Information and network security 13 playfair cipher
- 1. Information and Network Security:13 Playfair Cipher Prof Neeraj Bhargava Vaibhav Khanna Department of Computer Science School of Engineering and Systems Sciences Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University Ajmer
- 2. Playfair Cipher not even the large number of keys in a monoalphabetic cipher provides security one approach to improving security was to encrypt multiple letters the Playfair Cipher is an example invented by Charles Wheatstone in 1854, but named after his friend Baron Playfair
- 3. • Consider ways to reduce the "spikyness" of natural language text, since if just map one letter always to another, the frequency distribution is just shuffled. One approach is to encrypt more than one letter at once. The Playfair cipher is an example of doing this, treats digrams in the plaintext as single units and translates these units into ciphertext digrams.
- 4. Playfair Key Matrix a 5X5 matrix of letters based on a keyword fill in letters of keyword (sans duplicates) fill rest of matrix with other letters eg. using the keyword MONARCHY M O N A R C H Y B D E F G I/J K L P Q S T U V W X Z
- 5. • The best-known multiple-letter encryption cipher is the Playfair, which treats digrams in the plaintext as single units and translates these units into ciphertext digrams. • The Playfair algorithm is based on the use of a 5x5 matrix of letters constructed using a keyword. • The rules for filling in this 5x5 matrix are: L to R, top to bottom, first with keyword after duplicate letters have been removed, and then with the remain letters, with I/J used as a single letter. • This example comes from Dorothy Sayer's book "Have His Carcase", in which Lord Peter Wimsey solves it, and describes the use of a probably word attack.
- 6. Encrypting and Decrypting • plaintext is encrypted two letters at a time 1. if a pair is a repeated letter, insert filler like 'X’ 2. if both letters fall in the same row, replace each with letter to right (wrapping back to start from end) 3. if both letters fall in the same column, replace each with the letter below it (wrapping to top from bottom) 4. otherwise each letter is replaced by the letter in the same row and in the column of the other letter of the pair
- 7. • Plaintext is encrypted two letters at a time,according to the rules as shown. Note how you wrap from right side back to left, or from bottom back to top. • if a pair is a repeated letter, insert a filler like 'X', eg. "balloon" encrypts as "ba lx lo on" • if both letters fall in the same row, replace each with letter to right (wrapping back to start from end), eg. “ar" encrypts as "RM" • if both letters fall in the same column, replace each with the letter below it (again wrapping to top from bottom), eg. “mu" encrypts to "CM" • otherwise each letter is replaced by the one in its row in the column of the other letter of the pair, eg. “hs" encrypts to "BP", and “ea" to "IM" or "JM" (as desired) • Decrypting of course works exactly in reverse. Can see this by working the example pairs shown, backwards.
- 8. Security of Playfair Cipher security much improved over monoalphabetic since have 26 x 26 = 676 digrams would need a 676 entry frequency table to analyse (verses 26 for a monoalphabetic) and correspondingly more ciphertext was widely used for many years eg. by US & British military in WW1 it can be broken, given a few hundred letters since still has much of plaintext structure
- 9. • The Playfair cipher is a great advance over simple monoalphabetic ciphers, since there are 26*26=676 digrams (vs 26 letters), so that identification of individual digrams is more difficult. • Also,the relative frequencies of individual letters exhibit a much greater range than that of digrams, making frequency analysis much more difficult. • The Playfair cipher was for a long time considered unbreakable. It was used as the standard field system by the British Army in World War I and still enjoyed considerable use by the U.S.Army and other Allied forces during World War II. • Despite this level of confidence in its security, the Playfair cipher is relatively easy to break because it still leaves much of the structure of the plaintext language intact. A few hundred letters of ciphertext are generally sufficient.
- 10. Assignment • Explain Playfair Cipher and comment on Security of Playfair Cipher