Improving Wound Repair with Fibrin and FPCL Technology

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ISSN: 2995-8067
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Dermatology | Pathology | Molecular Medicine TOPIC(S)
MEDICINE SUBJECT
Abstract
Incisional acute wounds of the skin are characterized by a rapid biomechanical response by stromal cell contraction that joins the wound lips through the fibrin
cloth. In this work, we have performed an in vitro model using Fibroblast-Populated Collagen Lattices (FPCLs) that partially mimic that physiological process. Injured
FPCLs under relaxed or stressed conditions were evaluated over time, and cross-sections of the lattices were stained with picrosirius red. Wounds filled with fibrin in
relaxed FPCLs were closed earlier than controls, the fibrillar pattern of the collagen lattice was different between the wound and the edges of the lattice. On the other
hand, stressed FPCLs did not close wounds, even those filled with fibrin, because the tension generated from the lattice borders maintained high tension towards the
wound. Controls or fibrin-treated stressed FPCLs, showed high tension in the wound matrix, characterized by the high packing of collagen observed like yellow-red
birefringent fibers when stained by picrosirius red. Despite wounds that remain open, fibrin-treated FPCLs exhibited less wound area than controls. With this work,
we have demonstrated that FPCL models can be used to study wound closure, mainly when they are improved with other elements of the wound environment that
allow us to analyze the biological process.
Introduction
Tissue tension in an incisional wound of integumentary organs,
such as the skin, immediately spreads out the tissues due to the
contraction derived from the surroundings, creating a hollow.
Mesenchymal cells attached to the extracellular matrix (ECM)
produce mechanical and metabolic changes in tissue architecture
[1], while matrix proteins, such as fibrinogen still soluble in the
blood, finally polymerize and fill the damage by linking the injury
borders [2]. Stress at the edges of the wound is permanent, and
the provisional fibrin matrix is turnover with a transition ECM by
stromal cells [3]. This new ECM is characterized by the presence
of collagens in the wound, which favors mainly bidirectional
contraction until damage is practically limited to the transition
zone [4], where epithelialization and reconnection of the wound
margins become relatively fast. In this simplistic way to describe
the wound repair process, tridimensional models of wound
healing have been developed, trying to understand how fibroblasts
Fibrin Contributes to an
Improvement of an in vitro
Wound Repair Model using
Fibroblast-populated Collagen
Lattices
Mario Chopin-Doroteo1
, Aldo Montes de Oca-Delgado1,2
,
Rosa M Salgado1
and Edgar Krötzsch1
*
1
Laboratory of Connective Tissue, National Center for Research and Care of Burns, “Luis
Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra” National Rehabilitation Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
2
Faculty of Engineering, Division of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering and the Division
of Electrical Engineering, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
*Correspondence: Edgar Krötzsch, Ph.D., Laboratory of Connective Tissue, National Burn
Research and Care Center, National Rehabilitation Institute “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”,
Mexico-Xochimilco Road 289, Guadalupe Sand Colony, Mexico City, Mexico,
Email: kroted@yahoo.com.mx
Brief Communication
Article Information
Submitted: February 19, 2024
Approved: March 23, 2024
Published: March 25, 2024
How to cite this article: Chopin-Doroteo M, de Oca-Delgado
AM, Salgado RM, Krötzsch E. Fibrin Contributes to an
Improvement of an in vitro Wound Repair Model using
Fibroblast-populated Collagen Lattices. IgMin Res. Mar 25,
2024; 2(3): 159-162. IgMin ID: igmin159; DOI:
10.61927/igmin159; Available at: igmin.link/p159
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0696-0147
Copyright: © 2024 Chopin-Doroteo M, et al. This is an
open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.
Keywords: Wound healing; Collagen gels; Cloth; Stress; Incision
populate the newly formed ECM in the wound bed and how ECM
turnover becomes a critical factor [5].
From the diﬀerent models of in vitro wound healing [6],
the fibroblast-populated collagen lattices-based assays have
been extensively explored in order to isolate two elements that
contribute critically to wound repair, fibroblasts, and collagen
[7]. Mostly, authors perform excisional injuries to the lattices to
evaluate fibroblast repopulation of the damage [8], where it has
been possible to know the mechanobiology of fibroblast-collagen
[9]. FPCL-based wound healing models can involve a mechanically
relaxed collagenous matrix (free-floating), a stressed matrix, or
stressed-relaxed, where the matrix is attached for a while and later
released for free-floating [10]. Each model generates diﬀerent
information because the biomechanical environment is quite
distinct, however, the three models have provided information
regarding traction forces that stimulate fibroblasts to reorganize
collagen fibers. For example, relaxed FPCLs deposit collagen in
the direction in which cells spread; nevertheless, collagen turnover

MEDICINE March 25, 2024 - Volume 2 Issue 3
DOI: 10.61927/igmin159
2995-8067
ISSN
160
in stressed FPCLs is not a key factor for contraction, suggesting
that matrix rearrangement by fibroblasts is the main mechanism
for contraction [6]. However, the presence of fibrin in the relaxed
FPCLs favors lattice stiffness, decreases contraction, and promotes
fibrinolytic activity. Through culture time, collagen-fibrin FPCLs,
clear fibrin deposits, ultimately look like fibrin-free FPCLs,
indicating that the protein plays an important role in early wound
biomechanics [11]. Based on the above data, in this work, we
propose two models for in vitro wound repair; both using FPCLs
under relaxed or stressed matrix conditions, with the novelty that
the ‘wound’ was incisional and filled with fibrin, in order to mimic
the early cloth of the wound, and where the changes were evaluated
by histomorphology and morphometry.
Materials and methods
Preparation of the fibroblast-populated collagen lattices
Immortalized fibroblasts hTERT-BJ1 were cultured with
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (Gibco, Life Technologies.
NY, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco),
2 mM L-glutamine (Gibco), 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml
streptomycin (Gibco). Cultures were maintained at 37 °C and 5%
CO2
, and cells were used to prepare fibroblast-populated collagen
lattices (FPCLs) when they reached 70% - 80% confluence. Culture
medium (1.5×) and type I collagen (DSM Branch, Pentapharm,
Aesch, Switzerland), previously dialyzed versus 0.05 M acetic
acid, were mixed in an ice bath to reach a final concentration of
2.0 mg/ml and 1 × 105
cells/ml and 2.5 mg/ml and 4 × 104
cells/
ml for relaxed and stressed FPCL, respectively. Two milliliters of
the mixture were dispersed in 24-well flat culture plates (191mm2
,
Costar, Corning, NY, USA] and the lattices were formed by
spontaneous polymerization at 37 °C, 5% CO2
. Only for relaxed
FPCLs, the matrix was released from the borders of each well after
the first hour of culture using a sterile needle [11].
In-vitro wound repair models for relaxed or stressed lat-
tices
To mimic incisional wounds under relaxed or stressed matrix
conditions, incisional wounds were performed in the FPCLs. For
relaxed FPCLs, cultures were left to contract for 3 days. Then, they
and stressed cultures 1 day underwent a 50% thick guillotine-style
cutting (2 and 5 mm, respectively) in the middle of every lattice
with a sterile stainless-steel knife (Figure 1); only for relaxed FPCL
contracted lattices were held with a sterilized plastic straw, in order
to fix it and allow the clean cut (Figure 1a). For the fibrin-treated
groups, wounds were filled with 30 μl of a soluble fibrin matrix
(Hemostatic adhesive Tisseel, Baxter. IL, USA) immediately after
cut. After fibrin polymerization cultures were incubated together
with controls, which did not receive any treatment. All lattices
were incubated and duplicates of two independent experiments
were evaluated for 10 days. Wounded lattices without cells were
used as technical controls.
Measurement of wound areas performed in stressed
FPCLs
The images of the area of each wound were acquired and
measured daily during the incubation period with a Gel-Doc
photodocumentation system (Bio-Rad. CA, USA) and Quantity
One 4.6.3 software (Bio-Rad).
Preparation of FPCLs for picrosirius red staining
Both relaxed and stressed lattices were fixed for 1 h, at 4 °C,
using 2 ml of 4% paraformaldehyde solution. The FPCLs of the
stressed cultures were detached from the well walls and left for an
additional 1 h. The relaxed and stressed FPCLs were then placed
in polypropylene tubes with 10 ml of fresh 4% paraformaldehyde
solution overnight at 4 °C. Lattices were dehydrated using
graduated ethanol solutions (50%, 70%, 80%, 96%, and 100%) for
30 min each and were embedded in paraffin. Deparaffinized cross
sections of 5 μm thick were stained according to the Picro Sirius
Red Kit procedure (AB150681, Abcam Inc., MA, USA), dehydrated,
and mounted with Entellan™ (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt,
Germany). Photomicrographs that show the collagen fibre pattern
of the lattices were acquired at 100 × magnification under an Axio
Imager Z.1 microscope (Carl Zeiss, Göttingen, Germany) fitted
with a high-speed camera (AxioCam; Carl Zeiss) using the ZEN lite
software V. 3.0 (Carl Zeiss).
Statistical analysis
The wound size data in stressed FPLCs represent duplicates
of two independent experiments (n = 4). Two-way ANOVA and
Sidak’s multiple comparison tests were performed with GraphPad
Prism 8 (GraphPad Software. MA, USA); p values ≤ 0.05 were
considered significant.
Results
In this work, we explore two models for incisional wound
repair, relaxed and stressed FPCLs. With the first, we have
explored how the multidirectional contraction of a relaxed collagen
matrix embedded with fibroblasts contributed to wound closure,
even when the damage to the lattice was or was not filled with
polymerizing fibrin. Although macroscopically both groups closed
the wound after 10 days (Figure 2a); histologically, the control
Figure 1: Devices to create wounds on FPCLs. Standardization of wounds was achieved
through a sterilized stainless-steel knife coupled with Kelly forceps. For relaxed FPCL it
was necessary to hold the lattice by introducing it into a plastic straw with a slit that would
allow the knife to fit exactly 2 mm (a). For stressed FPCLs, the fit distance of the knife was
5 mm measured from the tip of Kelly forceps to the knife edge, in order to reach the exact
depth into the de lattice when the tip of the forceps had touched the surface of the FPCLs
(b). Created with BioRender.com.

DOI: 10.61927/igmin159
2995-8067
ISSN
161
cultures still showed the wound compared to the fibrin-treated
cultures (Figure 2b). After 1 day of damage, in fibrin-treated
cultures, a violet-blue clot was observed that covered the area of
the wound and beyond (Figure 2b), the birefringent collagen fibers
(green) showed an altered organization pattern close to the wound,
compared to the uninjured area (the area away from the damage).
Perpendicular yellow-orange fibers were found inside and in the
frame of the incision, while in the uninjured area, the fibers were
observed randomly distributed. These various birefringent colors
reflect differences in the packing of the fibers during the repair
process. Orange-yellow fibers were still visible in the wound
closure area of the control cultures even after 10 days, whereas the
effect was only observed after 1 day post-wound in cultures treated
with fibrin. On days 5 and 10, the fibrin fiber pattern of the wound
gradually vanished and the green and low-packed collagen fibers
dispersed throughout the network similarly to the uninjured area.
Differences in relaxed FPCL between controls and fibrin-treated
cultures showed a wound healing delay of 10 days, at least by
histological analysis.
The second model we performed was the same kind of wound,
but in completely stressed FPCLs, that is, the matrix remained
attached to the culture well at the bottom and the borders during
the experiment. As in the previous model, contraction was
multidirectional, but in this case, stress was much higher and
produced a progressively opening wound (Figures 3,4). Despite
neither control nor fibrin-treated cultures repairing the wound
during the 10-day period assay, clearly, fibrin contributed to
slower wound opening (Figure 3a,3b), where fiber packing was
more evident in fibrin-treated wounds. At the end of the assay,
on day 10, the fibrin-treated cultures did not show a depth injury
characterized by highly dense packed collagen fibers as seen in the
control cultures (yellow-orange fibers, Figure 3b), although the
wound remained open.
Discussion
Despite the hundreds of publications on FPCLs used to model
wound repair, only one of them has performed injuries with the
aim of mimicking an incisional wound. A full-thickness wound
was performed that divides the lattice into two portions, and
both sections were joined last [12]. Data derived from the work
demonstrated that FPCL could be a close model for wound repair,
since cell migration and differentiation, as well as synthesis of
ECM components, resembles the remodeling process observed
during wound healing of the skin, but not regeneration, because
the architecture of the repaired lattices looked like a scar [12].
However, incisional skin wounds involve a section that spreads,
such as the lips, while the bottom remains joined; independently
of whether the injury is partial or full thickness. So, in this work,
we have performed a wound model that resembles the mechanics
of incisional damage of the skin, including a cloth, but in this
case, we have explored lattice response when they have been
relaxed (free-floating) or stressed (attached) because we wanted
Figure 2: Relaxed FPCLs. a) Pictures of representative relaxed FPCL of control and fibrin
treated at different time points, 1, 5, and 10 days. b) Photomicrographs of cross sections of
relaxed FPCLs stained with picrosirius red. The bar represents 200 μm.
Figure 3: Stressed FPCLs. a) Pictures of representative stressed FPCL of control and fibrin
treated at different time points, 1, 5, and 10 days. b) Photomicrographs of cross sections of
stressed FPCLs stained with picrosirius red. The bar represents 500 μm.
Figure 4: The wound size was measured for stressed FPLCs during culture time. The
stressed FPCLs treated with fibrin and control were measured for 10 days and data was
plotted. Two-way ANOVA and Sidak’s multiple comparison tests were performed on the
data (n = 4). *p = 0.0002, **p ≤ 0.0001. The dashed line indicates the wound size in the
technical controls (lattices without cells and without fibrin).

DOI: 10.61927/igmin159
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ISSN
162
to know qualitatively the wound and the surrounding tension. It
was evident that fibrin contributed to the repair process at a low-
stress level; however, when matrix tension was high, the fibroblast
traction forces [13] were able to partially detach collagen-fibrin
interactions and spread the edges of the wound over time.
Beyond the mechanical information provided by this model, it
also involved the cloth processing observed during skin wound
repair [11]. Picrosirius red stained lattices, mainly those of relaxed
FPCLs, showed how fibrin vanished over time, leaving less stress in
collagen fibers. On day 1 after injury, both fibrin-treated and control
cultures showed fibers with a yellow-orange birefringence pattern
with a preferential orientation perpendicular to the incision, while
in the area beyond the wound, fibers showed a green pattern with a
random orientation. This agrees with previous research published
by Simon DD et al., who found a marked green birefringence due
to collagen fibers randomly oriented in the center and beyond the
unwounded relaxed FPCLs [13]. After 5 days of contraction, near
the lattice borders, the fibers showed a preferential alignment
parallel to the edge, characterized by a red birefringence, and were
associated with more compact and/or thicker fibers [14]. In the
relaxed FPCL wound model presented here, the wound edges were
closed, promoting a repair zone with yellow-orange birefringent
fibers, suggesting changes in collagen organization in the wound
area due to cell spreading and the development of tension forces
during wound contraction [15]. FPCLs as a wound repair model
have many limitations [16] because they are a monocellular
culture; fibroblasts, involving a single fibrous protein; type I
collagen. However, in this work, we demonstrate that fibroblasts
indeed promote matrix contraction that closes the wound, mainly
when the damage had been filled with fibrin (mimicking a cloth),
demonstrating, at least in part, the transitory role of fibrin during
early wound repair when cells contract and turnover the combined
matrix [11].
Conclusion
Partial thickness wounds performed in FPCL resemble some
mechanic properties of dermal incisional wounds. Fibrin addition
to the injury contributes to wound edge closing in free-floating
FPCL, favoring matrix repair. Excessive tension in stressed FPCL
alters wound closure, where fibrin delays the process. In summary,
the injury model in FPCL can work to assess the biomechanical
characteristics of the wound repair process, where the addition
of every single component of the whole tissue could contribute
to understanding pathophysiological conditions during natural
wound repair.
Acknowledgment
Data presented here are Aldo Montes de Oca-Delgado’s work to
obtain his Bachelor’s Degree in Biomedical Systems Engineering
at the Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Division and of the
Division of Electrical Engineering of the Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México. Language revision was performed using
Writefull AI.
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How to cite this article: Chopin-Doroteo M, de Oca-Delgado AM, Salgado RM, Krötzsch E. Fibrin Contributes to an Improvement of an in vitro Wound Repair Model using Fibroblast-
populated Collagen Lattices. IgMin Res. Mar 25, 2024; 2(3): 159-162. IgMin ID: igmin159; DOI: 10.61927/igmin159; Available at: igmin.link/p159

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