Inductive &Amp; Deductive Research

Inductive & Deductive Research
INDUCTIVE & DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH APPROACH
Meritorious Prof. Dr. S. M. Aqil Burney
Director UBIT Chairman
Department of Computer Science University of Karachi
burney@computer.org www.drburney.net
Designed and Assisted by
Hussain Saleem hussainsaleem@uok.edu.pk 06th March 2008
"Well begun is half done"
––Aristotle, quoting an old proverb
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Research Methods
In research, we often refer to the two broad methods of reasoning as the deductive and inductive
approaches.
Research Types
Deductive Approach
Inductive Approach
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Deductive Research Approach
THEORY
HYPOTHESIS
OBSERVATION
Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. Sometimes this is informally
called a "top–down" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...

PP 61–75 61 CS/IT"
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Reasoning methods and Argumentation
The main division between forms of reasoning that is made in philosophy is between deductive
reasoning and inductive reasoning. Formal logic has been described as 'the science of deduction '.
The study of inductive reasoning is generally carried out within the field known as informal logic or
critical thinking.
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http://www.phac–aspc.gc.ca/publicat/cdic–mcc/18–3/d_e.html 11
Automated Reasoning
Logic lends itself to automation. A variety of problems can be attacked by representing the problem
description and relevant background information as logical axioms and treating problem instances as
theorems to be proved.
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Logic and Reasoning
Reasoning
Using given knowledge and truth value help us to solve, understand real life problems.
Logical Reasoning
Probabilistic Reasoning
Bayesian Networks
Subjective
Objective
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EXAMPLE
p: All mathematicians wear glasses q: Anyone who wears glasses is an algebraist r: All

mathematicians are algebraist
p∧q → r ≡ ( ∼( p∧q) ∨ r)
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TRUTH TABLE
Truth Table for the formulae built with the Logical Operators
p T T T T F F F F
q T T F F T T F F
r T F T F T F T F
pΛq ~(pΛq) ~(pΛq)Vr Λ Λ Λ T F T T F F F T T F T T F T T F T T F T T F T T
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If r is the conclusion, and we know that p and q are true simultaneously then r is valid statement.
In real life, the
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Deductive Arguments For Universal Healthcare
Final Paper Universal Healthcare
Chrystal M Bare
PHI103 Informal Logic
Instructor Christopher DeFusco Ph D.
November 24, 2017
Chosen Topic:
Should Universal Healthcare be available to all regardless of their ability to pay in the same way
that other services like education are available to all for free?
Universal Healthcare means that all individuals can use medical services as preventative, curative,
and rehabilitative care when they need it regardless of their income levels. Universal healthcare
guarantees that these services are available to everyone. The U.S. is in talks now for a single payer
system which would provide health insurance in place of private companies to bring more access to
medical to the lower class and the thousands of under or uninsured.
P1: Universal Healthcare would reduce long–term costs.
P2: Everyone has a right to see a doctor.
P3: Universal Healthcare would improve public health overall, with preventative care and overall
health management.
C: Therefore universal healthcare should be available to every person as a government funded
program.
This is a deductive argument. A deductive argument is an argument that is intended by the arguer to
be deductively valid. As the deductive arguer here I am attempting to provide the truth of the
conclusion that is provided by my arguments premises and they should be true statements.
Premise one: Universal Healthcare would reduce long–term costs.
A single–payer system would eliminate

Deductive and Inductive Approaches
CHAPTER ONE
DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE APPROACHES –
A SHORT REVIEW
1.1. Definitions and names
When it comes to teaching grammar two main trends have been competing with one another for
ages, these are: deductive and inductive approaches. While the first one seems to be more successful
as it has continuously been applied since ancient times, the other was appreciated only in Classical,
Reneissance, 19th and 20th century (Johnson, 1999, p. 147). However, it seems to have gained real
popularity recently. We can observe (Johnson, 1999, p. 147), that the deductive approach was
extremaly in favour in the Middle Ages, 18th and 19th century, when reading, writing and
translating texts were regarded as the most important skills. Luckily, ... Show more content on
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228). According to Trahey and White in these exercises " ...learners are exposed to a high–frequency
of a particular language form in the instructional input leading to better knowledge and
understanding of that form by the learners" (Lightbown & Spada., 1999, p. 131). Pupils seem
to be surrounded by the language, on the contrary in the deductive approach learners are given
selected language structures to cope with, to complete tasks based only on this particular gramatical
item. Batstone (1994) calls this type of approach "teaching grammar as product" or "form–focused
approach" and sees it as a series of controlled activities with the significant role of the teacher and a
slightly limited role of the learners (pp. 224–227). However, he does not condemn this approach, he
admits it is still a very popular one and has some advantages. As a matter of fact, Batstone agrees
with Long's opinion that "structures, notions, functions, etc." cannot "be acquired separately, singly,
in linear additive fashion" and this is the weak point of the form–focused approach, yet it provides
good knowledge of rules and reinforces students feeling of understanding the language structure and
at the same time it encourages them to continue learning. In regards to the inductive approach
Batstone calls it teaching grammar as process or meaning focused approach (pp. 224–227) and
emphasises

Observation And Deductive Reasoning In Sherlock Holmes
In all of Sherlock Holmes mysteries he uses observation and deductive reasoning to figure all of
them out. Firstly, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle the author, shares Mr. Holmes uses deductive reasoning to
figure out that the only reason Vincent Spaulding got paid half of what was offered was because he
needed to be in the basement of Mr. Wilsons shop. Mr. Spaulding got Mr. Wilson to get a job at the
Red Headed League so he would be out of the shop for several hours at a time. This gave the chance
for Spaulding to dig a hole to the bank next door. Fortunately Mr. Holmes figured everything out
and spoiled the plan before any gold could be stolen (Doyle). Thus, proves how Mr. Holmes uses
deductive reasoning. Secondly, Mr. Holmes figures out why Helen

Scientific Thinking, Economic Reasoning and Their...
The Caribbean has had celebrated economists who, in their works, always sought to define the
Caribbean experience and produce solutions to the region's problems. Their achievements arose out
of a need for a Third World economic story that was separate from that developed in more advanced
nations. Economics, however, has been regarded as a "dismal science" (Carlyle 1849) and some
have questioned if it is a science at all. For this essay, we assume that economics is a science and ask
"Is and was scientific reasoning a part of economic reasoning in the Caribbean?" The analysis for
this paper therefore considers both the publications based on the Caribbean from the 1960s and
1970s and the recent analytical trend in the Caribbean. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dunbar in another article (undated) included expertise as part of the scientific thinking. Ayalon and
Even (2008) notes association and plausible inference as other processes. Further reading, though,
indicates that the processes mentioned may not be clear cut in their use, that is, one process may be
a part of another process. Most of the methods mentioned by Dunbar and Klahr (2012) will be
discussed but with considerations of other authors.
Dunbar (undated) highlighted three aspects scientific thinking, one of which is hypothesis testing. In
hypothesis testing logic is applied to a set of statements. These statements or propositions are a
combination of premises and conclusions. The premises and their conclusions are evaluated for their
truthfulness or justifiability of explanation. How these propositions are examined is referred to as
reasoning strategies. There are three strategies in hypothesis testing: induction, deduction and
abduction. These three processes also referred to as Peirce's Inferential Triad, can be used under
other reasoning processes such as causal reasoning. In addition, hypothesis testing may be on an
individual level or collaboratively (note that collaborative reasoning is mentioned as a reasoning
process by Dunbar and Klahr (2012)).
Inferring about the

Police Deductive Essay
police deductive some time they called agents or special agents , the detectives
career go under the law enforcement field in local , state and
federal law agencies, detectives must start as a patrol police for a few years before
they be able to be a deductive. While serving as patrol police deductive has a bunch of
duties to do such as , Enforcing laws , ,Patrol assigned areas ,Obtain warrants and
arrest suspects Prepare cases and testify in court ,Write detailed reports and fill out
forms ,Collect and secure evidence from crime scenes. After serving as patrol police
deductive subjected to a written examination that qualifies him or her to become
detective. police detectives after passing the exam they will be ... Show more content on
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They also help district attorneys by assuring the evidence they collected
and the confessions they receive are admissible in court. detective work can be
physically demanding, stressful, and dangerous. Officers must be alert and ready to
react throughout their entire shift. some federal agents, such as U.S Secret
Service and DEA special agents, require extensive travel, often on short notice. These
agents may relocate a many times over the course of their careers. Some special agents,
such as U.S patrol border agents, may work outdoors in rugged terrain and in all kinds
of weather and Most of detective training can be accomplished while working as a
police officer. to become a police deductive it require at least high school diploma or

equivalent . how ever a lot of federal agencies and some police department require a 4
years college degree., and The best degrees for police detectives include criminology,
criminal justice, psychology, and human service. considering to pursued a criminal
justice degree , there are some coerces are beneficial to be taken such as criminology

Deductive Databases
subsection{Deductive Databases}
In the field of deductive databases there has been extensive research on the optimization of queries
for Datalog (and its variants). The major interest has been the optimization of recursive queries. Ceri
et al~cite{ceri–gottlob–tanca–1989} provide an excellent summary of the field. The evaluation or
comparison of optimization strategies is typified by Bancilhon and
Ramakrishnan~cite{br1986,br1988} who develop analytical cost models for the optimization
strategies when applied to four queries (related to the parent and ancestor relations) and then
generate numerical data from the analytical models using synthetic data driven by three shapes ––
tree, inverted tree, and cylinder –– for the ``family ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
item A new genomics query benchmark framework is developed to help the evaluation of the
efficiency and effectiveness of the graph database system with visual queries in a standard and
systematic way. It consists of a genomics domain model, a benchmark database with the raw data
sets based on the real world genome sequencing and annotation scenarios, a set of test queries and
several performance metrics. The genomics benchmark database has five typical fungal species data
that are of interest to the fungal genomics research community.
item A visual query language is designed based on the existing visual metaphor of genome
browsers. Its semantics via an algebra and translation to SQL3 are provided. It incorporates a type
system for genomics data with a set of topological and logical operations. New operations can be
designed using function composition based on the data model. The operations have equivalent
translation to SQL3. The algebra provides the semantics for the visual query language and facilitate
a visual query language implementation based on this algebra. A database architecture using a visual
query language based on this algebra is proposed.
end{itemize}
section{Thesis Organization}
The rest of this thesis is organized as follows. Chapter 2 illustrates the background knowledge that is
related to this thesis work. Chapter 3 describes the implemented visual graph

Hillary Clinton Deductive Reasoning Examples
Futch Yvette COM 217 Pres. Debate 2
1. Donald Trump Inductive Reasoning Example–Inductive Reasoning is defined as an argument
whose reasons lead to probable conclusion. Inductive arguments typically move from specific
observations to general claim. Trumps Inductive argument was If don't support Donald Trump, then
you are supporting Hillary Clinton. By default, they are the only candidates for presidents so if don't
support Donald Trump you are supporting Hillary Clinton.
2. Hillary Clinton Inductive Reasoning Example– Inductive Reasoning is defined as an argument
whose reasons lead to probable conclusion. Inductive arguments typically move from specific
observations to general claims. At the point in the debate when Hillary Clinton was gotten some
information about her shut entryway remark she recognize that she couldn't help contradicting
lawful thinking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The announcement was that an unlawful settler from Mexico attacked somebody, and there for if
this illicit outsider from Mexico is a rough criminal then all illicit foreigners from Mexico are
vicious culprits. This deductive reasoning cause d a big up roar in the Hispanic community.
4. Hillary Clinton Deductive Reasoning Example– Deductive Reasoning is defined as arguments
that lead to necessary conclusions when their reasons are true.
5. Donald Trump Expanded Pathos Example– Donald Trump's comments in the consequence of the
Orlando shooting slaughter , particularly the emphasis of his call to briefly boycott Muslim
migration to the United States – infuriated pioneers over America's political range. 6. Hillary
Clinton Expanded Pathos Example –Hillary Clinton expanded pathos is about gun control she says
with the mass shootings that has been going on lately deepening violence in our cities. When she
Unveiled her gun control plan, she tears up showing

Why Reason And Logic?
Reason and Logic From the mundane to abnormal reason and logic plays a major role in every
function of our lives, in helping us clearly gain knowledge of the things that are occurring. Reason is
the fundamental guideline of understanding. It is the method of identifying entities through one 's
sensesit helps us transform perceptions into concepts, gaining knowledge through this process,
integrating that knowledge into the rest of one 's knowledge, and evaluating and manipulating ideas
and facts. When we are in are early prime stages of development, we begin to develop a sense of
reason. Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things around us, by applying logic,
established and verified facts. The methods of developing reason come from Socrates. Reason can
be characterized in four different ways. First there is mutual exclusion, which is the existence of two
things that are both true but doesn't conflict with each other. For example when you state that the
earth is round and that the sun is hot both statements are true independently and does not rely on
each other. Mutual coincidence is another aspect of reason. Mutual coincidence can be defined as
one items being true and another can also be mutual coincidence with in that item. For example you
can state that all bachelors are unmarried men and Dave is an unmarried men. It can be concluded
that Dave is a bachelor due to mutual coincidence reasoning. The next competent of

Inductive Reasoning In The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was a philosophical time period that was placed in the eighteenth century. It was
also known as the "Age of Reason". Most thinkers argued that the things of nature could be
understood by using human reason. This time period is when people began to question certain
authorities. People began to notice that the sake of humanity could be fixed or saved by using reason
to think and improve society. Although they sometimes differed in favoring inductive or deductive
reasoning, Enlightenment thinkers often worked towards the same general goal which was changing
society for the better by using science, logic, and education.
Most Enlightenment thinkers either used inductive reasoning or deductive reasoning. Inductive
reasoning or thinking means that a specific thing is used to create a broader theory. Deductive
reasoning is where one would take a general idea and narrow it down towards a specific reason or
idea. Some people that used these kinds of reasoning were Immanuel Kant, John Locke, James
Cook, Jean–Jacques Rousseau, and René Descartes. Immanuel Kant was one of the many
philosophers that used inductive reasoning approach.
According to Immanuel Kant, Enlightenment was a man's growth from his own self–imposed
immaturity. He thought the motto of the Enlightenment was along the lines of one should not be
afraid to use their own knowledge to understand things. He also thought that laziness and cowardice
were two reasons why men acted or performed the way they

Essay In Defense of Food
ENGWR 301
13 February 2014
In Defense of Pollan When Michael Pollan's book The Omnivore's Dilemma was published, many
readers began questioning him for advice on what they should eat in order to stay healthy. In his
more recent book, In Defense of Food, he responds with three rules, "Eat food. Not too much.
Mostly plants"(Pollan 1). This seven word response seems too simple for a relatively complicated
question, but as he further elaborates these rules into specific guidelines, this summary turns out to
be surprisingly complete. Using inductive and deductive reasoning, he debunks the ideas behind
nutritionism and food science, and proves that the western diet is the cause for food related diseases.
Inductive reasoning is when a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While nutritionism is suppose to scientifically guide us to eat healthy, Pollan points out that there is
no scientific evidence to back it. Instead, he provides research conducted by Harvard nutrition
scientist that proves the opposite. "In the public's mind [...] words like 'low–fat' and 'fat–free' have
been synonymous with heart health. It is now increasingly recognized that low–fat campaign has
been based on little scientific evidence and may have caused unintended health consequences."
(Pollan 43). In Based off these observations, Pollan uses inductive reasoning to draw the conclusion
that nutritionism is more harmful then helpful. When Pollan's states to eat food as his first rule, he
means exactly that, eat real food. While this statement seems so obvious that it shouldn't need to be
a rule, Pollan explains how we are trapped by the Western diet and that access to real food over
highly processed food products is harder then it seems. "Taking food's place on the shelves has been
an unending stream of foodlike substitutes, some seventeen thousands new ones every year"(Pollan
147). For those that don't know, the Western diet is a term coined to describe our pattern of eating,
which is characterized by "lots of processed foods and meat, lots of added fat and sugar, lots of
everything except fruits, vegetables, and whole grains"(Pollan 89). Using deductive reasoning,

The Approach to Nature of Descartes and White Essay
The Approach to Nature of Descartes and White The approach to nature which René Descartes takes
is distinct from that of Gilbert White. Descartes and White have similar key methods of examining
nature. It is mainly in Descartes' deductive reasoning and beliefs that lead him to the method of
approaching nature internally (mind and body). Conversely, White's keen observances, inductive
reasoning, and appreciation for his surroundings lead him to the method of investigating the external
nature (Selborne). Although ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this hierarchy, God stands as "some more perfect being on which [humans] [depend]" (Descartes,
26). Humans are placed in the centre, because God grants us the ability to reason–the ability to
distinguish what is true from what is false (Descartes, 22). Below us rest animals, having no reason.
Truth in nature therefore, must not come from animals since they are lesser beings, but rather, it
must be found within humans.
White finds appreciation for the external nature which Descartes considers to be "less certain"
(Descartes, 28). While Descartes takes a rational approach, White takes a scientific, yet literary
means toward nature. He observes nature ardently, noting animals' modes of life–housing,
reproduction, communications, transportation, and physical appearance. His ability to personify
these animals creates "a meeting place for wild life and human feeling" (White, xvii). In his
recordings for example, White observes the swallow's mode of life. It builds its nest, "often within
barns and out–houses against the rafters" (White, 156). "The swallow lays from four to six white
eggs, dotted with red specks; and brings about her first brood about the last week in June, or the first
week of July" (White, 157). "The swallow is a delicate songster, and in soft sunny weather sings

Deduction Vs Deductive Reasoning
Induction and deduction are pervasive elements in critical thinking. They are also somewhat
misunderstood terms. Arguments based on experience or observation are best expressed inductively,
while arguments based on laws or rules are best expressed deductively. Most arguments are mainly
inductive. In fact, inductive reasoning usually comes much more naturally to us than deductive
reasoning. Deductive reasoning that is based on a general statement of fact is hard to argue with.
When using this method, you begin with a factual statement that describes a class of things, such as
animals. "In deductive inference, we hold a theory and based on it we make a prediction of its
consequences. That is, we predict what the observations should be if the ... Show more content on
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Once this step has been completed, the next step involves coding the data for statistical analysis in
which the results are supported with theories. The important item that makes inductive profiling
more robust than deductive profiling is, through research observable patterns in the data can be
found that lead to new theories. Rather than being stagnated with held views of behavior, inductive
profiling is like a revolving door – researchers are always striving to look for emerging patterns in
crime data, which leads to new ways to assist

Logic In Reasoning And Reasonation
Logic is the vital part when it comes to studying of reasoning or argumentation. Logic is
fundamental to any disciple that makes use reasoning or argumentation. According to Merriam–
Webster's dictionary logic can be defined as a science that deals with the principles and criteria of
validity of inference and demonstration: the science of the formal principles of reasoning. Logic is a
specific mode of reasoning viewed as valid or faulty. Based on those definitions, in all daily life, we
use logic to examine the logic of common sentences and to check arguments for validity.
Logic can be considered as an effective tool to determine the difference between a valid and invalid
argument. In that sense, logic plays a role preponderant in the everyday ... Show more content on
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In a false dilemma, a person is saying that you only have two alternatives when there might be more.
As an example, the punch line of the advertisement is creating a fallacy as the punchline states that
MasterCard exists for everything that can be bought. There is something money can't buy. For
everything else there is MASTERCARD. In the essay "Finding the Good Argument Or Why Bother
With Logic," Jones provides information about well–thought and quality argument. express her
disapproval about argument method that reign in the modern society. In order to foster a healthier
environment for productive debate, we need to learn the ways in which one can successfully find out
the argument by following the different rules that Jones provided in this article. As a college student,
we need to know the true meaning of an argument and how we can improve it in everyday life.
I am pessimistic about the future of finding common ground in these important public discussions.
because speakers and writers use erroneous logic and unreasonable emotional appeals to convince
people in everyday life that helps make one more critical reader and thinker. For example, we just
need to look at new paper or television to see example after example. We believe that people should
see the argument as more of a search of truth, than assailing a rival's point of view with the objective
of

Deductive Approach In Research Approach
Research Approach
Every researcher adopts a specific approach for his research study, which is very important step in
every research. There are mainly two research approaches, inductive and deductive by looking to the
research onion of Saunders et al (2009, p. 108). In inductive approach, researchers use their findings
for the generation of theory. Theory is a term which can be use in different ways and in qualitative
research researcher use this term about the explanation of observations. Inductive approach allows
the researcher in previous literature and finds the new research question, where he comes up with
the new theory after the analyzing. While deductive studies, use theory deductively and places it in
the very beginning of the study. With the objective of testing or verifying a theory rather than
developing it, state hypothesis and collects data to test it. Reflect on the confirmation or
disconfirmation of the theory by the results (Creswell, 2009, p. 10– 14) and our choice for research
approach is deductive approach. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We will come up with findings, acceptance or rejection of hypothesis and in the end; we go back
towards existing literature. We formulated hypotheses based on the existed literature; we designed a
method for collecting quantitative data in order to test the hypotheses. We will collect quantitative
data to get findings by testing hypotheses which will be then either confirm or reject and the
literature will be revise at the

Deductive Argument Analysis
I argued a deductive argument with my sister or what I thought was a deductive argument over
taking my niece and nephew to the orthodontist, I argued I wasn't told about the kids orthodontist
appointment and my sister said she told me weeks ago, which I have no recollection of this
conversation taking place, Deductive Validity and Language accrued because if I can't remember the
conversation taking place about the appointment for the kids my sister seems to think I can read
minds if I told her she didn't tell me or remind me knowing I short term memory loss I was so mad I
didn't get a remember she could have wrote a reminder on the calendar or something. Now I see my
argument was invalid and my memory loss had everything to do with the fact my sister told me
about the appointment weeks ago, I even heard the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I tried to come up with all kinds of logic for how I wasn't told or why I had every right to be angry
and not take the kids to their appointment but I told and I wand up taking them anyway. Me and my
sister were on the same page after I realized I could be wrong, but she got mad that I asked if she
could give me a reminder and she proceed to make fun that I will surely forget! I did not at this point
admit how I was wrong and could have asked to be reminded, this happened five days ago and she is
still mad at me and the appointment has come and gone and we are still at odds over this whole
misunderstanding or miscommunication. I denied the antecedent I was being so unreasonable by
being made I could have just taken the kids and not complained, my sister thought she had told me
and I did not remember being told that I needed to take the kids to an

Deductive Reasoning Case
Using deductive reasoning to go over this case I found it difficult to come to just one logical
conclusion with so many general statements by these suspects. I first took notes about the case;
including and highlighting the differences in each suspect's story which I then used to formulate my
theory. After carefully reviewing this case I feel that Melissa Baker is suspect number one in this
case. Not only did Melissa act too calmly when she was giving her statements, a calmness that
seems questionable for a widow whom has just found her husband murdered in their home. Melissa
also makes general statements that seem like she has an issue with how much attention her husband
John is giving to the football games during the season which can only be taken as jealousy. Melissa
also stated that she saw "Joe" in the home before she left for the shopping trip, this statement is
inconsistent with the other two suspects involved and their statements. Melissa stands to inherit the
business that her husband John has left behind. Another strange fact in this case is that the shopping
bags that Melissa brought home from the store are still unpacked however Melissa stated that she
did not think anything of the quiet in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When informed he seemed overcome with real surprise, however without prompt he openly
admitted that he was supposed to be at John's. Without any hesitation he becomes is very
informative and overly cooperative. He states that when he arrived at the home no one answered the
door, but Melissa has already placed him at the scene before she left to go shopping in her
statement. He also stated that John can be a cranky person. Joe also states that he looked into the
windows to see if anyone was home, why would he look into the windows? Joe's story seems to be
the most inconsistent at first

Deductive Active Listening Report
Active listening is described as the combination of talking and listening in a way that encourages
others to share more about their problems it is also seen as a form of feedback (Cournoyer, 2013).
The social worker not only has to listen to the client but understand the client by being present and
demonstration non–verbal cues that makes the client feel listen to and comfortable in sharing more.
This practice skill was use during most of my time mentoring with the children in the program.
During my time with the child it was important for me to reflect I was truly listening to my client
and interested in her feelings. Based on the client opening up and sharing more intimate thoughts
and feelings it can be deductive that the use of my listening

Deductive Reasoning
Since all three had an adverse reaction to me, I used deductive reasoning. Being so easily rejected,
they appeared to be physically put off by my asking them for coffee. This reasoning led me to one
simple conclusion, which was to ask myself if I had a right to ask any woman out, if I could cause
such an adverse reaction. A woman once told me I looked too serious when interacting with her. I
still do not know what she meant by that. It appeared I had been Sheldon Cooper long before Jim
Parsons played the character.
I am sure some of this apprehension on my part is due to issues that I am struggling to overcome. I
also suspect that I will always be dealing with some issue or another in the struggle to be free of the
demons that haunted me

Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning In order to fully understand deductive reasoning, there are certain points to be
noted. First, what is the nature of deductive reasoning? Logical strength is defined as the property of
an argument whose premises, if true provide support for its conclusion. Deductive and inductive
arguments are also distinguished based on the point that logical strength is a matter of degree. This
distinction makes it necessary to understand the nature of deductive reasoning. Therefore, deductive
arguments are those whose premises guarantee the truth of the conclusion, and inductive arguments
are those whose premises make it reasonable to accept the conclusion though do not absolutely
guarantee its truth. Deductive reasoning is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
• The logical operators also play crucial part in telling precisely how the truth of the statement as a
whole is determined by the truth values of its component statements. They also define the different
kinds of truth–functional statement as explained above. Four kinds of truth–functions: 1. It is false
that Keanu Reeves is gay. Negation – the statement p is false is true when the component statement
is false and false when the component statement is true 2. Manny Pacquiao is the world's
featherweight champion and he has not been defeated so far. Conjunction – true if and only if both
statements are true and false it both is false or either one is false 3. Either he stole it or somebody
else stole it. Disjunction – true when either one of the components is true or if both are true, it is
false when both are false • It is to note that disjunction is to be considered among complex
statements. Consider the example, either Mac did it or Bud it. This statement will still be
grammatically correct if written as either Mac or Bud did it but this perhaps is merely a simple
statement containing compound subjects. • It is also important to note that in a disjunctive truth–
function the two disjuncts are exhaustive but not exclusive. This means that the disjuncts cannot be
both false (exhaustive) but both may be true (not exclusive). 4. If one commits homicide then he
must be imprisoned. Implication – if p then q; the first component is called the antecedent, the
second

Deductive Approach Paper
The inductive approach to research refers to a strategy where the researcher starts the study
gathering all the data relevant to the topic being studied. When they have collected all the necessary
information, the researcher conducts an in–depth review of the data with the aim of developing a
deep understanding of the concept being studied. The researcher explores the data making
observations on crucial points and establishing all the significant patterns crucial to determining the
outcomes. Then, the researcher develops a theory that helps him to explain the reasons for the
development of the observed patterns. Therefore, the technique involves the shift from the specifics
to a general observation that can be applied in the overall case. After the analysis of the data, the
researcher explores the existing theories on the topic and positions the newly developed theory
within the existing body of knowledge (Creswell, 2003).
The deductive approach is the opposite of the procedure followed in inductive research. The study ...
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There are various strategies that have to be considered and applied to the use of guided imagery in
order to not only improve the positive influence of this particular technique but also to enhance the
success of the whole process. Understanding the process helps the researchers, doctors, nurses,
health–care experts and the patients involved in the whole process of a surgery to know what to do
and at what time during the process to enhance the experience and the outcome. The strategy will
help to identify the strengths of the process so as to major in on them. It also enables the
identification of the weaknesses to develop strategies to improve

Deductive Critical Thinking
INTRODUCTION
In our day to day studies, almost everything is transformed into our understanding by the creation of
arguments in our brains. An argument is basically described as a process of making what we think
clear to ourselves and others .the final goal of an argument is usually to reach a conclusion which is
sufficiently persuasive to convince someone of something. Any argument that relies on collection of
data, on measurement, on information collected somehow (rather than on a general principle) is
known as an inductive argument. On the other hand an argument which begins with a generally true
phrase to a particular phrase is known as a deductive argument.
BODY
Usually in a deductive argument, the premises are meant to provide a guarantee ... Show more
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Inductive arguments, therefore, can take vary wide ranging forms, including arguments dealing with
statistical data, generalizations from past experience appeals to signs, evidence or authority and
casual relationship. The following is an example of an inductive argument:
It has snowed in Massachusetts every December in recorded history. Therefore, it will snow in
Massachusetts this coming December.
How do inductive and deductive arguments help us in critical thinking? This is a question that needs
much insight so as to fully understand the role of inductive and deductive arguments in critical
thinking.
Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally. It includes the ability to engage in
reflective & independent thinking. So deductive and inductive arguments will help in the following
ways in critical thinking:
1. Making accurate and logic decisions.
In arguments, facts are reviewed, wrote and reviewed again. By this, it usually helps one to make
decisions accurately .arguments really helps someone to understand every single piece of
information because when you fail to understand a part of given information then it is likely to make
biased

Induction And Induction Essay
Deduction and Induction Isabel Bolio
A way in which a human being can acquire knowledge is by reasoning through guided principles of
validity; which is therefore through logic. This extends our understanding of our surroundings.
Within logic there are two branches that lead to reasonable conclusions, these are: inductive and
deductive logic. In the following paragraphs this two instruments will be described and exemplified
in order to compare them as means to reach logic.
Inductive logic is the form to achieve a conclusive and specific knowledge through general rules. It
is the urge of humans to construct patterns of observation through time. We all use simple induction
all the time; for example. We assume that because the sun has ... Show more content on
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This example demonstrates how humans draw conclusions without enough examples, therefore
another problem arises: how many examples do we need to form a completely truthful conclusion?
On the other hand there is the opposite of Inductive logic: Deductive logic. It is the process by
which a secure conclusion can be reached through one or more general statements that are otherwise
called 'premises'. It goes form general to specific. So if one is equal to two and two is equal to three
then we know that one is equal to two. This way of reasoning is easily applied to our ordinary lives
an example is: every day I leave to school at eight o'clock; I take fifteen minutes and get there on
time, therefore if today I leave at eight o'clock I will get to school on time. Another example; all
students that have high SAT scores do well in collage, a Laura had high SAT scores, she will do well
in collage.
Equivalently to Inductive reasoning deductive logic has limitations. The issue is that the premises
are either drawn form observation or are merely assumptions. This means that the premises of a
deductive argument may come from inductive reasoning, which automatically leads us to the
previous problems encountered. It may however be that the deductive argument is

Scientific Methods Are Important When Studying The Natural...
Scientific methods are important when studying the natural world. This is because it is essential to
understand the methods in which discoveries were made in order to make new discoveries from the
data already presented. Understanding scientific methods is essential when studying all types of
science. The scientific method important because it helps establish a common denominator with all
scientific research. It is not a fixed path, but it creates a general form for scientists to follow when
making scientific investigations. There can always be unexpected data and the natural world may
surpass the general form that the scientific method provides, but it is still a useful tool for scientists
to use (Tarbuc & Lutgens, 2015). Following the scientific method in general make it easier for
future scientists to understand what happened and why in an experiment. The different steps of the
general scientific method give scientists a great outline to follow when making scientific inquiries
about the natural world.
In order to understand the scientific method fully, it is necessary to know the different steps. There
are six steps: ask a question, do background research, construct a hypothesis, test your hypothesis by
dong an experiment, analyze your data and draw a conclusion, and communicate your results
(Science Buddies, 2002). These steps are very general, but can be very useful to follow in order to
make sure data is not lost. On the next page is a diagram showing the steps in

Deductive Argument
Argument 1: Is it okay for my boyfriend to not cook nor clean on his days off? Premise 1: Is it okay
for my boyfriend not cook nor clean on his days off because he deserves a break. Premise 2: Is it
okay for my boyfriend not cook nor clean on his days off because he pays rent. Conclusion: Simply
is it okay for my boyfriend not cook nor clean on his days off because he deserves a break and he
pays rent. This is a deductive argument about my boyfriend does not want to do housework nor
cooking during his days off. The strength of this argument is that the first two statements are true
and the conclusion is true too.The weakness of this argument is that both premises could be rebutted
on sexism or ignorance. All in all, my boyfriend

Deductive Bible Studies
One of the major things that I took from the readings is the process of approaching the scripture. I
have always been what I thought was a stickler for the scriptures, and learning what they are trying
to communicate, however as I have spent time reading "Bible Study That Works", and "Inductive
Bible Study" I am beginning to discover that I am merely a novice when it comes to studying the
scriptures. I have always thought it was important to approach the scriptures from an objective set of
lenses, so that one is not miss–interpreting the scriptures, but I did not realize how important the
inductive process was to studying. Based on what I have read, and what I have heard in our lectures
thus far, it appears that most of our current churches in this culture ... Show more content on
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One of the things that really stood out to me was this process of inductive study, and not deductive
study. As I look around at most of the mega–churches across the United States, and even the local
UM churches I see this topical approach, where one is search for scriptures to apply to this topical
theme. The sad thing is that according to Bauer and Traina, we are really missing out. They write
about how deduction appears to have an end in sight, where as induction cannot be contained. It is
almost as this idea of deduction is for the simple minded, or one with less time to ask the question
why. Now this is just my observation from the outside, however it seems like in our current culture
this is what most Christians seem to gravitate to. This idea of theme based teaching and study. I
wonder is this because, they want a solution to their problem? So

Difference Between Inductive And Guided Discovery
Introduction In this provided chapter, the teaching method is more likely to be the inductive
approach to language teaching or learning and deductive approach, or guided discovery. Deductive
vs. inductive grammar teaching There are differences between inductive approach and deductive
approach. Gollin (1998) stated that the inductive approach applied students to work out what the
rules are from examples and find out what the meanings are throughout the given examples or
practices whilst the deductive approach happened when teacher gives the explicit rules first. To be
more specific, the former refers to working from the general to more specific whereas the latter
moving from specific observations to broader generalizations. The concept of "discovery
techniques" in Harmar (1987) is a keeping of what inductive approach which students start with
several examples and will be soon asked to generate the rules through their experiences and
examples. Upon Harmar's idea, Scrivener (2011) prompt the concept of " guided discovery" which
is "activities that allow learners to generate their own discoveries and explanations" (Scrivener,
2005). Broadly speaking, it is a consciousness raising in order to help learners notice how a structure
works. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the teacher willing to deliver he/her lesson by using guided discover, the chronological order will
be used in order to explain each sub–chapter clearly. Firstly, the examples in reading part will be
illustrated; second, the vocabularies and pronunciations will be practiced; after all those, the
grammatical structures will be taught explicitly, too much/many, not enough, for example. If the
teacher decided using inductive approach, the grammar part will be ignored, instead of by letting
students discuss,summarize or generate it and then give the appropriate

Differences And Characteristics Of Inductive Reasoning
Characteristics of Inductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning is not designed to produce mathematical certainty. Induction occurs when we
gather bits of specific information together and use our own knowledge and experience in order to
make an observation about what must be true. Inductive reasoning does not use syllogisms, but
series of observations, in order to reach a conclusion. Consider the following chains of observations:
Observation: John came to class late this morning.
Observation: John's hair was uncombed.
Prior experience: John is very fussy about his hair.
Conclusion: John overslept
The reasoning process here is directly opposite to that used in deductive syllogisms. Rather than
beginning with a general principle (People who comb their hair wake up on time), the chain of
evidence begins with an observation and then combines it with the strength of previous observations
in order to arrive at a conclusion.
The most basic kind of inductive reasoning is called generalization. You generalize whenever you
make a general statement (all salesmen are pushy) based on observations with specific members of
that group (the last three salesmen who came to my door were pushy). You also generalize when you
make an observation about a specific thing based on other specific things that belong to the same
group (my girlfriend's cousin Ed is a salesman, so he will probably be pushy.) When you use
specific observations as the basis of a general conclusion, you are said to be making an

Examples Of Inductive Approach
In general, there were two approaches that could be applied to teach grammar: deductive and
inductive. This dichotomy was built upon rule–based and example–based teaching. The deductive
approach, also known as a 'top down' approach, was a rule–based teaching style that involved
explaining the grammar item to learners before they encountered how rules functioned in language
and then applying it; therefore, the deductive approach was one of the explicit teaching styles
(Cowan, 2008). This approach was derived from the notion of deductive reasoning where the
concept went from the general to the specific. It can also be called rule driven learning. In such an
approach, the most favorable method was Grammar Translation Method where the grammar ...
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This question relates to a long–standing debate among language teachers in the context of EFL/ESL,
since the two had their own significances for Particular learner progress. On one side, deductive
approach can be effective with students of a lower level, who are beginning to learn the basic
structures of the language, or with students who are accustomed to a more traditional style of
learning (Goner, Philips, and Walters,1995,p.134). Also, Deductive approach goes straightforwardly
to the point and can, therefore, be time–saving for the teacher and the class. Robinson (1996) proved
that learners performed grammatical tasks better and reacted faster in deductive rather than
inductive teaching. Erlam (2003) confirmed that deductive teaching was easier for learners to
acquire direct object pronouns in French as a second language, and it was highly likely that the same
holds true for learners of

The Deductive Argument Of Evil
The deductive argument for evil is more philosophical and packs a bigger punch, while the
evidential argument is much more convincing, but less powerful in the sense of philosophy. The
deductive argument holds four propositions, the first is that god is all knowing, the second is that
god is all powerful, the third is that god is all good, and finally the fourth is that evil exists in this
world. If God is all of those things, then why does he allow pain and suffering to occur. This is
where the evidential argument comes into play. The evidential argument holds that first, the kind of
evil that exists in the world is unexpected if God exists, and secondly if the kind of evil that exists is
not surprising if God does not exist. Therefore the

Essay about Probabilist
'Probabilist' Deductive Inference in Gassendi's Logic*
ABSTRACT: In his Logic, Pierre Gassendi proposes that our inductive inferences lack the
information we would need to be certain of the claims that they suggest. Not even deductivist
inference can insure certainty about empirical claims because the experientially attained premises
with which we adduce support for such claims are no greater than probable. While something is
surely amiss in calling deductivist inference "probabilistic," it seems Gassendi has hit upon a now–
familiar, sensible point–namely, the use of deductive reasoning in empirical contexts, while
providing certain formal guarantees, does not insulate empirical arguments from judgment by the
measure of belief which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All these views bear the mark of his distinctively strong empiricism. He proposes (quite reasonably)
that our inductive inferences lack the information we would need to be certain of claims they
suggest, and (a bit more surprisingly) that not even deductivist inference can insure our certainty
about empirical claims because the experientially attained premises we adduce in support of such
claims are no greater than probable.
We might think, on the basis of this last notion, that Gassendi has a good enough seventeenth
century grasp of inductivist logic, and that it's rather deductivist logic he doesn't fully understand.
Yet, while something is surely amiss in calling deductivist inference 'probabilistic', it seems
Gassendi has hit upon a now–familiar, sensible point–that the use of deductive reasoning in
empirical contexts, while providing certain formal guarantees, does not insulate empirical arguments
from judgement by the measure of belief we invest in their premises. Such a view is possible for
Gassendi to begin with because he is among those early Moderns who allow that we may have
warrant for claims though we are not certain of them; this is the 'degrees of belief' concept which
figures prominently in the development of modern probability theory. The more general point,
which distinguishes Gassendi among his contemporaries, is that the strength all empirical claims
share, irrespective of the way we infer them, consists in the

How Does Sherlock Holmes Use Inductive Reasoning?
"My mind," he said, "rebels at stagnation. Give me problems, give me work, give me the most
abstruse cryptogram or the most intricate analysis, and I am in my own proper atmosphere. I can
dispense then with artificial stimulants. But I abhor the dull routine of existence. I crave for mental
exaltation" (Sign of Four 6). Sherlock Holmes can not only solve the mysteries that are presented to
him, but he can solve them with ease because of his reasoning skills. In particular, he mostly uses
abductive reasoning, but sometimes he uses deductive and inductive reasoning. This also overlaps
into mathematics, with proofs and inferences.
First, deductive reasoning is "a truth–guaranteeing type of reasoning, meaning that if the premises of
a deductive argument are correct, then the conclusion must inescapably ... Show more content on
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Sherlock Holmes uses many of the rules of inferences to come up with his conclusion. For my
second example of abductive reasoning you could see it written out as; 1. Mr. Wilson wears an arc–
and–compass breastpin. 2. If Mr. Wilson is a Freemason, then he would wear an arc–and–compass
breastpin. 3. Therefore, Mr. Wilson is a Freemason. Simplified it would look like; 1. P. 2. If Q then
P. 3. Therefore Q. This is the definition of modus ponens inference in math terms. Inferences can be
turned into proofs by simply stating them in full sentences.
Not only does Sherlock use proofs, he uses indirect proofs. As Sherlock says, "It is an old maxim of
mine that when you have excluded the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be
the truth" which we call an indirect proof (The Speckled Band 164). The Silver Blaze has an
excellent example, Sherlock deducts "that he must have gone to King's Pyland or to Mapleton. He is
not at King's Pyland, therefore he is at Mapleton" (Silver Blaze 291). In the long run, the proofs and
inferences just back up my conclusion that Sherlock's reasoning skills are

Deductive Reasoning Strengths And Weaknesses
Additionally, deductive reasoning is where general principles guide individuals as they analyze
specific situations. I was able to utilize my deductive reasoning skills when I noticed a dip in a
specific industries advertising levels. I was able to deduce the reason and take action to regain a
portion of that business. I have also discovered a few weaknesses through the assessments. I get
bored fast and act impulsively. I have learned through the Myers Brigg assessment that the likely
reason for failing to complete college in the past was my ENFJ learning style. When I took a class
that was of great interest to me and used active learning methods such as debates I was able to do
well and enjoyed it. When I needed to take a class that I failed

Deductive Argument On Rhetoric
Scene: After Aristotle's funeral, some of his student's get drunk following the service, which leads to
a discussion of the line between how morality and public perception shape rhetoric.
Syllogion: If there is such a thing as a complete proof, then saying that today is a depressing day for
the world would be just that. It's almost irrefutable. Would you pass me the wine, Revolutio?
Revolutio: I don't think I will. I think you've had a little too much to drink if you believe that,
Syllogion. That's pretty funny coming from Mr. deductive argument himself. Aristotle's works were
riddled with fallacies and so is what you just said!
Syllogion: Excuse me, Revolutio? We just buried our mentor and your drunken self decides to have
a philosophical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But maybe I should be quiet before my knowledge has you imprisoning me for slander.
Moralus: Revolutio, do you really believe that the point of Aristotle's argument was to point out the
nuances from one person to the next?
Revolutio: He clearly states that uncertainty can't solve uncertainty. How can three age groups
define the characteristics of a man? Without a defined premise, how can we create a defined
argument?
Moralus: (mocking Revolutio) Aristotle said this. Aristotle said that. If we want to talk about
certainty. Who says that his teachings are

High School Students Struggle With Geometry
The four articles studied discussed the challenges and opportunities for developing high school
graduates competent in geometric thinking capable of deductive reasoning and proficient in writing
proofs. Underlying all four articles is the assumption that high school students struggle with
geometry. These articles were written fifteen to thirty years ago. Sixty years ago, the Van Hiele's
noted that their high school students struggled with geometry and they did extensive research on the
problem, proposing a system of education to remedy the problem. Unfortunately in our classrooms
today, high school students still struggle with geometry and writing proofs.
The article "Geometry: why is it so difficult?" answers that question by asserting that students are
not introduced to proofs in the elementary grades and that teachers do not follow the Van Hiele
model for teaching geometry.
If students were at the abstract relational level before entering high school, they would successfully
complete the next level, formal deduction, where students write proofs using givens, definitions, and
axioms. Since most students are not at the abstract relational level when entering high school, the
authors suggest that students in elementary school and middle school informally explain and justify
arguments. They also suggest that in all subject areas, teachers should encourage students to think
and reason. They also believe that ensuring that the student have a good diet rich in iron and

Hypothetico-Deductive Modeling to Q&A
Hypothetico–Deductive Modeling to Q&A The Hypothetico–Deductive model is considered by
some to be the hallmark of scientific research methods. The model is predicated on obtaining
information in an effort to confirm or reject the hypothesis developed. This methodology requires
the researcher to ask questions, hone in on the issue through preliminary research, formulate
hypothesis and measurements, test, draw conclusions, refine and report. In order for the model to be
effective the question being addressed by the researcher must be testable. This means there is
practical feasibility of producing counterexamples. For example answering the question of "does
God exist?" would not facilitate an appropriate use of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Figure 1 outlines this iterative process ("Hypothetico–deductive method"):
Hypothetico–Deductive Knowledge Advancement
Understanding and use of this model can provide the business researcher with a decisive advantage
when assessing information in support of critical decisions. José Sacristán used this type of model in
his research supporting "Exploratory trials, confirmatory observations: A new reasoning model in
the era of patient–centered medicine". His research supports using hypothetico–deductive reasoning
as a basis for developing new pharmaceutical products (Sacristán, 2011). The current approach
requires a new drug substance to undergo a series of rigorous clinical trials. These trials serve to
confirm patient outcomes in support of new medicine availability. Typically a single dosage is
approved in support of the aggregate population afflicted with an ailment. José Sacristán has
expanded on the presumed single dose theory using the hypothetico–deductive model where clinical
trials would serve as the exploratory phases with confirmation occurring through observations. In
practice the trial would serve to disaggregate patient populations so that medicines could be tailored
to

Compare And Contrastive And Deductive Reasoning
The inductive and deductive reasoning seems dissimilar to each other from all accounts. Inductive
reasoning involves a scientist using series of correlated observations to reach or infer a conclusion
while deductive reasoning involves predicting a specific result by following existing laws and
general concepts that support a conclusion (OpenStax College, & Rice University, 2013). So,
considering the definition of inductive reasoning and the definition of deductive reasoning and their
mode of operations highlighted above, they are apparently different from each other. In comparing
and contrasting both approaches, inductive reasoning focuses on observation while deductive
reasoning considers the generally accepted facts to ascertain the authenticity of a specific case. With
the obvious difference in their modus operandi, inductive and deductive reasoning both use
hypothesis, tests, repetitions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two methods can, as a matter of fact, be complementary when used in experiments. In other
words, the top–down logic of the deductive reasoning can be supported by the bottom–up logic of
the inductive reasoning. In addition, it may be necessary to evaluate which approach is best for
getting the required findings. The observational approach used by inductive reasoning can be
solidified by the evidence gathered from the test results of a supported hypothesis. This, in my
opinion, is what an intelligent scientist should do when working on a specific experiment. In an
attempt to find a solution or answer tough questions regarding scientific or biological matters, it
would be unwise or unnecessary to apply rigidity in using any of the discussed methods as both are
complementary to each

Maths
Primary Mathematics EDM312
Word Count – 1657
"Use your reading and classroom experience to provide a critical analysis of the potential of
teaching activities you would use to develop children's learning of reasoning. Include within your
analysis how you would include discussion and ICT."
Reasoning falls under the 'Using and applying' heading of the National Strategies guidance
(DfES,2006) this covers 'Making decisions, reasoning and generalising about numbers and shapes;
and problems involving 'real life', money or measures' (p3). This assignment will discuss activities
which develop children's abilities to reason. In addition it will consider the underlying skills
required to develop children's confidence and understanding of ... Show more content on
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Sudoku is an additional inductive problem, requiring children to work systematically and logically
to find the answer, furthermore developing their perseverance and determination. However Lynce
and Ouakine(2006,p.1) stated 'the line of reasoning required [in Sudoku]to reach completion may be
difficult and each puzzle has a unique solution and does not require the use of trial and error or
guessing' some children with poor attention spans or patience may struggle to complete the puzzles.
The Using and Applying Guidance Paper (DfES,2006) believe when children are acquiring problem
solving skills they should begin with inductive reasoning activities as they tend to have a set answer
and progress to deductive reasoning activities which involve a child investigating and thinking
logically to prove something true or false.
Stimulating and challenging problem solving activities elevate children's ability to reason. 'The
postage problem' is an inductive activity which although it requires investigation, the problem has a
set outcome. The children work independently to answer word problems about posting packages
using a Royal mail postage pricing list this allows the children to develop their skills of deduction
and use the information to draw a conclusion. However some argue that word problems put children
who are not confident readers at a disadvantage and could impede

Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Deductive and inductive reasoning A deductive argument tends to work from the generalized to the
more specific. It often referred to as a top–down approach informally. The conclusions that are made
in deductive argument follow logically from the facts that are available. A deductive approach can
be taken on the statement traditional publishing has been rendered unnecessary by the rise of digital
publication. Electrical publishing which is also referred to as ePublishing or digital publishing
involves the publication of e–books, electronic articles, digital libraries and EPUBS. It is becoming
a common trend to distribute books, newspapers and even magazines directly to readers through
tablet reading devices. This has been generated by vendors who operate online like Apple iTunes
bookstore and books in the android market among others. Market researchers have made
suggestions that most of the magazines and newspapers that will be in circulation will be done
through digital means by 2015(Sader, 2004). Most of the publishing companies are also considering
making agreements with these electronic publishing networks like Apple so that they can increase
the publications through them and eventually no more traditional publishing will be done
(Rothchild, I. 2006). From the look at the general trend in publishing that most people and firms are
taking as depicted above, it is safe to take the deductive conclusion that "Traditional publishing has
been rendered unnecessary by the

Inductive &Amp; Deductive Research

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