Indian contributions in science & technology
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The document discusses the history and current state of science in India. It provides context on how Indian science failed to impact globally historically due to a focus on philosophy over practical matters. It also notes that currently, few students in India opt for science careers compared to other nations. However, there have been important scientific contributions from India, including Nobel Prizes won by Indian scientists. The document highlights the work and accomplishments of notable Indian scientists like C.V. Raman to inspire future generations of Indian youth to pursue careers in science and research.
Indian contributions in science & technology
- 1. Indian Contributions in Science & Technology Hardev Singh Virk Guest Editor, Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Visiting Professor, SGGS World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
- 2. Why Indian Science Failed to Impact Globally? • Indians took more interest in Mind vis a vis Matter. Even Max Planck relates Matter to Mind in one of his Papers: "There is no matter as such! All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a force which brings the particles of an atom to vibration and holds this most minute solar system of the atom together ... We must assume behind this force the existence of a conscious and intelligent Mind. This Mind is the matrix of all matter.” • Indians promoted ‘rote learning’ at all levels; creativity suffered. • Medium of Instruction is Foreign language. British wanted to teach us science in Indian vernacular but Indians revolted. • Scientific temperament has failed to gain roots on Indian soil despite efforts made by our first Prime Minister, Pundit J.L. Nehru. The present regime in India has put the Clock back to the Vedic era, creating Myths about Indian Science & Technology, which may prove harmful for the progress of Indian Science in the long run.
- 3. Indian Contribution to Global Research (2010) • Thompson Reuters report to DST has brought to light the poor share of India’s Global Research contribution which is just 3.5% of global output as against over 10% of China. In 2010, India's largest shares of world research output were in chemistry (6.5%), materials science (6.4%), agricultural sciences (6.2%), pharmacology and toxicology (6.1%), microbiology (4.9%), physics (4.6%) and engineering (4.2%) but it went down in plant and animal sciences. • This survey report also reveals that PU Chandigarh is at TOP in rating among Indian Universities and Research Institutes.
- 4. Present Indian Scenario • According to a survey by Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi (2004), it was found that only 3.6 % of talented students opt for science after school and only 157 out of every million people in India opt to become scientists as compared to 2,666 in Britain, 4095 in the US and 5095 in Japan. This situation shows slight improvement during the last decade. • India has a unique demographic advantage of having the largest young population in the coming decades compared with other nations.
- 5. Indian Predicament • India is facing a national problem today. The number of students opting for excellent research and teaching in pure science has gone down drastically, hence the nation can not advance technologically. There need to be a paradigm shift in teaching of science, so that a talented young person feels attracted towards it. During the last decade, a number of initiatives have been taken by Govt. of India to attract science students to opt for pure sciences. For example, Science Talent Search; DST INSPIRE Program; liberal funding for R&D in Universities; Technology Parks; Fellowship Programs and Research Collaborations.
- 6. Educational Resurgence in Modern-Day Punjab • Quality education is the most effective tool to empower the present younger generation of Punjab. As a result of the collapse of the Govt-run Education System, several private players have jumped into the field. These institutions, from the schools to the university level, have mushroomed all over the State as a result of the businessman-politician nexus which encourages these institutes to charge exhorbitant fees and appoint sub-standard faculty and exploit this faculty and make do with a sub-standard infrastructure. Thus, there are three main players in education in Punjab:
- 7. 1) The public sector, govt. schools & colleges, and state-funded universities; 2) Institutes run by religious, social organisations and subsidised by the government; and 3) The purely private, unaided institutions. • Out of these three segments of education, it is the school segment, more especially the rural school segment, which cries for urgent attention of the socially conscious, intellectually enlightened citizens and socio-religious and non-governmental organisations.
- 8. Some Startling Conclusions • The data on school results submitted by PHRO report in 2006, mentioned that the results of 79 senior secondary schools for 10th and 10+2 classes was 0%, of 219 similar schools was less than 10%, and of 40 schools 10% for the last 10 years. These results have emerged despite the mass scale copying in these examinations in majority of centers in rural Punjab schools.
- 9. Teaching of Science in Punjab Schools: A Critical Survey(1975)
- 10. Role of Medium of Instruction
- 11. Conclusions of My Survey (1975) • At High School level, 95% students study Science in Punjabi medium but in XI class they shift to English medium resulting in mass failures. • Laboratory facility is almost non-existent in most of the rural schools. Even in urban schools, Lab work is ignored as all Competitive Tests are conducted on the basis of Theory only.
- 12. • Most of the Science Teachers are B.Sc. who got training in English medium. It is an enigma when they start teaching in Punjabi medium. • Vernacular text books in Science add to the confusion as there is no standard technical glossary available in Indian languages. • The English medium model and public schools have an advantage over government schools so far as teaching of science is concerned. The survey reveals that they cater largely to the students of “nouveau riche”. Hence their very existence is contradictory to the declared aims of education in a democratic society.
- 13. A NEW SOURCE OF INSPIRATION FOR THE YOUNG • C.V. Raman published his first research paper “UNSYMMETRICAL DIFFRACTION-BANDS DUE TO A RECTANGULAR APERTURE", while he was a B.Sc. Student in Presidency College, Madras in Philosophical Magazine (Vol. 12, No. 71, pp. 494 – 498, Nov. 1906) and started his journey to Nobel Laureate-hood. This achievement by C.V. Raman can inspire many present day students of similar age to be creative and start on a career of research scientist.
- 14. Some Facts about CV RAMAN • Date of Birth: November 7, 1888 • Matriculation: March, 1900 (Age of 11 yrs.) • B.A First Rank: 1904 (Gold Medal) • First Research Paper: 1906 • M.A; IRS Examination: 1907 (First Rank in both) • British Govt. Service as AAG: 1907-1917 • Palit Professor, Calcutta University: July,1917 • Discovery of Raman Effect: Feb.28,1928 • Nobel prize for Physics: Oct. 1930
- 15. Daily Routine of CV RAMAN • Lokasundri, wife of Raman, tells about his clock-like daily routine in Calcutta: • 5.30-9.30 AM: Research work at IACS Lab • 10.0-5.00 PM: Regular Job in Govt. Deptt. • 5.30-9.30 PM: Research work in IACS Lab Raman set up a research laboratory at his home when posted outside Calcutta, in Nagpur and Rangoon.
- 16. Important Contributions of RAMAN • Blue Colour of the Sea Water (1921) • Discovery of RAMAN Effect (1928) • Raman-Nath Theory (1934-1936) • Studies on Brillouin Scattering (1933-40) • Discovery of the Soft Mode (1938-40) • Other contributions: Optical & Magnetic anisotropy, Acoustics & Indian Classical Music, Crystal Dynamics, Physiology of Colour and Vision.
- 17. Publications of CV RAMAN • Molecular Diffraction of Light • Mechanical Theory of Bowed Strings and Diffraction of X- rays • Theory of Musical Instruments • Physics of Crystals • The New Physics • More than 500 Original Research Papers
- 18. Quotable quotes of RAMAN • Good science was not created merely by spending money, starting laboratories and passing orders. More important was the human element, and if quantity replaces quality then disaster would surely follow. • Government control not only inhibits creativity, but more disastrously, it encourages sloth and intrigue, besides rewarding non-performance. • Raman was one of the first to raise his voice against the bureaucratic approach in the post-independence era but bureaucracy has survived, thrived and grown to even more ominous proportions. And there is no body left now to raise a word of public interest.
- 19. Frustrations of CV Raman’s Life • Raman lost his Nobel Prize money in an overseas investment company. • Raman was frustrated in his efforts to upgrade IISc and its Physics department. • On the contrary, he was charged with embezzlement of funds and removed from directorship of IISc in April, 1938. • Raman was charged to be antagonistic to applied science and inviting German Scientists (Max Born) to IISc, Bangalore.
- 30. Contribution of Punjabi Scientists • If we compare contribution of Punjabi Scientists vis a vis Indian Scientists to Nobel Prizes; the scenario is quite encouraging. • CV Raman is the only Scientist of Kolkatta School who got Nobel Prize in Physics (1930). • Punjab University, Lahore produced 3 Nobel Laureates in Science: Hargobind Khurana (Biochemistry: Medicine); S. Chandrasekhar (Physics) and Abdus Salam (Physics).
- 31. Hargobind Khorana: 1st Punjabi Nobel Laureate
- 32. Abdus Salam: My Friend & Philosopher
- 33. Abdus Salam Awarded D.Sc. (Honoris Causa)in GNDU Amritsar (26 Jan. 1981)
- 34. After the Award of Degree
- 35. Prof. Piara Singh Gill: Pioneer Cosmic Ray Physicist of India (AMU,1961-63)
- 36. Prof. Piara Singh Gill: My Mentor in Physics
- 37. Prof. Puran Singh: Scientist & Poet (My Role Model)
- 38. Puran Singh: A Buddhist Bhiku in Tokyo Univ. (1900)
- 39. Topics of My Interest in Physics • Elementary Particles (Marie Curie University, Paris, 1970-73) • Cosmology: Creation of Universe in Science & Religion (1965-2015) • Geochronology: Dating of Rocks (PU Patiala, 1974) • Study of Nuclear Tracks in Solids (1985) • Earthquake Studies using Radon/He Precursor (GNDU, 1984) • Heavy Ion Radiation damage in Polymers (GNDU, 1990) • Radiation Effects in Materials & Environment Health Hazards (1995) • Nanotechnology: Nanowires & Nanomaterials ( DAVIET, 2008-11).
- 40. First Prize: Brahmandi Kirna di Kahani (Story of Cosmic Rays) by Punjabi Univ. Patiala, 1969
- 41. Going for Ph.D. viva in Paris University (1972)
- 42. My Thesis Examiners (Prof. Louis Avon & Mrs. Max Morand)
- 43. A Meeting with Nobel Laureates (ICTP 1987)
- 44. Training on Experimental Nuclear Reactor (Budapest, Hungary, 1999)
- 45. Radon Recording for Earthquake Prediction in Palampur, Kangra valley (HP)
- 46. SEM Images of Cu Nanowires using Electrodeposition Technique (DAVIET, 2008)
- 47. I-V Characteristics of Copper Nanowires grown in- situ in AAM
- 48. Copper Nanoflowers grown in Polymer Template (100nm pores)
- 50. NASA Mission Photos of Curiosity showing Surface of Mars and Earth to be Identical
- 51. Our Research Publications • Our Research Papers can be downloaded on Research gate: www.researchgate.net/profile/Hardev_Virk/publications. • Free download of Review Paper on Nanowires, visit: ttp://www.intechopen.com/ articles/show • For List of our Publications, Visit website: http://drhsvirk.weebly.com • Hardev Singh Virk - Google Scholar Citations Citation indices All Since 2009 Citations 1872 846 h-index 21 14 i10-index 61 24
- 52. Thank You !!!