Infrared spectroscopy(IR) & FTIR (Analytical Technique)

CONTENTS
• SPECTROSCOPY
• INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
• HISTORY
• PRINCIPLE
• MODES OF VIBRATION
• INSTRUMENTATION
• SAMPLE HANDLING
• FTIR (FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED)
SPECTROMETER
• PRINCIPLE
• INSTRUMENTATION
• WORKING
• DISPERSIVE VERSUS FTIR
• ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF FTIR WITH
APPLICATIONS
• FACTORS AFFECTING VIBRATIONAL
FREQUENCIES
• IR SPECTRA REGION
• IR SPECTRA INTERPRETATION
• EXAMPLES
• ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF IR
• APPLICATIONS OF IR
• REFERENCE
22-12-2019V.K. VIKRAM VARMA 2

SPECTROSCOPY
•SPECTROSCOPY IS DEFINED AS THE INTERACTION
BETWEEN MATTER & ELECTROMAGNETIC
RADIATION(EMR) OR LIGHT.

CONTD.
•SPECTROMETRY IS THE APPLICATION OF
SPECTROSCOPY SO THAT THERE ARE QUANTIFIABLE
RESULTS THAT CAN THAN BE ASSESSED.
•SPECTROPHOTOMETER OR SPECTROMETER: THE
INSTRUMENT THAT IS USED TO MEASURE THE
AMOUNT OF ELECTRO MAGNETIC RADIATION
ABSORBED BY AN ORGANIC MOLECULE.

INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
•IR SPECTROMETER SUBJECTS A COMPOUND TO IR
RADIATION IN THE 5000 − 667𝑐𝑚−1(2𝜇𝑚) RANGE.
•TYPE OF ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY.
•DETERMINE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.
•VIBRATIONAL-ROTATIONAL SPECTRA OCCURS.

IR SPECTROMETER

CONTD.
• REQUIREMENTS:
COMPOUND/SAMPLE SHOULD HAVE A DIPOLE MOMENT.
TWO COMPOUNDS WILL NEVER SHOW SIMILAR IR SPECTRA, IF THEY ARE NOT
ENANTIOMERS.
IR CATEGORISED INTO 3 REGIONS
REGIONS WAVELENGTH
(𝜇𝑚)
WAVE NUMBER
(𝑐𝑚−1)
NEAR IR (OVERTONE
REGION)
0.8-2.5 12,500-4000
MID IR (VIBRATION-
ROTATION REGION)
2.5-50 4000-200
FAR IR (ROTATION REGION) 50-1000 200-10

HISTORY
1800
Chemical IR spectroscopy
was emerged as a science by
SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL
1880
First real IR spectra
measured by ABNEY &
FESTING

CONTD.
1881
MICHEALSON INVENTED
INTERFEROMETER.
1901-1940
IR spectroscopy becomes a routine
analytical method as spectra were
measured & instruments developed,
especially by W.COBLENTZ.

CONTD.
1949
PETER FELLGET
obtained the first IR
spectra by FTIR
1960
Commercial FTIR
spectrometer appeared

CONTD.
1966
Cooley & Tukey developed an
algorithm, which quickly
does a FT
1980
FTIR instrument become
common, led to great
increase in sensitivity &
resolution.

PRINCIPLE
•IR ACTIVE COMPOUNDS WILL GET EXCITED & SHOWS
VIBRATIONAL-ROTATIONAL SPECTRA; WHICH IS CHARACTERISTICS
FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS & FINGERPRINTING.
•HOOKE’S LAW:
IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND MOLECULAR VIBRATIONS, A BOND
CAN BE TREATED AS A SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR
COMPOSED OF TWO MASSES(AS ATOMS) JOINED BY SPRING.

CONTD.
𝒗 =
𝟏
𝟐𝝅
𝑲
𝑴 𝟏. 𝑴 𝟐
𝑴 𝟏 + 𝑴 𝟐
𝝁 =
𝑴 𝟏. 𝑴 𝟐
𝑴 𝟏 + 𝑴 𝟐
𝒗 =
𝟏
𝟐𝝅
𝑲
𝝁
Where,
𝑣 =frequency
K= force constant
𝑀1= mass of atom 1
𝑀2=mass of atom 2
• If bond is strong- force constant increases, frequency increases.
• For heavier atom attached- mass increases, frequency increases.

MODES OF VIBRATION
• ABSORPTION OF LIGHT WILL INCREASE BOTH AMPLITUDE & FREQUENCY
OF MOLECULAR VIBRATIONS.
• TYPES OF VIBRATION:
STRETCHING: BOND LENGTH CHANGES, INCREASES OR DECREASES, BOND
ANGLE REMAIN SAME.
–SYMMETRICAL
–ASYMMETRICAL
BENDING: BOND ANGLE CHANGES, BOND LENGTH REMAINS SAME.
–IN PLANE: SCISSORING & ROCKING
–OUT PLANE: WAGGING & TWISTING

 SYMMETRICAL STRETCHING
•TWO BONDS INCREASE OR
DECREASE IN LENGTH
SIMULTANEOUSLY.

 ASYMMETRICAL
STRETCHING
•IN THIS, ONE BOND
LENGTH IS INCREASED &
OTHER IS DECREASED.

 IN PLANE BENDING:
SCISSORING
•TWO ATOMS APPROACH
EACH OTHER.
•BOND ANGLES ARE
DECREASED.

 IN PLANE BENDING:
ROCKING
•MOVEMENT OF ATOMS TAKE
PLACE IN THE SAME
DIRECTION.

 OUT PLANE BENDING:
WAGGING
•TWO ATOMS MOVE TO ONE
SIDE OF THE PLANE. THEY
MOVE UP & DOWN THE
PLANE.
•+’ DENOTES ABOVE THE
PLANE & ‘-’ DENOTES
BELOW THE PLANE.

 OUT PLANE BENDING:
TWISTING
•ONE ATOM MOVES ABOVE
THE PLANE & ANOTHER
ATOM MOVES BELOW THE
PLANE.
•‘+’ DENOTES ABOVE THE
PLANE & ‘-’ DENOTES BELOW
THE PLANE.

INSTRUMENTATION

CONTD.
•DISPERSIVE TECHNIQUE COMPONENTS
RADIATION SOURCE
REFERENCE & SAMPLE
CHOPPER
MONOCHROMATOR
DETECTOR
AMPLIFIER
RECORDER

 RADIATION SOURCE
•NERNST GLOWER & GLOBAR ARE GENERALLY USED.
•NERNST GLOWER:
A SPINDLE OF RARE EARTH OXIDE(THORIUM,
ZIRCONIUM, ETC.)
FOR SHORTER WAVELENGTH.
GLOBAR
RESISTANCE ROD OF SILICON CARBIDE
FOR LONGER WAVELENGTH.

 REFERENCE & SAMPLING
•REFERENCE:
GENERALLY 𝑲𝑩𝒓 IS USED.
•SAMPLING
•SOLID SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
•LIQUID SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
•GAS SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
•SOLUTION SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

 CHOPPER
•COMBINES BOTH RADIATIONS & PASSES TO
MONOCHROMATOR.
 MONOCHROMATOR
• PRISM (ALKALI METAL HALIDES USED) OR GRATINGS OR BOTH ARE
USED.
• SPLITS POLYCHROMATIC RADIATION TO COMPONENT WAVELENGTHS.
• RESOLUTION DEPENDS ON SLIT WIDTH & QUALITY OF MIRRORS.
• ROCK SALT PRISM IS GENERALLY USED IN THE RANGE OF 650-4000𝑐𝑚−.

 DETECTORS
•BOLOMETER, THERMOCOUPLE, THERMISTOR, GOLAY DETECTORS
ARE GENERALLY USED.
•MEASURE THE RADIANT ENERGY BY ITS HEATING EFFECT.
•RADIATION IS ALLOWED TO FALL ON PHOTO CONDUCTING
MATERIAL & THE CONDUCTIVITY OF THE MATERIAL IS MEASURED
CONTINUOUSLY BY A BRIDGE NETWORK.
•ONCE THE SAMPLE ABSORBS RADIATION, THEIR WILL BE
INEQUALITY BETWEEN THE TWO RADIATIONS & SIGNAL WILL BE
PRODUCED.

 AMPLIFIER & RECORDER
•THE AMPLIFIED SIGNAL IS USED TO MOVE AN ATTENUATOR WHICH
CUTS DOWN THE RADIATION COMING OUT OF THE REFERENCE
BEAM UNTIL ENERGY BALANCE IS RESTORED.
•THIS IS ACHIEVED BY A MOTOR WHICH DRIVES THE COMB INTO
THE REFERENCE BEAM WHEN AN ABSORBING BAND IS
ENCOUNTERED & OUT OF THE BEAM WHEN THE BAND IS PASSED
OVER.
•THE RECORDER IS ALSO COUPLED TO THIS MOTOR SO THAT THE
COMB MOVEMENT IS FOLLOWED EXACTLY BY THE PEN.

SAMPLE HANDLING•SOLID SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:
–DIRECT SAMPLING
–PALLETISATION TECHNIQUE
 𝑲𝑩𝒓 𝑜𝑟 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 USED FOR PREPARATION OF PELLET WITH
SAMPLE.
ACTS AS DILUENT
TRANSPARENT FOR IR RADIATION
𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 + 𝑲𝑩𝒓 𝒐𝒓 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 → 𝑩𝒚 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 → 𝑷𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒕𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅
PARTICLE SIZE: LESS THAN 𝟐𝝁𝒎
SAMPLE SHOULD BE 1-2% OF 𝑲𝑩𝒓 𝑜𝑟 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍.

CONTD.
–MULLING(PASTE)
MULLING AGENTS: NUJOL(HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT
LIQUID PARAFFIN HYDROCARBON), CHLOROFLUOROCARBON,
HEXACHLOROBUTADIENE.
𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 + 𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕 → 𝑷𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒆
–SOLID SAMPLING FOR SOLUTION
SAMPLE PRESENT IN VOLATILE SOLVENT WILL PUT IN
𝑲𝑩𝒓 𝑜𝑟 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 SURFACE.

CONTD.
• LIQUID SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:
–SAMPLE PRESENT IN VOLATILE SOLVENT WILL PUT IN 𝑲𝑩𝒓 𝑜𝑟 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 SURFACE.
–LIQUID FILM→A DROP OF NEAT LIQUID→PLACE BETWEEN 2 PLATES OF 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 →
TO GIVE A THIN FILM.
• GAS SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:
–GAS CELLS ARE USED, MADE UP OF 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒎 LONG.
• SOLUTION SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:
–1-5% OF SOLUTION INTRODUCED IN A SPECIAL CELL MADE OF ALKALI HALIDE.
– 𝑪𝑯𝑪𝒍 𝟑, 𝑪𝑪𝒍 𝟒, 𝑪𝑺 𝟐, SOLVENTS ARE GENERALLY USED TO DISSOLVE SAMPLES.
AFTER THAT SAMPLE IS ANALYSED IN THE FORM OF SOLUTION.

FTIR (FOURIER TRANSFORM
INFRARED) SPECTROMETER
•FTIR OBTAINS A IR SPECTRA BY COLLECTING AN INTERFEROGRAM
OF A SAMPLE SIGNAL USING AN INTERFEROMETER, THAN
PERFORM ‘FT’ ON THE INTERFEROGRAM TO OBTAIN THE SPECTRA.
•INTERFEROMETER:
IT IS AN INSTRUMENT THAT USES THE TECHNIQUE OF SUPER
IMPOSING TWO OR MORE WAVES, TO DETECT DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THEM.
FTIR SPECTROMETER USES A “MICHAELSON INTERFEROMETER”.

CONTD.

PRINCIPLE
•BASED ON INTERFEROMETRY & INTERFEROGRAM WILL BE
OBTAINED WHICH IS A COMPLEX SIGNAL OCCURS IN WAVE
LIKE PATTERN.
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒗𝒔 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒚 𝑭𝑻.
𝑭𝑻𝑰𝑹 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒂(𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒗𝒔 𝑭𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚)

INSTRUMENTATION

WORKING
• RADIATION SOURCE:
NERNST GLOWER OR GLOBAR ARE GENERALLY USED.
• BEAM SPLITTER:
POSITIONED AT 45°
SPLITS RADIATION INTO TWO PARTS:
a.DEFLECTED
b.UNDEFLECTED
BEAM SPLITTER RECOMBINES THE RADIATION & SEND TO SAMPLE.
• SAMPLE:
IT WILL ABSORB THE RADIATION TRANSMITTED RADIATION WILL BE PASSED
THROUGH THE SAMPLE TO DETECTOR

CONTD.• DETECTOR:
GENERALLY USED DETECTORS ARE:
a.PYROELECTRIC DETECTOR: DEUTERATED TRIGLYERINE SULPHATE (DTGS)
b.PHOTON SENSITIVE SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTOR : MERCURY CADNIUM
TELLURIDE (MCT)
IT WILL DETECT THE RADIATION & INTERFEROGRAM IS FORMED.
• COMPUTER & RECORDER:
FURTHER CALCULATIONS ARE DONE BY ‘FT’.
THEN FTIR SPECTRA IS RECORDED.

DISPERSIVE 𝑉𝑠 FTIR
SPECTROMETER
DISPERSIVE
•TAKES SEVERAL MINUTES TO
MEASURE.
•ALSO THE DETECTOR
RECEIVES ONLY A FEW
PERCENT OF ENERGY OF
ORIGINAL LIGHT SOURCE.
FTIR
•TAKES FEW SECONDS TO
MEASURE.
•THE DETECTOR RECEIVES UP
TO 50% OF THE ENERGY OF
ORIGIN LIGHT SOURCE(MUCH
LARGER THAN DISPERSIVE
SPECTRA ).

ADVANTAGES OF FTIR
• FELLGETT’S ADVANTAGE-
INFORMATION FROM ALL WAVELENGTHS IS COLLECTED SIMULTANEOUSLY.
RESULTS IN HIGHER SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO
• JACQUINOT’S ADVANTAGE(THROUGHPUT)
INTERFEROMETER THROUGHPUT(THE AMOUNT OF MATERIAL OR ITEMS
PASSING THROUGH A SYSTEM OR PROCESS) IS DETERMINED ONLY BY THE
DIAMETER OF THE COLLINATED BEAM COMING FROM THE SOURCE SO NO
SLITS ARE NEEDED(AS A MONOCHROMATOR)
• CONNE’S ADVANTAGE(WAVELENGTH ACCURACY)
WAVELENGTH SCALE IS CALIBRATED BY A LASER BEAM OF KNOWN
WAVELENGTH THAT PASSES THROUGH INTERFEROMETER.

DISADVANTAGES OF FTIR
•CANNOT DETECT ATOMS/ MONOATOMIC IONS:-
SINGLE ATOMIC ENTITIES CONTAIN NO CHEMICAL BONDS.
•COMPLEX MIXTURE:-
 SAMPLE GIVE RISE TO COMPLEX SPECTRA.
•AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ARE VERY DIFFICULT TO ANALYSE -WATER IS
A STRONG IR ABSORBER.
•CANNOT DETECT MOLECULES COMPRISED OF 2 IDENTICAL ATOMS
SYMMETRIC 𝑒𝑔. 𝑁2 𝑜𝑟𝑂2

APPLICATIONS OF FTIR
•IDENTIFICATION OF AN ORGANIC COMPOUND
•STRUCTURE DETERMINATION
•STUDY OF CHEMICAL REACTION
•DETECTION OF IMPURITIES
•STUDY OF KETO-ENOL TAUTOMERISM
•CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS

FACTORS AFFECTING
VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES
•HYDROGEN BONDING
•COUPLED VIBRATIONS
•FERMI RESONANCE
•ELECTRONIC EFFECT

 HYDROGEN BONDING•IT OCCURS IN ANY SYSTEM CONTAINING A PROTON DONOR
GROUP(X-H) & A PROTON ACCEPTOR. IF THE S-ORBITAL OF THE
PROTON CAN EFFECTIVELY OVERLAP THE P OR 𝝅 ORBITAL OF THE
ACCEPTOR GROUP.
•STRONGER HYDROGEN BOND: LONGER O-H BOND, LOWER THE
VIBRATION FREQUENCY, BROADER & MORE INTENSE WILL BE THE
ABSORPTION BAND.
•THE N-H STRETCHING FREQUENCIES OF AMINES ARE ALSO
AFFECTED BY HYDROGEN BONDING AS THAT OF THE HYDROXYL
GROUP BUT FREQUENCY SHIFTS FOR AMINES ARE LESSER THAN
THAT FOR HYDROXYL COMPOUNDS.

CONTD.
•BECAUSE NITROGEN IS LESS ELECTRONEGATIVE THAN OXYGEN SO
THE HYDROGEN BONDING IN AMINES IS WEAKER THAN THAT IN
HYDROXY COMPOUNDS.
•INTERMOLECULAR HYDROGEN BONDS: BROAD BANDS
•INTRAMOLECULAR HYDROGEN BONDS: SHARP AND WELL DEFINED
BANDS
•THE INTER & INTRAMOLECULAR HYDROGEN BONDING CAN BE
DISTINGUISHED BY DILUTION.

CONTD.• INTRAMOLECULAR HYDROGEN BONDING REMAINS UNAFFECTED ON
DILUTION & AS A RESULT THE ABSORPTION BAND ALSO REMAINS
UNAFFECTED WHERE AS IN INTERMOLECULAR, BONDS ARE BROKEN ON
DILUTION AND AS A RESULT THERE IS A DECREASE IN THE BONDED O-H
ABSORPTION.
• THE STRENGTH OF HYDROGEN BONDING IS ALSO AFFECTED BY:
• RING STRAIN
• MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
• RELATIVE ACIDITY & BASICITY OF THE PROTON DONOR & ACCEPTOR
GROUPS
• DUE TO HYDROGEN BONDING WAVE NUMBER SHIFT TOWARDS LOWER
END.

 COUPLED VIBRATIONS
•CH STRETCHING: WE ARE EXPECTING ONE VIBRATIONAL
FREQUENCIES.
•ASYMMETRIC VIBRATIONS OCCUR AT HIGHER FREQUENCIES OR
WAVE NUMBERS THAN SYMMETRIC STRETCHING VIBRATIONS.
•IF 𝐶𝐻2 METHYLENE GROUP IS TAKEN(2 ABSORPTION FREQUENCIES)
SYMMETRICAL
ASYMMETRICAL

 FERMI RESONANCE
•OVERTONE BAND: SPECTRAL BAND OCCURS IN
VIBRATIONAL SPECTRUM OF A MOLECULE WHEN THE
MOLECULES MAKES TRANSITION FROM GROUND STATE TO
SECOND EXCITED STATE.
•CHANCE OF ENERGY OF OVERTONE BAND &
FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY WILL COINCIDE, RESONANCE
WILL OCCUR KNOWN AS FERMI RESONANCE.
•WAVE NUMBER IS INCREASED BY FERMI RESONANCE.

 ELECTRONIC EFFECT
• ABSORPTION FREQUENCY WILL CHANGE WHEN CHANGE IN THE SUBSTITUENTS
OF NEIGHBOURHOOD GROUP.
• VARIOUS ELECTRONIC EFFECT OCCURS:
INDUCTIVE EFFECT: 𝐈+= DECREASING WAVE NUMBER & 𝐈−=INCREASING
WAVE NUMBER.
MESOMERIC EFFECT: LENGTHENING OF BOND, BOND WILL BE WEAK,
DECREASE IN FORCE CONSTANT, DECREASE WAVE NUMBER.
FIELD EFFECT: OCCURS IN ORTHO SUBSTITUENT, 2 ATOMS INTERACT
THROUGH SPACE INTERACTION & WAVE NUMBER WILL INCREASE OR
DECREASE.

IR SPECTROSCOPY REGION

IR SPECTRUM STUDIED UNDER 2
SECTIONS
•FUNCTIONAL GROUP REGION: THE AREA FROM
5000𝑐𝑚−1
TO 1300𝑐𝑚−1
IS CALLED FUNCTIONAL GROUP REGION.
THE BAND IN THIS REGION ARE PARTICULARLY USEFUL IN
DETERMINING THE TYPE OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.
•FINGERPRINTING REGION: THE AREA FROM 1300𝑐𝑚−1TO 667𝑐𝑚−1
IS CALLED FINGERPRINTING REGION. A PEAK BY PEAK MATCH
OF AN UNKNOWN SPECTRUM WITH THE SPECTRUM OF THE
SUSPENDED COMPOUND IN THIS REGION CAN BE USED, MUCH
LIKE FINGERPRINT, TO CONFIRM ITS IDENTITY.

IR SPECTRA INTERPRETATION

SOME IMPORTANT ABSORPTIONS OF
IR

AROMATIC HYDROCARBON
(TOLUENE)
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
S

ALCOHOL (CYCLOHEXANOL)
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
S

CARBOXYLIC ACID (BUTANOIC
ACID)
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
S

KETONE (ACETONE)
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
S

PRIMARY AMINE (1-
BUTANAMINE)
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
S

SECONDARY AMINE (N-
ETHYLBENAZAMINE)
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
S

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF
IR SPECTROSCOPY
ADVANTAGES
•EASY TO USE
•ANALYSIS TIME TYPICALLY
< 10 MINUTES
•INEXPENSIVE
DISADVANTAGES
•SENSITIVE TO THE
ABSORPTION OF WATER. IF
THERE IS SIGNIFICANT
MOSITURE IN THE SAMPLE
PENETRATION DISTANCE
OF THE LIGHT DECREASES.

APPLICATIONS OF IR
SPECTROSCOPY
• IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS.
• STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.
• QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF A
NUMBER OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.
• STUDY OF COVALENT BONDS IN
MOLECULES.
• STUDYING THE PROGRESS OF
REACTIONS.
• DETECTION OF IMPURITIES IN A
COMPOUND.
• RATIO OF CIS-TRANS ISOMERS IN A
MIXTURE OF COMPOUNDS.
• SHAPE OF SYMMETRY OF AN
INORGANIC MOLECULE.
• STUDY THE PRESENCE OF WATER IN
A SAMPLE.
• MEASUREMENT OF PAINTS &
VARNISHES.

REFERENCE
• INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROSCOPY BY PAVIA.
• A TEXTBOOK OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY BY BAHL ARUN & BAHL B.S.
• HTTP://WWW.CHEM.UCALGARY.CA/COURSES/350/CAREY5TH/CH13/CH13-0.HTML
• HTTP://PREMIERBIOSOFT.COM/TECH_NOTES/MASS-SPECTROMETRY.HTML
• HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/MASS_SPECTROMETRY
• WWW.YOUTUBE.COM
• WWW.SLIDESHARE.COM
• WWW.GOOGLE.COM
• HTTPS://ORGSPECTROSCOPYINT.BLOGSPOT.COM/2014/12/INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY.HTML
• HTTPS://WWW.COMPOUNDCHEM.COM/2015/02/05/IRSPECTROSCOPY/
• HTTPS://WWW.SCIENCEDIRECT.COM/TOPICS/EARTH-AND-PLANETARY-
SCIENCES/SPECTROSCOPY

Infrared spectroscopy(IR) & FTIR (Analytical Technique)

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