INFINITIVE VS GERUND.ppt
- 2. 1. Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject or the complement of a sentence. 2. However, as subjects or complements, gerunds usually sound more like normal, spoken English, whereas infinitives sound more abstract. 3. In the following sentences, gerunds sound more natural and would be more common in everyday English. 4. Infinitives emphasize the possibility or potential for something and sound more philosophical. If this sounds confusing, just remember that 90% of the time, you will use a gerund as the subject or complement of a sentence. Examples: Learning is important. normal subject To learn is important. abstract subject - less common The most important thing is learning. normal complement The most important thing is to learn. abstract complement - less common
- 3. 1. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." 2. The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence. Examples: •Reading helps you learn English. subject of sentence •Her favorite hobby is reading. complement of sentence •I enjoy reading. object of sentence Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not." Examples: •He enjoys not working.
- 4. We use the to-infinitive: • to express purpose (to answer "Why...?"): He bought some flowers to give to his wife. He locked the door to keep everyone out. •We sometimes say in order to or in order not to: We set off early in order to avoid the traffic. They spoke quietly in order not to wake the children • … or we can say so as to or so as not to: We set off early so as to avoid the traffic.
- 5. 1. Verb + INFINITIVE • After certain verbs (see verbs followed by infinitive), particularly verbs of thinking and feeling: choose, decide, expect, forget, hate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, mean, plan, prefer, remember, want, would like, would love • … and verbs of saying: agree, promise, refuse Examples: They decided to start a business together. Remember to turn the lights out.
- 6. 2. VERB + DIRECT OBJECT (SOMEONE) + INFINITIVE • Some verbs are followed by a direct object and the infinitive(see verbs followed by infinitive): • advise, ask, encourage, invite, order, persuade, remind, tell, warn, expect, intend, would prefer, want, would like • She reminded me to turn the lights out. He encouraged his friends to vote for him
- 7. 2-a- After certain adjectives. Sometimes the to-infinitive gives a reason for the adjective: •disappointed •glad •sad •happy •anxious •pleased •surprised •proud •unhappy We were happy + to come to the end of our journey = We were happy because we had come to the end of our journey John was surprised + to see me = He was surprised because he saw me
- 8. VERB + -ING or INFINITIVE Some verbs can be followed by either –ing or infinitive, but the meaning changes: As GERUND: (-ing) form As INFINITIVE: (TO + BASE FORM) Jan stopped talking to journalists. (Jan used to talk to journalists but then he stopped) Jan stopped to talk to a local resident. (focuses on a reason why he stopped to talk)
- 9. SOME SPECIAL VERBS Some verbs that can be followed by –ing or infinitive with a change in meaning are: Forget Remember Go on Stop Mean Try Regret
- 10. Remember + gerund This is when you remember something that has happened in the past. You have a memory of it, like being able to see a movie of it in your head.I remember going to the beach when I was a child. (= I have a memory of going to the beach). He remembers closing the door. (= He has a memory of closing the door). Remember + infinitive (to + base form) This is when you think of something that you need to do. (And usually, you then do the thing).I remembered to buy milk. (= I was walking home and the idea that I needed milk came into my head, so I bought some). She remembered to send a card to her grandmother.
- 11. Forget + gerund This is the opposite of remember + gerund. It's when you forget about a memory, something that you've done in the past. Have we really studied this topic before? I forget reading about it. I told my brother that we'd spent Christmas at Granny's house in 1985, but he'd forgotten going there. Forget + infinitive (to + base form) This is the opposite of remember + to + infinitive. It's when you want to do something, but you forget about it.I forgot to call my mother. (= I wanted to call my mother, but when it was a good time to call her, I forgot. I was thinking about something else, and the idea to call my mother didn't come into my head).
- 12. Try + gerund This is when you do something as an experiment. The thing you do is not difficult, but you want to see if doing it will have the result that you want. I wanted to stop smoking, so I tried using nicotine patches. (= Using nicotine patches was easy, but I wanted to know if it would help me stop smoking). She tried giving up chocolate, but it didn't help her lose weight. (It was easy for her to give up chocolate. She gave it up to see if it would help her lose weight, but it didn't). Try + infinitive (to + base form) This is when the thing you do itself is difficult and you don't succeed in doing it.I tried to lift the suitcase, but it was too heavy.
- 13. Stop + gerund When we stop doing something it means the verb in the gerund is the thing that we stop. It can mean 'stop forever' or 'stop at that moment'.I stopped working when I was expecting a baby. (Working is the thing I stopped). My grandmother stopped driving when she was 85. (Driving is the thing she stopped). My boss came into the room, so I stopped browsing the internet. There was a fire alarm, so I stopped eating and went outside. Stop + infinitive (to + base form) In this case, we stop something else in order to do the verb in the infinitive.I stopped to eat lunch. (I stopped something else, maybe working or studying, because I wanted to eat lunch. She was shopping and she stopped to get a cup of coffee. (She stopped shopping because she wanted to get a cup of coffee). Look at the difference: I stopped smoking. (I gave up cigarettes OR I threw away my cigarette at that moment). I stopped to smoke. (I stopped doing something else because I wanted to have a
- 14. Regret + gerund This is when you are sorry about something you did in the past and you wish you hadn't done it. I regret going to bed so late. I'm really tired today. She regrets leaving school when she was sixteen. She wishes that she had studied more and then gone to university. Regret + to + infinitive We use this construction when we are giving someone bad news, in quite a formal way. The verb is almost always something like 'say' or 'tell' or 'inform'.I regret to tell you that the train has been delayed. The company regrets to inform employees that the London
- 15. VERBS: GO ON, MEAN, REGRET GERUND INFINITIVE to continue with the same thing to change the activity Go on reading the text. Go on to read the text. GERUND INFINITIVE sth. has to be done to get a result intend to do sth. You have forgotten your homework again. That means phoning your mother. I meant to phone your mother, but my mobile didn't work. GERUND INFINITIVE you did sth in the past and you are not happy about it to tell bad news and you are not happy about it I regret being late for school. We regret to inform you that the flight has beeen delayed for another two hours.
- 16. SOME SPECIAL VERBS • One important verb that can be followed by –- -ing or infinitive with very little or no change in meaning is: Like Lizzie likes reading business economics books. (reading: places emphasis on the action of “reading” as a hobby) Lizzie likes to read business economics books. (to read: places emphasis on the type of books she likes)
- 17. LINKS • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TDSr9U 0FWc • http://www.perfect-english- grammar.com/gerunds-and-infinitives-verbs- 4.html • https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/es/engl ish-grammar/verbs/infinitive • http://www.englishpage.com/gerunds/part_1. htm