Impressionism slides1
- 1. Impression Sunrise from the 1874 Impressionist Show
- 2. Introduction to Photography Pre-Photographic Inventions Early Photographs Camera obscura Daguerreotype • A box (in earlier times a room) • A unique item of very high clarity with a hole and a lens at one end • Has a mirror surface • An image is projected onto the • Three-dimensional effects are opposite end striking • The image is traceable with pen • Highly vulnerable to physical and paper damage and scratching Photogram • Placed in an individualized frame • A flat object is placed on photo- with a top sensitive paper • Very expensive procedure • The paper is exposed to light and a • No negatives silhouette is rendered Calotype • Makes a positive and a negative image • Negatives were not clear • Has a grainy texture
- 3. Questions about the Nature of Photography • Photography has become accepted as a fact. How can we question the facts that photographs present? • How can the vantage point change our impression of a subject in a photograph? • How is time the subject of all photographs? • Is photography a mirror of the world, or a window onto the world?
- 4. Photography From 1826
- 6. Louis Daguerre • 1787 – 1851 • Produced his first photo in 1939 • Inventor of the Daguerreotype • This used a copper plate with a finely polished silver layer on its surface. It was made light-sensitive by reaction with iodine (and later bromine) vapour which produced a coating of silver iodide. Following an exposure - perhaps 10 minutes using a camera in bright sunlight - the almost invisible image was made visible by suspending the plate above a heated mercury bath. The mercury did not alter the silver iodide, but where an image had been formed this consisted of small particles of silver. This combined with the mercury to form a light gray silver amalgam in the lighter parts of the image. The darker parts of the scene were unchanged silver iodide and this was dissolved using a strong salt (sodium chloride) solution, revealing the polished silver surface. Later hypo (sodium thiosulphate) was found to be better for this 'fixing' process.
- 7. Early Photography Daguerre, Still Life in a Studio • First photographs imitate painted still lives • Long shutter speeds meant that inanimate objects were a natural choice • Variety of textures in this photography to reveal its capabilities” cloth, flask, sculpted cherub heads, framed painting, relief sculpture, etc. • Reference to the vanitas of Dutch still life painting
- 8. Atelier of the Artist, 1837
- 9. Henry Fox Talbot • 1800 –1877 • Invented the Calotype
- 11. Henry Fox Talbot, 1844
- 12. 3 daughters, c. 1846
- 13. Ever open to new ideas and discoveries, Nadar was the first in France to make photographs underground with artificial light and the first to photograph Paris from the basket of an ascendant balloon. Even though a proponent of heavier-than- air traveling devices, he financed the construction of Le Giant, a balloon that met with an unfortunate accident on its second trip. Nonetheless, he was instrumental in setting up the balloon postal service that made it possible for the French government to communicate with those in Paris during the German blockade in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Ruined financially by this brief but devastating conflict, Nadar continued to write and photograph, running an establishment with his son Paul that turned out slick commercial work. Always a rebel, at one point he lent the photo studio to a group of painters who wished to bypass the Salon in order to exhibit their work, thus making possible the first exhibition of the Impressionists in April, 1874. Although he was to operate still another studio in Marseilles during the 1880s and '90s Nadar's last photographic idea of significance was a series of exposures made by his son in 1886 as he interviewed chemist Eugene Chevreul on his 100th birthday, thus foreshadowing the direction that picture journalism was to take. During his last years he continued to think of himself as "a daredevil, always on the lookout for currents to swim against." At his death, just before the age of ninety, he had outlived all those he had satirized in the famous Pantheon, which had started him in photography Nadar
- 14. 1855 1863
- 16. By Daumier
- 18. •Portrait photography becomes popular with shorter shutter speeds •Deeper richer black and white tones in more modern photography •Figures still had to hold a pose for a long time •Stern, severe, commanding presence •Artistic genius at the summit of his career •Autocratic looking Manet Delacroix
- 19. Muybridge, Horse Galloping •Muybridge settled a debate about whether or not a horse, in full gallop, would naturally have all four hoofs off the ground at the same time •Successive camera shots at paced intervals revealed the answer •Multiple-camera motion studies with a zoopraxiscope •The transitional figure between still photography and motion pictures 1878
- 21. Pre-Raphaelites • The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood • The Brotherhood's early doctrines (also known as the Pre- were expressed in four Raphaelites) was a group of declarations: English painters, poets and 1. To have genuine ideas to express; critics, founded in 1848 by John 2. To study Nature attentively, so as Everret Millais, Dante Gabriel to know how to express them; Rossetti and William Holman 3. To sympathise with what is direct Hunt. and serious and heartfelt in • Against the what they perceived as previous art, to the exclusion of the mechanistic approach to art what is conventional and self- parading and learned by rote; from the Mannerists on. Felt raphael’s classical influence to be 4. And, most indispensable of all, to produce thoroughly good pictures bad. and statues. • Often considered the first avant- garde movement in art
- 22. Christ In the House of His Parents, John Everett Millais, 1850
- 23. The Barbizon School • Name derived from a village in Northern France • Rejected Classical Landscape style and insisted on Direct Observation • Inspired by Constable (Salon of 1824) • Closely allied with Realists, pre-cursors to the Impressionists • Artists included Millet and Courbet as well as Jean- Baptiste-Camille Corot and Theodore Rousseau
- 25. Impressionism Timeline • 1863 – Le Dejeuner sur l’herbe • 1870 – Franco-Prussian War & the Salon des Refuses (50 • 1871 – France defeated women artists, 13%) • 100 or more women at the Napolean III unseated, Adolphe official salon yearly Theirs becomes President of the • 1865 – Olympia accepted and Third Republic jeered. American Civil War Kaiser Wilhelm crowned Emperor ends of Germany at Versailles • 1866- Baudelaire dies, Monet at • 1874 – The First “Impressionist the Salon Exhibtion” • 1867 - Maximillian is executed. “Salon of Newcomers” (Renoir, Monet, Pissaro, Degas)
- 26. Impressionist Artists of Note • Eduoard Manet • Claude Monet • Berthe Morisot • Auguste Renoir • Camille Pissaro • Edgar Degas • James McNeil Whistler • Mary Cassatt • August Rodin
- 27. Eduoard Manet • 1832 – 1883 • Considered the Godfather of the Impressionists • Never Showed in an Impressionist Exhibition • Well educated, close friends with Baudelaire and Zola • Achieved both Notoriety and some recognition through the official Salon • Became Friends with Monet and painted some “au plein air” • Influenced other Impressionists through his unique technique
- 28. Realism Manet, Luncheon on the Grass • A modern response to Giorgione and Raphael • Rejected by the official salon and exhibited in the Salon of the Refuses • Models are obviously posing, no unity of figures and landscape • She is undressed rather than nude • Two men dressed in contemporary clothes contrasts with the nudity of the foreground female • Nude figure directly engages us • Still life very unrealistic • Sketchy broad brushstrokes • Triangular composition • Flattening of perspective
- 30. The Judgement of Paris Engraving after Raphael Marcantonio Raimondi c. 1516
- 32. Giorgione, Pastoral Concert, 1508-09
- 34. Olympia, 1863 (Victorine Meurent)
- 35. Manet, Olympia • Based on Giorgione and Titian • Unashamed of nudity; direct confrontational stare • Absence of modeling • Doubtful morals suggested; prostitute receiving flowers from an admirer • Created a scandal at the Salon of 1865 • Black cat: an exclamation point at her feet • Bouquet from a customer • Cold and practical look, no curiosity, no joy • Realistic nude, contemporary setting • Contrast of black and white tones • Black servant caused concern: references to animal behavior and the lower classes
- 36. Ingres, The Grand Odalisque 1814
- 37. Titian, Venus of Urbino, 1538
- 39. Realism Manet, Bar at the Folies-Bergere • Melancholy and absent gaze at customer ordering a drink • Mirrors reflect the world around her • Artificiality of perspective • Strong verticals down center • Impressionist brushwork • Fruit and flowers defined by a few brushstrokes • Is the woman in the back a reflection of the main figure in a mirror?
- 41. Influence of Japanese prints 1867 Exposition Universelle in Paris introduced Japanese culture to Europe. European artists were inspired by the following characteristics of Japanese woodblock prints: • 1 Flat quality that lacked perspective • 2 Flat areas of color • 3 Odd angles of composition • 4 Curving lines • 5 Charm, without sentimentality • 6 Lack of shadow
- 42. Hokusai is generally more appreciated in the West than in Japan. His prints, as well as those by other Japanese printmakers, were imported to Paris in the mid-19th century. They were enthusiastically collected, especially by such impressionist artists as Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, and Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, whose work was profoundly influenced by them
- 43. Sanno Festival Procession at Kojimachi I-chome 1857 (130 Kb); From "One Hundred Famous Views of Edo"; Woodblock print, 13 1/4 x 8 5/8 in; The Brooklyn Museum Hiroshige (1797-1858), Japanese painter and printmaker, known especially for his landscape prints. The last great figure of the Ukiyo-e, or popular, school of printmaking, he transmuted everyday landscapes into intimate, lyrical scenes that made him even more successful than his contemporary, Hokusai.
- 44. Ushimachi, Takanawa 1857 (130 Kb); From "One Hundred Famous Views of Edo"; Woodblock print, 13 1/4 x 8 5/8 in; The Brooklyn Museum
- 45. Mary Cassatt, 1890,The bath
- 46. 1876, Camille Monet in Japanese Costume Monet
- 47. Claude Monet • 1840 - 1926 • The archetypal Impressionist • Interested in in the transient nature of light and effects of color • Spent time in England with Pissaroduring Franco- Prussian War and studied Constable and Turner
- 48. Impression Sunrise from the 1874 Impressionist Show
- 49. Monet, Impression: Sunrise •Painting inadvertently founded the name of Impressionism •Form and substance vanish •Light transforms objects and surfaces into atmospheric spaces •Color was not the property of an object, but the light controls color intensity •Color affected by time or day and movement of the sun •Monet worked outdoors, plein-air
- 50. Monet, Rouen Cathedral •One of Monet’s paintings in a series •Cf. Muybridge •Fixed composition and view in most of the series •Subtle gradations of tone and color •Limited palette, subtle handling of paint •Gothic cathedral, religious and cultural significance •Stone work of cathedral dissolves in light
- 53. Berthe Morisot • 1841-1895 • First Woman to Join the Impressionist Painters • Friend and Model for Manetwho influenced her highly
- 54. Morisot, Villa at the Seaside •Shaded verandah at a summer resort •Figures are informally grouped •Private balcony •Discreetly fashionably dressed women •Woman sits elegantly covered to avoid a tan •Brisk broad brushstrokes •Women neither spectacles nor on parade •Plein-air