthening students‘ self-esteem and confidence. It is
Inclusive, for it recognizes and respects the diversity of all
students. Next, it is Pro-active as it identifies the roots of
behavioral and learning difficulties and implements
strategies promoting success, avoid conflict, and finally, it is
participatory in the learning process and school community
(Durrant, 2013; Ingersoll, 2001; Kohn, 2006). Additionally,
Durrant stressed that the possibility of conflict between
students and teachers is always present. But by
implementing the positive discipline model, you can use
conflict as an indicator to promote proper management
emotions and resolve conflict without hurting others
physically or emotionally. Before any action taken, one
must look into the variety of reasons that lead to a child‘s
misbehavior. Children have different stages of development
too. Make a list of the possible reasons and assess the
child‘s behavior, remember your long-term goals and think
the characteristics that you hope your students will develop.
Once you have thought through the problem, use positive
discipline then involve the student in thinking in finding
solutions to challenges and difficulties (Finn, Fish, & Scott
2008; Durrant, 2013; Jackson, 1993; Anbar & Eker, 2007).
Furthermore, the process of discipline includes the
protection, prevention, guidance and correction of
abnormal behavior. The discipline and pervasive
comprehension program prevents the incidence of
problems and it is a way to treat abnormal behavior of the
learners. Punishment coupled with aggression and hostility
can only worsen a child‘s behavior and leads to increase
distraction. In contrast, a combination of rewards and
punishments, set in a context of discussion, validation of
appropriate behavior, involvement and trust, will encourage
student responsibility and reduce misbehavior (Clifford,
2012; Coleman, 1999; Durrant, 2013; Raby, 2010; Ramon
& Roache, 2011). Moreover, looking at the study of Platt
(2012), on parent and teacher education programs directed
at parents and teachers of students with maladaptive
behavior that implemented Positive Discipline tools, there is
a statistically significant improvement in the behavior of
students in the program schools when compared to control
schools. With the use of positive discipline a students
perception of being part of the school community (being
connected to school) decreases the incidence of socially
risky behavior (such as emotional distress and suicidal
thoughts / attempts, cigarette, alcohol and marijuana use;
violent behavior) and increases academic
performance(Resnick, 1997; Battistich et al., 1999;
Henriksen, 2011; Goodenow, 2012; Browning,2000).
Positive discipline teaches parents the skills to be both kind
and firm at the same time (Stanley, 2014).Positive discipline
aims to work with children and not against them. The
emphasis is on building on learners‘ strengths rather than
criticising their weaknesses and uses positive reinforcement
to promote good behaviour (Lieberman, 2012; Durrant,
2010; Battistich, Davidovitch & Milgram, 2014). In some of
the results from different studies, pupils were punished for
different reasons by their teachers, who used different types
of punishment in response to this unwanted behavior. Not
being able to accept the situation, pupils experienced
negative emotions toward the teacher and the lesson.
Some of the punitive methods applied changed pupil
behavior, some did not. Pupils expected different reactions
in place of ineffective teacher punishments. The reality is
that in many classrooms in various schools across the
country, there are over 70 pupils in one class. This creates
more challenges to teachers for effective teaching and
learning that involves enforcing discipline (LEADSA, 2010;
Nakabugo, 2007; Stanley, 2014; Simons-Morton & Crump,
2003). Moreover, disciplinary discrepancies through
multiple explanations including poverty, differential rates of
inappropriate or disruptive behavior in school settings, and
cultural mismatch or racial stereotyping (Skiba, 2011).
Research suggests a positive school climate has a positive
effect on students and conversely, negative school climate
has a negative effect on students. School climate has been
linked to improved student behavior and academic
achievement, student learning, student failure, student
delinquency, absenteeism, suspension, and low motivation.
Similarly, the comfortable and supportive feelings would
support effective and efficient learning and teaching as well
as positive student behaviors and attitudes, and on the
contrary, negative feelings such as concern, fear,
frustration, and loneliness would negatively affect learning
and behavior (Hoffman, 2009; Peterson & Skiba, 2001;
Conley & Tsujii, 2010). However, positive discipline also
provides a foundation for the parents which can be applied
to a wide-range of situations. Positive discipline is not
letting the child do whatever they wanted to do, it is a long-
term solution, teaching a child life- long skills, increased
competence and confidence. Discipline becomes a
constant problem of educators and even administrators. In
many secondary schools in Botswana, a widespread
occurrence of bullying, vandalism, alcohol consumption,
and substance abuse, truancy, inability or unwillingness to
do class work at home is also persisting. Theft has become
more common among secondary level students (Clifford,
2012; Durrant, 2013; Matsoga, 2003; Moiso, 2004). Further,
some studies show that positive student-teacher
relationships have a positive impact on students and lead
them to behave more properly. Moreover, behavioral
problems can be closely monitored which may not only
solve issues but even prevent issues from happening.
Creating a concrete discipline procedure is always a
responsibility of any member of society. There is no better
way to solve the social issues of the students but by the
collaboration of every member of the community (Durrant,
2013; Wang, 2014). Consequently, in imposing discipline
by the leaders, finding out discipline trends shows promise.
First is reaching success through involvement: this process
has been used in 17 schools across the nation. It involves
students in improving their schools, requires adult school
members and student leaders to form a community of

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learners and leaders for improvement. This process alters
school contracts, roles and responsibilities of students,
teachers and administrators. The students work with the
adults to help other students develop a sense of ownership
and control. This new feeling of control makes students
more motivated to learn. It has been a success in the 17
schools and is being introduced in more schools around the
nation (Bowen, 2012; Battistich et al., 1999; Resnick, 1997;
Goodenow, 2012). However, periodically restating the rules,
especially after students return from summer or winter
vacation is also recommended. Studies reveal that those
who do poorly academically find the school not enjoyable
and not interesting. When teachers at Wilson Elementary
School in North Carolina changed their instructional
practices to accommodate a variety of learning styles,
discipline problems decreased dramatically. Administrators
should regard disciplinary referrals as opportunities to teach
students valuable social skills that will promote success in
future employment as well as in school (Gottfredson, 1989;
Meyers, Platt & Pawlas, 1989, Platt, 2012). Additionally,
low achiever students with school work increase their
academic performance and they are motivated to get good
grades. The principal plays an important leadership role in
establishing school discipline, both by effective
administration and by personal example. A principal of well-
disciplined students is usually a highly visible model. They
engage in what Duke describes as management by walking
around, greeting students and teachers and informally
monitoring possible problem areas. Effective principals are
liked and respected, rather than feared, and communicate
caring for students as well as willingness to impose
punishment if necessary (Black & Downs, 1992; National
Association of Elementary School Principal, 1983; Osher,
Coggshall, Colombi, G., Woodruff, & Francois, 2012).
Furthermore, it was found out that teachers' satisfaction
with the school discipline policy was related to their
relationship with the principal. Good communication and
shared values are important elements in this relationship.
Ideally, a principal should be able to create consensus
among staff on rules and their enforcement. In practice,
some principals create consensus by recruiting like-minded
staff over the course of years or by arranging transfers for
teachers whose views don't fit in with goals and plans for
their school. Others concluded that stable and supportive
administrative leadership was the overriding factor
determining whether a discipline program was effective.
Schools that successfully implemented a pilot program
experienced distinct improvements in discipline
(Duckworth,1984; Gottfredson, 1989; NAESP, 2012).
However, teachers as the direct implementor of discipline
suffer if students are hard headed and hard to handle. The
findings of the researches concern, there are unproductive
work of student talking out of turn, avoiding doing
schoolwork, disengaging from classroom activities,
disrupting the flow of a lesson, moving around the room
unnecessarily,being late for class,making distracting noises
intentionally, mucking around, being rowdy,making
impertinent remarks,interfering with other students‘ or
teachers‘ property,interfering with other students‘ or
teachers‘ property, being physically destructive,being
physically aggressive towards other students,eexually
harassing other students and spreading rumours (Dreikurs,
1971; Kohn, 2006; Maguire & Raby, 2010). In addition,
effective discipline comes from effective administrators.
Everyday problems in discipline arise more and from the
different continents of the world. It was reiterated that
School-Wide Positive Behavioral interventions and support
is a prevention model that administrators will have to
support, for this program is based on the premise that all
students can benefit from well-implemented, evidence-
based practices for improving behavior. It is also very
helpful for students‘ decision making, guiding them to a
better future and letting them grow holistically (Mclntyre &
Silva, 1992; Horner, Greshan, & Sugai, 2002; Irvin, 2004;
Bogdan & Biklen, 1998). Additionally, Peretomode (1992)
confirmed that the use of physical punishment can be a
deterrent to other students who might violate a rule in the
absence of such punishment. But, on the other hand he
opposes cruel and inhuman corporal punishment. In
support with the participants sentiments on imposing
student discipline, teachers find school discipline
regulations practiced in Nigerian schools very problematic.
Classroom control has become somehow burden for
teachers. This is because students are prone to misconduct
for they know that teachers are not allowed to administer
corporal punishment, and the one who is designated to do
so can never be omnipresent. Regulations for corporal
punishment have made students difficult to deal with since
they know their rights and will question it if a teacher
administers corporal punishment (Kayode, 1984). In
general, management is the process of working with and
through people to accomplish organizational goals.
Management deals with the establishment of rules and
regulations as well as planning activities that aim at fulfilling
the objectives of a particular organization. Rules are
suggested or self-imposed guides for a scientific
communication for conduct or action or an accepted
procedure and custom. Rules or standards of behavior can
be defined as the shared expectations of a group of people.
These include what the group regards as a socially
acceptable pattern of behavior expected of every individual
in the group (Johnson, & Duffet, 2003: Harris, 2005).
However, parental support plays vital role to the students.
Parental non-engagement meant that it may jeopardise
children‘s development (Landry, 2011). According to the
survey, done by the teachers during the Public Agenda
(2003) students would perform better in school if their
parents were more involved in their child‘s education, while
72% of parents say children of uninvolved parents
sometimes ―fall through the cracks‖ in schools (Lohan,
2010: Duffy, 2013). Furthermore, Ferguson (2008)
concluded on his study that regular interaction between
parents and teachers helps students adjust more easily to
school and classroom expectations, which can translate
into higher achievement. Also, attending PTA meetings or
participating in parent-teacher conferences are often
expected, Ferguson concludes that districts and schools
that ―target activities and processes to give families the
tools and the information they need to engage effectively in
school improvement create a stronger system of education
and provide additional resources for both students and
school systems. Parents shall encourage to actively
participate in creating and implementing educational
programs for their children. Administrators must asess,
evaluate, monitor those policies, procedures and practices
in developing a comprehensive child protection policy in

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their schools (Cicchetti
,2010).Moreover, the school‘s rules and regulations are
among the strategies designed to instill good conduct
among students. This implies self-control, orderliness, good
behavior and obedience to school authority. Also in
admission schools especially at secondary level, students
are given prospectuses, which spell out some of the
expectations. These rules and regulations specify in most
cases what school members should do and what they
should not do. Despite this expectation, in most secondary
schools in Busiro Country, USA, students break these rules
and regulations with wide spread acts such as escaping
from schools, taking alcoholic drinks, participating in
frequent strikes with closure of schools and suspension of
students that affect their academic performance (Adams,
2003; Anbar & Eker, 2007).The collapse of discipline in the
classroom order, classroom hooligans, is an indication of
students‘ disrespecting classroom rules and regulations.
Discipline and established rules are declining among
students, some disciplinary measures did not focus on how
indiscipline affect students‘ academic performance; hence,
a need for this study. Similarly, discipline as an issue in the
learning process and management differ in organizations.
Lack of discipline is the most serious problem facing the
education system in American schools, with many
educators and students gravely concerned about disorder
and dangers in school environment. Poor time
management, insubordination and intimidation by students
result in countless school and classroom disruptions,
leading to many suspensions in a year (Cotton, 2000;
Marcenko, De Voy, & Conway 2010). Correspondingly,
there are various types of punishments administered in the
secondary schools in Uganda. These include the different
modes or forms, which prevail in schools in Uganda such
as reprimanding, bawling out, ridiculing sarcasm, belittling,
name calling, withdrawal of privileges, social isolation,
demotion, putting placards around the offender‘s neck,
standing or kneeling in front of class, exercise drills such as
raising arms while carrying weight, suspension and
expulsion from school, corporal punishment, restitution and
detention or keeping students after school (Moiso, 2004;
Yatchmenoff, 2015; Black & Downs, 1992).Moreover, some
disagree that uniform punishment can be an effective way
of controlling students‘ behavior if students, teachers and
school administrators know and understand that
punishment is firm, fair and consistent. They act as
motivators to students in order to improve students‘ learning
and academic performance. But, this uniform punishment
might foster an effect and it is unfair to other learners
whose character and attitude are good. Although, some
reasoned out that there are also advantages of uniform
punishment, for them, its implication is to have unity in
everything. It encourages the spirit of camaraderie, for the
fault of one member will be paid off by everybody (Cotton,
2000; Henriksen, 2011; Conley & Tsujii, 2010), Knowingly,
this was concurred by Canter (2012) that uniform
punishment will help them perform better academically. It
was discovered that learners do not need harshness for
they want affection and passion from the people that
surrounds them. Administrators will be of great help to
answer their needs and wants. Moreover, punishment must
not arouse resentment and insult of the students mistakes,
this discipline must be positive, constructive and develop
their trust as well as confidence. Due to rampant cases on
indiscipline, the Tanzanian government made the Corporal
Act of 1979 under the Education Act of 1978, where it gives
authority to the head of schools to strike and hit with flexible
sticks, the hands and clothed buttocks of those students
who are indiscipline and it will be recorded for future use.
Other punishments under this act are exclusion and total
expulsion (Canter, 2012; Icarbord & Yaghambe, 2013). It is
adamant for educators to implement approaches such as
step systems so that they gain effective classroom control.
Additionally, policies suggest that by fixing student
behavior, it also will ‗fix‘ learning (Maguire & Raby, 2010).
That Parent participation in schools increased positive
student attitudes, study habits and academic performance
(Adamski, Fraser, & Peiro, 2013). Moreover, Houtenville
and Hall (2007) pointed out the impact of parents
involvement in school, one of which is it will develop
positive student behaviour, that there would be always
tracking down on their performances in school, as well as
for the parents, they will increase their interaction and
discussion with their children and are more responsive and
sensitive to their children's social, emotional, and
intellectual developmental needs. It is significant for the
parents to be invited and be called upon during assembly
meetings, for they need to be aware of and become more
active regarding crafting policies that affect their children's
education and are requested by school to be part of the
decision-making team (Harper & Row, 1987: Taylor,
2012).Consequently, parent is nurtured when parents
knows how to contribute meaningful contributions and that
they are welcome by the school staff and administrator
(Leithwood, 2006). This was the practice of some
participants like Albert, Dina, Chris and Diego. Parental
involvement is a broad term and includes such things as
good parenting, helping with homework, serving on good
councils and board committees, communicating and
meeting with teachers and volunteering in the classrooms,
That in every parental involvement in education shows
children that their parents care about what they are doing
and learning and that they value a good education (Ontario
Ministry of Education,1994). The above mentioned literature
emphasized that problems still arise despite the conducive
learning environment with distinctive preventive discipline
plans. School heads and administrators must not take
misbehavior lightly, whether physical or non-physical, as
there could be different reasons behind the acts that need
to be addressed soon. Teachers must make it a routine to
let the
students understand the rules and consequences of
classroom policies.
3. METHODOLOGY
This study employed qualitative phenomenology which is
believed to be more appropriate for this investigation rather
than the quantitative approach, for discipline is a continuous
process in developing individual‘s character and the
purpose of this study is is to seek answers to questions that
stress how social experience is created (Denzin & Lincoln,
1994). I used the phenomenological approach because it is
effective in obtaining a complete understanding of
individuals‘ experiences, piercing into their thoughts,
feelings and actions in order to acquire insights from their
experiences. It absolutely described the accurate point of

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the experiences and how those were interpreted by the end
users. It is an exact device in my study wherein I dug into
the innermost explanation or point of justification of my
informants who actually have experiences on the
implementation of student discipline in their assigned
school in the southernmost part of Sarangani, Philippines,
as head of a certain school. In phenomenological research,
the use of bracketing is applied to minimize presuppositions
to prevent potential harmful effects of presumptions that
they may affect the research process, thereby improving
the precision of the research study. The researcher must
be vigilant at all times, aware of his/her own views and the
pre-existing beliefs on the study, must learn to set aside
his/her own prior knowledge and experiences to fully
capture the experiences being told by the participants with
an open mind (Starks & Trinidad, 2007; Taylor, 2012;
Tufford & Newman, 2010) in conducting this qualitative
study. I was interested to know how things happened and
how people interpret their experiences and how they find
meaning to these experiences (Merriam, 2009). Through
phenomenological reduction, the researcher simply
lessened the realm from how it is recognized naturally, with
all biases and judgment to a domain of pure phenomena
(Dowling, 2007). Thus, the essence of the phenomena is
allowed to surface. In addition, the participants‘ own words
were used throughout the process of data analysis and
phenomenological depiction. The process of combining was
employed throughout the course of the study. The method
examined and scrutinized the phenomena from the
subjective eyes of the representatives, focusing on
subjectivity of reality and continually pointing out the need
to understand how human view themselves and the world
around them, and in the process, the researcher set aside
her personal experiences and opinion to fully grasp the
experiences of the participants, identifying the essence
(Creswell, 2007).
4. RESULTS
4.1. Experiences of School Heads’ in
Implementing Discipline Program
To generate a comprehensive discussion for the above
research problem, the following questions were asked
during the in-depth interview and focus group
discussion:What are the good experience you encountered
on the implementation of student discipline in school? What
are the negative experiences you encountered on the
implementation of student discipline in school?How do you
feel every time you heard reports of student
misbehavior?What are the reactions of teachers in the
implementation of student discipline?What are the reactions
of parents in the implementation of student discipline? And
How did you deal with all the reactions of students, parents
and teachers in the implementation of classroom discipline?
From the data collected on the experiences of the study
participants six main themes emerged as presented in
Table 1. These themes helped me determine which ideas to
report. These themes are the following: Parental
participation and involvement (on one hand); Parental
inattention and non-engagement (on the other hand);
School-wide adoption of child protection policy; Diverse
levels of teacher acceptance; teacher Inadequacies and
inconsistencies; and Continued indiscipline of students.
Table 1
Themes and Core ideas Experiences of School Heads in
the Implementation of Student Discipline in their Schools
Major Themes Core Ideas
Parental
participation
and Involvement
(on one hand)
Parents were open-minded on the policy on
cutting classes
Parents were very supportive on the
implementation of student discipline Prior to
implementation, meeting is called for parents‘
orientation
During assembly, parents and faculty craft
discipline policies together
PTA and SGC officials review and amend the
CPP policies each year
We have the PEP (Parent education Program)
Parental
inattention and
Non-engagement
(on the other
hand)
Some parents do not mind whatever discipline
the school will enforce
Parents entrust the entire discipline to the school;
are uninvolved
Parents who need to be around in meetings are
the ones not showing up
They just entrust their children, gave full
responsibility to the school
Parents prioritize their work in the farm; leave it
up to the teachers
It is an IP school and I struggle much reaching
out to the parents.
School-wide
adoption
of Child
Protection policy
We implement the CPP because of rampant
discipline issues in the school
We use the Child Protection Policy as basis for
our discipline action
We orient the students on the CPP before
implementing it.
We conduct orientation regarding the CPP;
Students, parents and teachers
Faculty meeting is done before implementation of
CPP
We ensure that the guidelines/steps of sanctions
are religiously followed
We discuss it in a symposium before
implementing it
We make the child part of the decision regarding
discipline sanctions
Diverse Levels of
Teacher
acceptance
Some teachers were not satisfied with the
provision of policy
Some teachers are not happy; they think that
policy is not sufficient
About 50% were unhappy, for they cannot apply
the discipline they want
There is a feeling of discouragement in imposing
discipline
Some teachers felt that it can lessen the burden
on their part
Some teachers were happy and hopeful; had
positive reactions
They were very excited to see the results of this
endeavour
Some opposed it because they still prefer
corporal punishment

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Teacher
InadequaciesAnd
Inconsistencies
I feel upset with poor classroom management of
some teachers
Grandmother went ballistic when teacher told
student ―You‘re still alive?‖
Some teachers need further seminars regarding
student discipline
As it runs, discipline regulations are forgotten
and die a natural death
It is a burden for me; I feel sorry for the students
Continued
Indiscipline
of Students
Students are still rebellious even if they were
already aware of the CPP
Students are no longer deterred by their
teachers; no more respect
Students answer their teachers casually, without
courtesy and deference
Some students jump over the fence; cut classes
A grade two student stabbed his classmate with
a pencil
Students are destructive on school properties
A grade 5 pupil threatened the life of his teacher
There are vicious gangs in existence; teachers
are afraid of them
I get frustrated with the behavior of students; the
use of bad words.
4.1. How do School Heads addresses the challenges of
Student Discipline implementation
In support of this research question, three questions were
raised during the in-depth interview and focus group
discussion namely: As a school head, What strategies do
you use in order to effectively implement student discipline
in your school? What coping mechanisms are used to
lessen impact of challenges? How do you treat students
who have good classroom behavior? From the data
collected through the above questions there were five main
themes which emerged from the responses as shown on
Table 3 these are Parental engagement and collaboration,
Provision of teacher and support, Use of Positive Discipline,
and Use of Creative approaches.
Table 3
Themes and Core ideas on Coping Mechanisms of School
Heads in the Implementation of Student Discipline in their
Schools
Parental
engagement and
Collaboration
Talk to the parents during the crafting of the
discipline policies
We call for a meeting with the parents
Discipline policy is crafted in collaboration with
the parents
Present the final draft of the policy to the PTA,
BLGU, GAD committee
I unsure that everybody works together
cohesively for the policy
We do parent mentoring which include
assessment and evaluation
Call the attention of PTA officials and other
stakeholders
Provision of
teacher guidance
and support
I told the teachers to watch their language; treat
students fairly
I advised the teacher to give the child extra
attention and care
I told the teachers to comply with the policy
anchored on the CPP
I told the teachers to use positive approach
always
As head, you have to be always around in case
decisions will be made
We hold SLAC sessions for teachers on
student discipline
Teachers share discipline strategies they
employ
Conduct conferences with teachers to plan
courses for action
Use of “
Positive
Discipline”
We use gentle and soft approach in discipline;
show the child you care
We allow the child to make a promise to
change behaviour
Give troublesome students some kind of
responsibility
Use friendly approach for secondary students;
they are mature enough
Instead of shouting to them like they do; talk to
them gently
I do heart to heart talk with the students
involved
You have to love them tenderly, show them
affection
Use of creative
approaches
We put up an anti-bullying box where
students can write their complaints
I do not delay the settlement of the problem;
settle it right then and there
If positive approach won‘t help, we use reverse
psychology
There are times we deal with indiscipline on a
case to case basis
We do home visitations
Sanctions for misbehaving students include
background gardening.
We invite religious group to give formation and
spiritual growth sessions
We strengthen the guidance counselling; do
individual counselling
4.3. Insights of school heads in implementing Student
discipline in their schools
In support of the research problem, three questions were
raised during the in-depth interview and focus group
discussion namely: How do you intend to apply the new
learnings to the future implementation of classroom
discipline?What advice can you share with your teachers in
imposing student discipline in the classrooms? From the
data collected through the above questions there were five
main themes which emerged from the responses as shown
on Table 3. Parental Involvement is essential to student
discipline, Schools should be steadfast In the
implementation, Be Positive and Constructive, Teachers
need understanding and support, and Discipline should be
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Table 3
Themes and Core ideas Insights of School Heads in the
Implementing Student Discipline in their Schools
Parental
Involvement is
Essential to
student
discipline
There should be collaboration among school
head-teacher-parents
Parent‘s involvement is important
Parents/PTA officials should be involved and
be open
Parents should broaden their thinking
The most effective strategy is the involvement
of all stakeholders
Intensify Parent mentoring
Open communication with parents is very
important
Schools should
be steadfast
in the
implementation
Be firm on what the policies provide; do what is
agreed upon
Be unswerving on decisions made and policies
formulated
Mean what you say; be solid and consistent
Stand to what the policies conveyed; do not
yield to pressure
Just enforce the CPP to avoid inconsistencies
Actions should always be anchored to the
school‘s policy on discipline
Be Positive and
Constructive
We have to be calm and composed in dealing
with discipline
Teachers have to ―chill‖ every time problem on
misbehaviour arises
Teachers should use the kind of discipline that
is acceptable to all
Teachers must take a deep breath whenever
there are problem; relax
Don‘t let the emotion take over; be patient and
calm
Harsh discipline can produce harsh result
Never ever touch/hit the students; no corporal
punishment
Teachers need
understanding
and support
Consider the class size the teacher have to
handle
They have to understand teachers and be
sympathetic
There should also be a law that protects
teacher‘s rights
Teachers think that they are being neglected
Teachers should be trained in classroom
management
Discipline should
be relevant
and pertinent
In this age of computers, parents must
consider positive discipline
The approach of discipline must fit the kind of
generation
Approach effective one time, may no longer
effective the next time
Strategy suited to one may not be suited to
another student
There are new approaches to discipline; old
teachers should adapt
5. DISCUSSION
5.1. Experiences of School Heads in Implementing
tudent Discipline
Parental Participation and Involvement. As the results of
this study revealed, parents involvement is a major factor in
establishing student discipline in school, particularly in the
locale of the study. Adamski, Fraser, and Peiro (2013)
stressed that parent participation in schools increased
positive student attitudes, study habits and academic
performance, which was also pointed out by Banerjee
(2011). Children from diverse cultural backgrounds tend to
do better when parents and professionals work together to
bridge the gap between the culture at home and the culture
in school. He also added that children will develop positive
attitude only if the parents have close communication with
the school and tend to achieve more in their academic and
socio-economic status. For junior high school whose
parents actively participate in school activities, this results
to better transition, and most likely these students are not at
risks in dropping out. Referring to the answers of Dina and
Azy (pseudonyms) that before implementing student
discipline, parents should be informed first on all the
policies given by the school, an example of this is the
cutting of classes (a rampant misbehaviour of junior high
students), if amendments happened it is good to let the
parents know the policy. Yet, parents on this policy were
open-minded so the school will automatically implement it
and there would be no problem at all. Furthermore,
Houtenville and Hall (2007) pointed out the impact of
parents involvement in school, one of which is it will
develop positive student behaviour, that there would be
always tracking down on their performances in school, as
well as for the parents, they will increase their interaction
and discussion with their children and are more responsive
and sensitive to their children's social, emotional, and
intellectual developmental needs. Susie on her part said
that there are parents who are happy, because what they
shared in the ratification on the policy of implementation on
student discipline was considered and applied. Taylor
(2012) stressed that it is significant for the parents to be
invited and be called upon during assembly meetings, for
they need to be aware of and become more active
regarding crafting policies that affect their children's
education and are requested by school to be part of the
decision-making team. Moreover, Chris and Diego said that
during the crafting and amendments on student discipline,
parents impart their suggestions on the said policy, then
sanctions follow, informing students what they brought out
during the mentoring made them part on the decisions
made. This policy is effective because students tend to
cooperate and obey the policies. With another participant
revealed that in their school they have this so-called PEP
(Parent Education Program), that parents can freely write a
policy on student discipline and submit it then the
committee on CPC reviews for consolidation then on the
meeting it will be presented then agreed on what is best
suited. Nonetheless, it is supported from the researches of
Bower and Griffin (2011) that parents that are active in their
child‘s schools show positive effects including increased
academic achievement, positive social behavior,
augmented resources and social networking opportunities.
Smith, Wohlstetter, Kuzin, and De Pedro (2011) also added
that parent involvement increases the likelihood that
students will come to school more prepared. This is related
to the experience of Josh (pseudonym) there
implementation was as easy as it is for their parents really
involves policy making and are present during parent
mentoring. The greater the parents support for their children
the more likely their children do well in school. The positive

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result of partnership between school and parents, improves
students achievement, students behaviour are more likely
better, boost their esteem and reduces absenteeism.
According to the World Health Organization (1984), the
students‘ holistic being is not only attributed physically but,
it is a package of mental, social, moral, cognitive and
spiritual dimensions. Gwen said that it is good to have
supportive parents as partners, for in them they have
amendment and checking of the policy on student discipline
once a year. Their aim is to have a product that is a well-
rounded and hollistically competitive individual. Parental
Inattention and Non-engagement. Talking about parental
inattention and non-engagement it‘s all about the kind of
support of parents give to their children. This parental non-
engagement meant that it may jeopardise children‘s
development (Landry, 2011). Bien (pseudonym) concurred
that those parents that entrusted their children to the
school, all the responsibility tend to have problems on their
behavioral aspect in school. According to the survey, done
by the teachers during the Public Agenda (2003) students
would perform better in school if their parents were more
involved in their child‘s education, while 72% of parents say
children of uninvolved parents sometimes ―fall through the
cracks‖ in schools (Johnson & Duffett, 2013).
Consequently, about half of the participants‘ responses on
parents rates in inattention towards meetings in school was
at the low level, it is because they were too busy in their
work.They prioritizes work for survival, and entrust their
children in school. Pete stress that there was no
reinforcement from some of the parents. Diego also told me
that he went through process. He had this struggle on
convincing parental engagement. This was supported by
Chris (not his real name) that parents were stuck to their
principle and the beliefs. That according to what they say,
authorities in school are the ones responsible for the child‘s
development in the different dimension in life particularly in
their attitude, as quoted by one parent ―they will just learn
from school, they will be disciplined by teachers‖.Moreover,
Ferguson (2008) concluded on his study that regular
interaction between parents and teachers helps students
adjust more easily to school and classroom expectations,
which can translate into higher achievement. Also,
attending PTA meetings or participating in parent-teacher
conferences are often expected, Ferguson concludes that
districts and schools that ―target activities and processes to
give families the tools and the information they need to
engage effectively in school improvement create a stronger
system of education and provide additional resources for
both students and school systems. Parents shall encourage
to actively participate in creating and implementing
educational programs for their children. School-wide
adoption of Child Protection Policy. Another theme which
emerged on the experiences of school heads on the
implementation of student discipline was the adoption of
child ptotection policy. Since the birth of the law, child rights
and responsibilities was highlighted. the Department of
Education strengthened the school‘s vision, mission and
goal to be a child-friendly. Guided on the legal bases such
as Republic Act 7610 also known to be the Child Abuse
Law, R.A. 9262 Anti-violence against women and their
children act, and the DepEd order no. 40 s.2012 known to
be the child protection policy. In adopting the Child
protection policy, some policies are effective some are not,
based on the experiences of Catherine and Angelo. With
this CPP, the advocacy on positive approach was
highlighted. Some approaches on discipline is effective but
in some instances it is not. Kim and Cicchetti (2010)
stressed that when the day of student spent in school, it is
now the responsibility of the school on prioritizing child
protection. Futhermore, Cichitte (2010) added,
administrators must assess, evaluate, monitor those
policies, procedures and practices in developing a
comprenhensive child protection policy in their school. It
was concurred by some paticipants namely Diego and
Pete, following the CPP will safeguard the school‘s
environmental learning processes.In the definition of Child
protection policy, which refers to the activity which is
undertaken to protect children who are suffering, or at risk
of suffering,and in significant harm. It is what Skinner
(1954) relied in the assumption, the best way to modify
behaviour was to modify the environment. He was a
proponent for many instructional strategies that modern day
"progressive‖ educational reformers advocate for: scaffold
instruction, small units, repetition and review of instructions,
and immediate feedback. Skinner did not approve of the
use of punishments in school, or as a behavioural
modification technique in general. Punishments were
ineffective and he advocated for the frequent use of
reinforcement (rewards) to modify and influence student
behavior.Diverse Levels of Teacher Acceptance. Teachers
as the direct implementor of discipline suffers if students
are hard headed and hard to handle.Tthe findings of the
researches concern, there are unproductive work of student
talking out of turn, avoiding doing schoolwork, disengaging
from classroom activities, disrupting the flow of a lesson,
moving around the room unnecessarily,being late for
class,making distracting noises intentionally, mucking
around, being rowdy,making impertinent remarks,interfering
with other students‘ or teachers‘ property,interfering with
other students‘ or teachers‘ property, being physically
destructive,being physically aggressive towards other
students,eexually harassing other students and spreading
rumours (Kohn, 2006; Maguire & Raby, 2010).
Furthermore, Dreikurs (1971) stress, there are troublesome
students that can make teachers react emotionally to the
extent of using punishment. But punishment, instead of
curbing behaviour, can aggravate it. It was affirmed by
some participants like Azy and Dina who are quite
disappointed on using CPP because according to them
there are really students, who are disrespectful.
Psychologically, these students have behavioral problems.
But somehow, not all times, there are also times that CPP
is effective in other situations.nMeanwhile, Dina feel
sometimes discourage in imposing discipline, as Bogdan
and Biklen (1998) pointed out that apart from imparting
knowledge and facilitating student learning, teachers are
expected to maintain security and order in their classrooms.
This statement relates to Susie that 50% of her teachers
were unhappy for they wanted to have corporal
punishment. Teachers do have a choice, if and if they feel
discouragement, mentioned by Mclntyre and Silva (1992)
thus, the issue of student conduct is a factor in their job
satisfaction and they can resign from the profession if
students‘ misbehaviour is unbearable. Undestanding the
level of teachers acceptance, on how they reacted in
imposing discipline with diverse students, help me realize

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that sanctions on misbehaviour depends on the kind of the
students and the weightof his/her fault or mistakes. You will
impose discipline to help, improve, correct, and prevent not
to punish, humiliate, or retaliate. But there are reasons why
some teachers wanted to do corporal punishment. This was
supported by Peretomode (1992) for the reasons, students
only respond to corporal punishment. Corporal punishment
is effective because it makes students think twice before
committing the same offence. The use of physical
punishment can be a deterrent to other students who might
violate a rule in the absence of such punishment. But, on
the other hand he opposes cruel and inhuman corporal
punishment. In support with the participants sentiments on
imposing student discipline, teachers find school discipline
regulations practiced in Nigerian schools very problematic.
Classroom control has become somehow burden for
teachers. This is because students are prone to misconduct
for they know that teachers are not allowed to administer
corporal punishment, and the one who is designated to do
so can never be omnipresent. Regulations for corporal
punishment have made students difficult to deal with since
they know their rights and will question it if a teacher
administers corporal punishment (Kayode, 1984). Teacher
Inadequacies and Incosistencies. School heads revealed
their conclusion that somehow its the teacher factor that
matter in discipline. If a teacher have knew classroom
management technique, then there might be no problems in
imposing discipline nor getting referrals to guidance
counsellor. About half of the participants believed that its
teachers inefficiency and incosistencies. Ingersoll (2001)
stressed that if a teacher had this poor classroom
management they tend to be burnout, job dissatisfaction
and might have an early exit from their profession.
Catherine (pseudonym) shared on this theme, teachers are
very active at first, but as it runs long, discipline approaches
or even the policies will be forgotten. Albert (not his real
name) concurred that if the teacher cannot handle
situations, like uncontrollable misbehaviour of a certain
student, that teacher needs training on classroom
management.
Furthermore, Kohn (2006), Maguire and Raby (2010)
found out that when a student exhibits behaviours that are
deemed inappropriate, teachers tend to locate responsibility
for the behaviour with the student rather than consider other
factors that might contribute to the behaviour. Therefore,
teachers often use ways to help or coerce students to gain
self-control of their behaviour. That is, they ‗blame‘ the
student for inappropriate behaviour. This what happened to
Zach (pseudonym) experience on teachers inadequacies,
many time the teacher got a referral for she cannot solve
simple problems regarding misbehaviour. But, let usw also
be considerate enough for the teachers . Using the step
systems in an attempt to be logical and fair, or to support
students to make good choices (Maguire & Raby, 2010).
Moreover, according to Duke (1986), this finding makes it a
little easier to understand why teachers seemed to be
inconsistent in rule enforcement; it is likely that few of them
could have been aware of all the rules in the first place.
Most teachers reported that they had poor formal training in
classroom management. They justified their inconsistencies
and failures to deal effectively with student misbehaviour by
their lack of classroom management skills.Earlier research
concluded that teachers seem to enforce rules in an
inconsistent manner, but with reference to the study of
Jackson (1993) a closer look shows that many of these
inconsistencies are not actually instances of rules being
ignored, but reflect refinements of the rules that are clearly
understood by almost everyone involved. In the study by
Duke (1986), teachers explained their inconsistent
behaviour by saying that there were too many school rules
for any individual to enforce effectively (Duke, 1989; Tattum
1982; Jackson, 1993). Continued Indiscipline of Students.
Average of responses from the participants of the study
reveals, there is no one to be blame, for we are in the world
of diverse individuals. Josh (pseudonym) that he did what is
good to stop the trouble, but the student‘s behaviour is
unbearable, it came to the point that this student was hurt
accidently. And it was also affirmed by Catherine , she said
that is not the child‘s fault, but its the environmental factors
and how the parents raises their children. Children are
more likely to be respectful when important adults in their
lives respect them. They are more likely to care about
others if they know they are cared. Concluded by Angelo
and Dina (pseudonyms), that even if you do discipline
anchored with CPP, still there are those who are still
rebellious and unproductive work of student. According to
Oludare (2011) that there are contributing factors that
causes indiscipline in the school today. These are the
following root causes: parental attitudes, environmental
factors, family instability, media influences,infedility of
school heads, government interference and economic
instability. In addition, Lee (2011) stress, administrators,
teachers and parents have been struggling solving
solutions to indiscipline problems in school. Finn, Fish and
Scott (2008) supported the idea of Lee, that disruptive
behaviors can cause harm in classroom. It was also
identified by Dreikurs, (1971), on his studies that all
behavior including misbehaving is orderly, purposeful and
directed towards achieving social approval. Human beings
have a need to belong and be accepted.
5.2. How School Heads addresses the Challenges in
School Discipline Implementation
Parental Engagement and Collaboration. Genuine
partnership administrators, teachers and parents had
shown positive impact on students‘ performance in
academic, social, behavioral and emotinal outcomes.The
benefits were identified by Taylor (2012) on his study that
parents who actively engaged on various activitiesin school,
specially during PTA meetings, assemble and mentoring
are more senstive on children‘s needs whether it is
emotional, behavioral or academic. Parents have a better
understanding of the teacher's job and school curriculum.
When parents are aware of what their children are learning,
they are more likely to help when they are requested by
teachers to become more involved in their children's
learning activities at home. Parents are more aware of, and
become more active regarding, policies that affect their
children's education when parents are requested by school
to be part of the decision-making team (Taylor, 2012). In
the case of Catherine, she explains, you have to welcome
and accommodate parents at all times showing their
importance in school. Talked to them politely specially
during the crafting and making of policies in student
discipline. Diego and Zach added that school programs that
encourage and involve parents usually do better and have

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higher quality programs than programs that do not involve
parents. Teachers and principals acquire a better
understanding of families' cultures and diversity, and they
form deeper respect for parents' abilities and time.
Furthermore, parent engagement is nurtured when parents
knows how to contribute meaningful contributions and that
they are welcome by the school staff and administrator
(Leithwood, 2006). This was the practice of some
participants like Albert, Dina, Chris and Diego. Parental
involvement is a broad term and includes such things as
good parenting, helping with homework, serving on good
councils and board committees, communicating and
meeting with teachers and volunteering in the classrooms,
That in every parental involvement in education shows
children that their parents care about what they are doing
and learning and that they value a good education (Ontario
Ministry of Education, 1994). Provision of Teacher
Guidance and Support. Based on the general responses of
the participants in this study, most of them addresses on
operational duties of teachers that collaboration with
parents of students with behaviour problems in helping the
students overcome their difficulties can help student
discipline effective and functional. And assistance in
running staff development programmes to strengthen
teachers’ skills in managing students’ misbehaviour (Harper
& Row, 1987). Zach relates what was mentioned, they have
this SLAC session regarding on student discipline and
through supportive environment teachers will share
strategies and techniques to their colleagues on how to
treat disruptive behaviour of studentin classroom.
Meanwhile, some of the participants talks on training and
staff development for teachers, school heads if possible
they are in their posts, as shared by Angelo (pseudonym).
In developing the behaviour policy, the headteacher should
reflect on the following ten key aspects of school practice
that, when effective, contribute to improving the quality of
pupil behaviour. These are the following; a consistent
approach to behaviour managemen; strong school
leadership; classroom management; rewards and
sanctions; staff development and support; pupil support
systems; liaison with parents and other agencies; Managing
pupil transition; and Organisation and facilities. The
behaviour policy should acknowledge the school‘s legal
duties under the Equality Act 2010. Use of Positive
Discipline. In defining positive discipline, have lots of
meaning. Positive Discipline teaches parents, educators,
students and community members the skills necessary to
create healthy interpersonal connections in an environment
where each person‘s contribution has meaning, valued, and
expected (Simons-Morton & Crump, 2011). Referred to the
case of the participants Gwen and Pete, positive discipline
is effective. It was also the answers of Susie, Dina and
Chris, they believed that talking to the students gently,
appreciating on what they did positively, praised them and
recognized them will motivate them to be a model of good
behavior. Dina stress encouragement, will be a factor that
attitudes changes into productive. It will boost their ego
says Bien. Moreover, looking on the study of Platt (2012), it
is about on parent and teacher education programs directed
at parents and teachers of students with maladaptive
behavior that implemented Positive Discipline tools showed
a statistically significant improvement in the behavior of
students in the program schools when compared to control
schools. Where the ideas of Platt was supported by
Browning (2000) that with the use of positive discipline a
students perception of being part of the school community
(being connected to school) decreases the incidence of
socially risky behavior (such as emotional distress and
suicidal thoughts / attempts, cigarette, alcohol and
marijuana use; violent behavior) and increases academic
performance (Resnick, 1997; Battistich, Davidovitch, &
Milgram, 1999; Goodenow, 2012). Positive discipline
teaches parents the skills to be both kind and firm at the
same time (Stanley, 2014).Positive discipline aims to work
with children and not against them. The emphasis is on
building on learners‘ strengths rather than criticising their
weaknesses and uses positive reinforcement to promote
good behaviour (Durrant, 2010). It is related to what has
Bien had been described during my interview with him in his
office. Through promise logbook it promotes goo attitudes
towards students who have promise on the logbook.
Positive discipline plays a vital role in molding a person.
Those schools that advocates the use of positive approach
most likely creats a product that last for a lifetime. They
respected the rights of children and encloses dignity to the
students and with this the school created a more humane
society. It promotes students‘ self control,teachers
responsibility and choosing the right path.Generally, school
heads/administrators must lead teachers, parents and
stakeholders into the world of positive discipline approach.
That they shold be the model in it. They need to establish
and drive the concept and ensure that policies are
implemented and ensure that learners are dealt with fairly
and consistently. That this approach must anchored with
the principles. Such principles are holistic, strength-based,
constructive, inclusive, proactive, and participatory. Use of
Creative Approach. Based on how the school heads
addresses the challenges on student discipline
implementation, the use of creative approaches are the
remedies treating rampant misbehavior of students and
those really, shall we say the worst among the worsts.
Resulted on their responses, almost half of the them
concluded on appreciating and reward system As to the
case of Susie, in the school where she was assigned, they
have a reward on the students who do good things.
Similarly on the idea of Pete and Catherine that during flag
ceremony or classroom checking they gave rewards to
those who behaves well. They too also recognized their
works and making them as a model og good will and
conduct. These creative approaches shared by the
participant was related in the study of Battistich,
Davidovitch, and Milgram (2014) that creative teaching is
essentially the same with effective teaching. In addition, this
reward system was introduced by Skinner (1954) he was an
advocate of reinforcement, example of giving of rewards
where it modify and influence student behavior. This is the
so-called ―operant conditioning‖ in which is important to
behavioral management. Lieberman (2012) pointed out that
the useof punishment of behavioral modification technique
was found out to be ineffective. But there ideas was
contradicted by Kohn (2006) that says, grades and praise,
kills intrinsic motivation and the desire to learn, and this
concept is, of course, in opposition to what teachers have
always been taught. He states that rewards destroy a
student‘s inherent motivation and reduces their natural
interest in a subject. Moreover, teachers might stimulate

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their creativity by deliberately perhaps for 10 minutes a day
observing the world around them, keeping their eyes open
for new ideas. Most teachers keenly observe their classes
and students. Extending this observation to look for ideas
from other disciplines or from something they see, read
about, or interact with in daily life is a good first step. Open-
mindedness also means considering other people's
perspectives. In foregoing view of Henriksen (2011) a
creative teacher imagines him- or herself in the position of
students, asking how a particular class or group of students
would want to learn something and what methods could
make a topic interesting for that group. Teachers should
create an environment where students feel they are
important, secure, safe and where teachers arouses their
interest. This will be effective in classroom management
system then use a new behavior system. Praising,
recognizing and acknowledging is an example of
behavioral modification where it helps students behavior to
be productive.
5.3. Insights of School Heads in Implementing Student
Discipline in Schools
Parental Involvement is Essential to Student Discipline.
Parents as partner of school heads and teachers in honing
good conduct and behavior modification of students in
school. Working with parents to develop and communicate
expectations, creating positive opportunities in school
activities and maintaining channels of communication with
the parents makes students discipine to be effective. This
means that parental involvement plays a vital role in child‘s
good behavioral development. Mostly of the participants
explains on the positive result if parents involve much in
school activities like policy making. This is strongly agreed
by Azy (pseudonym) that there should be a collaboration of
parents-school heads and teachers in implementing
effective discipline. It was being qouted that children are
more likely to be respectful when important adults in their
lives respect them. They are more likely to care about
others if they know they are cared about. Parent mentor
program is a place where parents can explore and helping
them to realized that they cando things they think they
cannot. Parents that involves in their child‘s learning,
develop the sense of security and high moral and most
likely achieved their goals in life. Parent mentoring program
trains community to established a helping relationship with
the children at risks in school and a strategy of knowing and
disecting students character through parental reflection. In
the case of Diego as school head, he wanted to inform the
parents and PTA officials on their responsibilities and duties
through mentoring/conference or assemble meeting in their
school. According to Conley and Tsujii (2010) that through
parent mentoring program it had developed family-focused
practice models that include values, principles, and practice
frameworks. It fosters inclusion in child‘s welfare in
decision-making processes. It was also stressed out by
Cohen and Canan (2006) that through genuine
collaboration of parent and school staff it promotes
permanency and reunification in implementing policies.
Moreover, studies show that inspite of increasing efforts to
improve family-centered practice, parents still report that
they do not feel included in decision making and that case
plans often do not meet their unique needs (Marcenko,
DeVoy, & Conway, 2010; Yatchmenoff, 2015). Parent
involvement was introduced on 1900‘s as major issue on
public schooling and affect diverse aspects in education.
Parent involvement is one of eight national goals and
includes research funding for Family, School, Community
Partnerships at John Hopkins University and at the Office
for Educational Research. According to one of the
participants named Zach, he advised that to be effective in
implementing discipline, parents must be cooperative and
participative in varied school activities. In the sections
on Special Education and Suspensions and Expulsions
where the Ministry of Education represnts the interest on
parental duties and responsibilities were enumerated.
These are the following: ensuring that their children attend
school regularly and on time; becoming familiar with and
informed about board policies and procedures in areas that
affect their children; becoming familiar with the Code of
Conduct and school rules participating in meetings with
teachers and other member‘s of your child‘s education tea;
encouraging and assist their child in following the rules of
behaviour and; assisting school staff in dealing with
disciplinary issues. Schools should be steadfast in the
Implementation. Based on NAESP (1983), school heads
plays significance in implementing student discipline.
Principals of well-disciplined students are usually models of
the implementation. Duke ( 1989) described school heads
must be visible at all times. That effective school heads are
liked and respected by hes/her subordinates rather than
feared and communicate students and firm on discipline
poliicies imposed in school. This was uttered by Pete and
Catherine, sharing on their insights in the implementation,
that school head must be fix and be fair in judgement when
trouble arises. Some of them shared that student discipline
policy, must be monitored and evaluated and it should be
functional either. Furthermore, Bandura‘s social learning
theory, pointed out on the key concept of the theory that
people learn behaviours and attitudes through
observation.That most human learn through modelling as
they are motivated to imitate it. Be Positive and
Constructive. Among the major themes in giving insights on
student discipline , this marked my heart as a researcher.
Why? Its because eventhough there are struggles in the
implementation of the policy in discipline, still our leaders in
schools advocates possitivity and constructivity of human
perceptions towards child‘s behavioral modification. Josh
said that let us all use positive approach. Be positive. Be
fair in dealing trouble nor quarrels in school. The legal
theory also known as ― job propety doctrine‖ states that
individuals should have this ―due process‖ it was 14th
amendment of the constitution. As Lhamon (2014) qouted
that ― Let‘s work together to support schools, to remove
barriers to educational opportunity, and to ensure students‘
safe passage through the critical and formative stages of
their educational experience. In addition to some general
responses on the insight of school heads, Albert and Bien
shared their insight on discipline that apply the discipline
that will not gave you problem at the end and if you use
negative discipline then of course the result will most likely
be negative too. Comparing the idea of Gottfredson (1989)
that discipline problems will be reduced if students find
school enjoyable and interesting. Sometimes problem
behaviour occurs because students simply don't know how
to act appropriately. In view of the foregoing results, Zach,
Pete, and Susie said that administrators must have self-

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control, patient and anger management dealing with
student discipline as well as teachers too. Two of the
proponent also on discipline strongly suggested that,
administrators must regard disciplinary referrals as
opportunities to teach students valuable social skills that will
promote success in future employment as well as in school
(Black & Downs, 1992). In the perspective of Diego
(pseudonym) school heads and teachers must be self-
directed and a good decision maker. This was related to the
theory of Knowles (1975) which describes self-directed
learning as a process in which individuals take the initiative
without the help of others in diagnosing their learning
needs, formulating goals, identifying human and material
resources, and evaluating learning outcomes. Teachers
Understanding and Support. In the foregoing results on the
insights of school heads, teachers as the direct
implementor of student discipline, they need too
understanding and support to both administrator and
parents. They are merely individuals, that commits mistakes
too. That they need consideration. In his studies, Duckworth
(1984) found out that teachers' satisfaction with school
discipline policy was related to their relationship with the
principal. Good communication and shared values are
important elements in this relationship. As Bien, relates his
story, teachers felt neglected by the department, that why
most of them experienced burnout. Burnout decreases job
performance, job satisfaction, job commitment, and quality
of service. Burnout increases absenteeism, low morale and
job turnover (Anbar & Eker, 2007). Furthermore, Fisher,
Frey, and Pumpian (2012) delineated that factors that gives
stress to teachers are teaching pupils who lack motivation,
maintaining discipline, time pressures and workload, coping
with change, being evaluated by others, dealings with the
colleagues, self-esteem and status. Administration and
management, role conflict and ambiguity, and poor working
conditions. This was the commentaries of some participants
like Dina, and Pete. Teachers approach to student
discipline are sometimes misunderstood and uncontrollable
misbehaviour. In the case of Catherine, she said parents
must also think of the ratio of teacher to student as
stressed-out by Langan-Fox and Cooper (2011), class sizes
and over-crowded classrooms do lead to emotional
exhaustion, physical exhaustion, stress, and burnout
among teachers.Teachers have statutory authority to
discipline pupils whose behaviour is unacceptable, who
break the school rules or who fail to follow a reasonable
instruction (Education and Inspections Act, 2006).Discipline
Should be Relevent and Pertinent. Relied on the
assumption that the best way to modify behaviour was to
modify the environment. Many theories supported this
phenomenon on student discipline implementation.There
are also lots of researches and studies cling to the idea o
relevancy in giving policies is important. When based on
the result of the commentaries of the participants, generally
their answers was about of the word right discipline. Like
the insight given by Azy and Pete, there are approaches of
discipline that is ineffective. Know what is effective.
According to Duke (1989) that effective school discipline
strategies seek to encourage responsible behavior and to
provide all students with a satisfying school experience as
well as to discourage misconduct. This findings also
described by Meyers and Pawlas (1989) where, the rules
and the consequences of breaking them should be clearly
specified and communicated to staff, students, and parents
by such means as newsletters, student assemblies, and
handbooks. They also added that an amendment on school
discipline policy annually is much recommended. And that
rule must be communicated, fair enough and consistent
enforcement helps maintain students' respect for the
school's discipline system. Besides the findings of above
mentioned researchers, they also added that school
discipline policies must conform with to state and federal
status. Albert concurred on the above statement. There
should be conformity on the community-school in the
implementation of discipline.
5. 4. Implication for Practice
On the Parental Participation and Involvement in
Implementing Student Discipline. In view of the
perspectives of school heads revealed in the locale of the
study, the implementation of student discipline has been
viewed by the study participants as very effective if parents
do participate in policy making and collaborate in decision
makings as far as their children‘s concern. Teachers may
call-out the parents particularly those parents who have
children with indiscipline cases. With these initiative done
during parent mentoring, meetings and assembly,parents
might be more active and engaged on various activities in
school. On Parental Inattention and Non-engagement. A
growing literature described the significance of parental
involvement in child‘s education. Parent involvement may
enhance children‘s behaviour at home and in school as
parent-school head and teachers work together to
enhanced sociological functioning. The study respondents
on the locale mentioned disclosed a negative observation
as revealed on their responses. School heads as the leader
of a certain school implies that further parent education
program must be quarterly implemented and maintaining
the genuine relationship of teacher-parents be regarded
and given attention. On Diverse Levels of teacher
Acceptance. There are many indiscipline cases that needs
further studies. The problem encountered in this theme is
average of the teachers were unhappy because of this CPP
where it advocates positive and gentle approach towards
misbehaviour or unproductive works of students. It implies
that to have a 100% approval in behalf of teachers as
implementer of discipline, parental engagement and school
heads support must be put emphasis. School heads must
use tactics to empower teachers and be active in providing
teachers experiences to be a leader. Teacher Inadequacies
and Inconsistencies. In the foregoing views coming from the
study participants, there are teacher who have poor
classroom management. Those incidents that are not easily
resolved contributes burden and stress to them. This study
implies that to be an effective diciplinarian and as head of
the school and school heads must also be commited on the
mission, vision and goal of the school. On Continued
indiscipline of Students. Student indiscipline is a symptom
of deep-seated disease that can be cured and have
remedy. The cause maybe because of educational system
that is defective or breeds dissatisfaction to students.
Generally the responses of the participants on the locale
mentioned revealed that it is actually the behaviour of the
students or the students attitudes mainly the cause of
continued discipline even the approach in discipline was
gentle not harsh. School heads must increase the teacher-

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parent communication through giving of cards and knowing
child‘s being through anecdotal record be reviewed.
Parental Engagement and Collaboration. Parents who
participate in school and home activities increase learning
outcomes for their children. The engagement and
collaboration of parents to school activities particularly on
discipline had shown positive effect on students‘ attitude. It
also implies that parent-school relationship must be
continuous making effectiveness on discipline policy
reliable, effecient and consistent. That would create also a
good environment in teaching-learning processes. Provision
of Teacher guidance and support. Empowering teachers
and letting them to attend more trainings and seminars on
the strategies and approaches needed to be effective in
discipline. In this theme, mostly of the participants revealed
the significance of awareness given to teachers using
positive discipline. As school head they may follow the
guidelines as to have effective discipline implementation.
On the Use of Positive Discipline. Positive discipline in the
concept of this study revealed the when you use gentle and
soft approach answers back positive too. School heads
anchored their discipline on CPP, that instead of shouting
them, talking gently is far more effective. Effective school
discipline policy must advocate the use of positive
discipline. Use of Creative Approach. There are various
creative approach used by the school heads in
implementing student discipline. Thisy study implies that if
student can‘t control his attitudes then do reverse
psychology. Further investigations on students background
must be regarded. If problem arises then settle it
immediately, do not wait for tomorrow. Traditional approach
no longer works. As implementing agent of student
discipline, be broad enough on finding effective strategies
and approaches. And lastly, values formation integration
must be deepen and given more emphasis.Parental
Involvement is Essential to Student Discipline. Working with
parents to develop and communicate expectations, creating
positive opportunities in school activities and maintaining
channels of communication with the parents makes
students‘ discipline to be effective. That parent‘s
engagement plays a vital role in implementing student
discipline. Where it motivates students to modify their
behavior for they felt being love and supported by their
parents. It implies that school heads must persuade parents
to be involved in all decisions particularly in policy making in
the school. They may be given importance which in return
they will become more cooperative and participative.
School heads as well as the teachers must strengthen
school‘s parent mentoring program and parent education
program. Schools should be steadfast in the
Implementation. In implementing student discipline school
policy may be constant and firm to what have been agreed
by the body. School heads may be the model of disciplined
as well as the teachers. For in fact we all know that we do
imitate behaviour of person we want to. Be Positive and
Constructive. Effective discipline is through positive and
constructive. Save the Children Phillipines as one of the
organization that advocates positive discipline, where they
found out that through positive discipline students
behaviour resulted positively. Teachers as the frontliner in
implementing discipline, should be more aware on the
effects between using corporal punishment and positive
discipline. School heads and teachers may have further
trainings and workshops using positive discipline. Teachers
Understanding and Support. School heads may undestand
their teachers for they have this overlapping of work and
activities in school. The result of this study implies that the
Deped should promote trainings and seminars on values
formation for the school heads as well for the teachers. As
what Duckworth (1984) found out that teachers' satisfaction
with school discipline policy was related to their relationship
with the principal. It is also the right time to put into action
requesting the secretary of education to sent out a licensed
psychologist in every school in support of those students
with behavioural disorders, thus helping school to resolve
indiscipline cases.
5.5. Concluding Remarks
The investigation on the implementation of student
discipline as viewed by the school headshas illuminated the
relevance and the essential of such study. As a researcher
and educator, I have done my contribution towards the
realities behind the implementation of student discipline in
my work place. I do believe that the findings of this study
would lead towards school heads realization on the
importance of implementing student discipline that is
constructive and positive. That it is not rude and motivates
student to modify their attitudes that leads them into
academic, social, economical and spiritual excellence which
are the various dimensionsof life. The results of this study
clearly substantiated the impact of student discipline
implementation which depicts that there are children who
experienced some sort of negative approach which leads
to abseentism and worst they stop coming to school. The
findings have proven that if we do positive and constructive
discipline children most likely develop positive result which
it can be noticed through their attitudes, behaviour and
academic representations.Those schools that follows the
Child Protection Policy as basis on the implimenting student
discipline, have effective learning environment and creates
well-rounded individuals. The data from the two methods of
data gathering employed in this study proved to be similar
and parallel. The focused group discussion thus completed
the components of the triangulation technique. Validation
of data through cross validation from more than two
sources: First, the readings on the implementation of
student discipline, second, the in-depth interview and the
third, the focused group discussion.The contributions of this
study lie in its making available the experiences, insights
and perspectives of school heads on the phenomenon of
the implementation of student discipline n as well as the
constructs derived from the findings. Moreover, it brings to
fore the advantage of using the qualitative approach in
understanding certain experiences. It has also opened
opportunities and ideas for future researches in as much as
there is a great deal more to be learned about the
implementation of student disciplineand its gains in the
behavioural modification of students to what approaches
and strategies were effective. I have validated that by
engaging teachers through their ideas and experiences for
they were the direct person also who implements student
discipline, effective discipline is done throught collaborative
partnership of school heads, parents and teachers as well.
To be discipline school head as the leader must be first the
implementor of good character. Parents must involved in
various school activities particularly on the amendments of

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school policy for it will benefit the growth of their child‘s
education. I do hope that school heads should have
trainings and workshops on positive discipline as integral
part in the implementation of student discipline. It is needed
also to strengthen the spiritual aspects of school heads
through retreats and fellowships. Secondly, for the
teachers, that there should be intensive seminar and
trainings on classroom management. That there should be
also pidentification of school heads and teachers who has
poor school and classroom management then trained them,
thereafter evaluate and assess them if there are
improvement on their management. I do hope also for
pushing on and keeping the flame burning on in the spiritual
aspects of the faculty staff and student itself to have values
formation as part on SLAC(School Learning Action Cell).
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