Improving fuel quality: Comparing India's program against global benchmarks
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The document examines India's fuel quality standards and compliance program in comparison to global benchmarks, highlighting successes such as the removal of lead from fuels and reduced sulfur levels. It identifies issues with compliance, fuel testing, and the need for stricter enforcement and improved fuel quality measures. Recommendations for improvement include transitioning to low sulfur fuels, increasing independent testing, and reforming fuel pricing policies.
Improving fuel quality: Comparing India's program against global benchmarks
- 1. Improving Fuel Quality: Comparing India’s program against global benchmarks Anup Bandivadekar/ Gaurav Bansal May 24th, 2012
- 2. What is ICCT? The mission of the ICCT is to dramatically improve the environmental performance and efficiency of cars, trucks, buses, and transportation systems in order to protect and improve public health, the environment, and quality of life.
- 3. Motivation 154,000 lives lost each year in India due to PM2.5 alone…
- 4. Introduction Purpose of this webinar series is to initiate a dialogue around Auto Fuel Policy in India. ICCT is conducting a study to evaluate the past successes and future prospects of India’s vehicular emissions control program – New vehicle and engine emission standards – Fuel quality standards – Vehicle compliance and enforcement program – Fuel inspection and compliance program – Alternative fuels and new energy vehicle policies – Fuel efficiency standards and labeling Slide 4
- 5. Introduction Today’s webinar focuses on the fuel quality standards and compliance program § Compare and contrast India’s program with that in US, EU, Japan and China – What’s working – What’s not working – What could be improved – Barriers to progress – Preliminary recommendations for discussion § The first webinar (April 26) focused on vehicle emission standards and compliance programs, while the third webinar (June 28) will focus on evaluation of costs and benefits of cleaner vehicles and fuels in India Slide 5
- 6. Importance of fuel quality Gasoline quality effects on vehicle emissions Gasoline Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5/6 Lead ↑ CO, HC, NOX ↑ as catalyst is destroyed Sulfur ↑ CO, HC, NOX, SO2, SO3 ↑ Olefins ↑ Increase in HC for Euro 3 and higher vehicles, and higher HC reactivity. NOX ↑ Aromatics ↑ Increased exhaust benzene HC↑, NOX↓, CO↑ HC, NOX, CO ↑ Benzene ↑ Increased exhaust and evaporative benzene Ethanol ↑ <3.5% Minimal effect with new vehicles equipped with oxygen sensors, O2 adaptive learning systems MMT ↑ Catalyst Plugging RVP ↑ Increased evaporative and exhaust HC Emissions Deposit control Potential HC, NOX emissions benefits additives ↑ Slide 6
- 7. Importance of fuel quality Diesel quality effects on vehicle emissions Diesel Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5/6 Sulfur ↑ SO2, If oxidation catalyst is If DPF, LNT, SCR, 50 PM↑ used, SO3, SO2, PM↑ ppm needed, 10 ppm ideal Cetane ↑ Lower CO, HC, benzene, 1,3 butadiene, formaldehyde & acetaldehyde Density ↑ PM, HC, CO, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde & benzene↓, NOX↑ Volatility ↑ NOX, HC increase, PM, CO decrease Polyaromatics↑ NOX, PM, formaldehyde & acetaldehyde↓ but HC, benzene & CO ↑ Slide 7
- 8. What’s working? What has been accomplished in India § Lead removed from all fuels by the year 2000 § Sulfur levels have fallen dramatically – Gasoline: 2000 ppm to 150 ppm (50 ppm in 20 cities) – Diesel: 10,000 ppm to 350 ppm (50 ppm in 20 cities) § Octane number increased in gasoline – Regular: 88 to 91 – Premium: 93 to 95 § Benzene levels reduced in gasoline – 3% to 1% § Aromatic content reduced – No regulation to 35% maximum § Use of sulfur-free CNG and LPG has increased, especially in city buses and autorikshaws
- 9. What’s not working? Compliance issues India! US! Japan! Fuel Testing! Oil industry tests Oil industry tests Oil industry testing fuel; only one every batch; EPA before sale; METI independent fuel audits industry tests tests all service testing lab" & contracts testing stations annually at to multiple one of nine NPA independent labs labs" across the country" Presumptive Oil companies not All parties in fuel All parties in fuel Liability! responsible once distribution system distribution system fuel leaves their responsible" responsible" depots" " Fuel Registration & No centralized or Computerized EPA All fuel and fuel Tracking ! computerized Designate & Track handlers registered system" system accounts for with METI " all fuel nationwide" Penalties! None to date" Fines and criminal Fines and possible charges against jail time; non- violators" compliant service stations closed"
- 10. What’s not working? Vapor Recovery Options: Stage I, Stage II controls/On-board Vapor Recovery (ORVR) Slide 10 Ø CARB"
- 11. What’s not working? Indian fuel quality standards still 5-8 years behind Gasoline Sulfur Content Schedule (ppm) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 India 500 150 India - 13 Cities** 150 50 India - 7 Cities* 500 150 50 Brazil 1000 50 China 500 150 Europe 50 10 Japan 50 10 United States 30/90/300 30/80 Diesel Sulfur Content Schedule (ppm) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 India 500 350 India - 13 Cities** 350 50 India - 7 Cities* 500 350 50 Brazil 2000 1800 500 China 2000 350 Europe 50 10 Japan 50 10 United States 500 15 *Puducherry, Mathura, Vapi, Jamnagar, Ankleshwar, Hissar, Bharatpur Slide 11 **Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Surat, Agra, Hyderabad, Pune, Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Lucknow, Solapur
- 12. Importance of fuel quality Effect of fuel sulfur on vehicle emission factors 2 1.75 NOx - Gasoline Cars Sulfur Adjustment Factor 1.5 PM - Diesel Trucks 1.25 PM - Gasoline Cars 1 NOx - Diesel Trucks 0.75 0.5 0.25 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Sulfur Content (ppm) Slide 12
- 13. Opportunities for improvement Annual PM Emissions (2000-2030) under low sulfur fuels 350 PM Emissions (1000 metric tons) 300 250 reductions from 50 pp ppm fuels 200 reductions from 12% 10 ppm fuel 150 100 Remaining Emissions! 50 0 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
- 14. Importance of fuel quality Much cleaner diesel vehicles are possible, through stricter standards and/or retrofits. DPFs are typically installed on new diesel passenger vehicles with Euro V standards and on heavy duty vehicles with Euro VI standards, but can be retrofitted to older diesels provided <50 ppm sulfur fuel is available. Slide 14 Ø Cleaire Advanced Emission Controls LLC"
- 15. Opportunities for improvement Low sulfur fuels enable stricter emission standards ENFORCEMENT AND CHANGE IN FUEL SCENARIO EMISSION STANDARDS FUEL STANDARDS COMPLIANCE1 TYPE2 15% of LDV sales Bharat V (2013) Low sulfur fuel CNG and 10% countrywide and (50 ppm) by By 2020, only LPG by 2030; World- Bharat VI (2015) and 2013 and ultra 3% of vehicle 75% bus sales Class “SULEV” (LD) and low sulfur fuel fleet are gross CNG by 2030; “Bharat VII” (HD) by (10 PPM) by emitters 50% of 3-wheeler 2020 2015 sales CNG by 2030 1. Gross polluters are defined as vehicles where emission controls are non-functional. 2. LDV means PC only. Increases in CNG and LPG vehicle market share are assumed to happen at the expense of diesel market share.
- 16. Opportunities for improvement Annual PM Emissions (2000-2030) under low sulfur fuels enabled policies 350 PM Emissions (1000 metric tons) 300 250 200 Business As Usual 150 71% 100 50 World Class Scenario 0 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
- 17. Opportunities for improvement Annual NOx Emissions (2000-2030) under low sulfur fuels enabled policies 5000 NOx Emissions (1000 metric tons) 4000 3000 Business As Usual 61% 2000 1000 World Class Scenario 0 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
- 18. Opportunities for improvement Bharat IV in 20 cities, but rest of India at BS III
- 19. Opportunities for improvement Investing in ultra-low sulfur fuels is critical to the success of vehicular emission control program. Hart Consulting/ MathPro conducting a study for ICCT to evaluate the cost of transition to ULSFs in India – Additional refining costs associated with ULSFs • Capital charges associated with the investment in new or upgraded process capacity and support • Cost of additional hydrogen supply • Cost of replacing lost product yield • Cost of replacing lost gasoline octane
- 20. Opportunities for improvement Exiting refinery groupings in India Refinery Group! Count! Crude Capacity ! Crude Type! (K Bbl/day)! Total! Average! Low S! High S! A: Large Export" 3" 1520" 506.7" 4%" 96%" B: High Distillate 6" 1120" 186.7" 14%" 86%" Conversion" C: Small Sweet" 4" 98.6" 24.7" 100%" -" D: Medium 6" 976.3" 162.7" 19%" 81%" Conversion" E: Transition Year 8" 1234" 154.2" 40%" 60%" Capacity" Preliminary study results to be presented at the next webinar!
- 21. Barriers to progress What’s inhibiting further progress for fuel quality in India? § No Roadmap for future fuel quality in India § Under-recoveries for diesel and kerosene – Diesel and kerosene much cheaper than gasoline – Incentivizes fuel adulteration § No vapor recovery controls § Only one independent fuel quality testing lab
- 22. Recommendations Preliminary recommendations for discussion § Move to low sulfur fuels – <50 ppm fuels nationwide immediately – <10 ppm fuels nationwide as soon as possible § Stronger enforcement – Inspect fuel quality at service stations more frequently – Make all fuel handling parties responsible for fuel quality along the supply chain – Increase the number of independent fuel testing labs to at least one per region § Mandate Stage I and Stage II vapor recovery controls § Reform fuel pricing policies to allow diesel, kerosene, and other fuels to be sold at market value Slide 22
- 23. For more information… § ICCT India website: http://theicct.org/india § First webinar on vehicular emissions in India: http://theicct.org/blogs/staff/reducing-vehicular- Anup Bandivadekar emissions-india-webinar-notes anup “at” theicct.org § Briefing on the benefits of low sulfur fuels in India: http://theicct.org/benefits-low-sulphur-fuels-india Gaurav Bansal § Briefing on the potential of lower vehicle emission gaurav “at” theicct.org standards in Indian cities: http://theicct.org/potential-lower-vehicular- http://twitter.com/#!/ emissions-indian-cities theicct § Blog on dieselization in India: http://theicct.org/blogs/staff/harsh-calculus- dieselization-india § Blog on vehicle and fuel taxes in India: http://theicct.org/blogs/staff/india-2012-budget Slide 23