Insights pt-2019-exclusive-updated-module

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INSIGHTS PT 2019
EXCLUSIVE (UPDATED
MODULE)
February 2019 – April 2019
•

INSIGHTS PT 2019 EXCLUSIVE (UPDATED MODULE)
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Table of Contents
ECONOMY ......................................................................................................................................... 8
1. NGOs and regulation of their foreign funding...................................................................................... 8
2. Investor Education and Protection Fund (IEPF) Authority...................................................................... 8
3. Ways and Means Advances (WMA)..................................................................................................... 9
4. Permanent Establishment (PE) in India................................................................................................ 9
5. National Bank for Agriculture & Rural Development (NABARD) and National Housing Bank............... 10
6. Ombudsman Scheme for Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)................................................. 10
7. World Bank Report on Remittances .................................................................................................. 11
8. Non-core assets ................................................................................................................................ 11
9. Asian Development Outlook 2019..................................................................................................... 11
10. Global Report on Food Crises 2019.................................................................................................. 11
11. Global Food Policy Report- 2019...................................................................................................... 11
12. Prepaid payment instruments......................................................................................................... 12
13. Repo rate as the external benchmark for lending ............................................................................ 12
14. Domestic systemically important bank............................................................................................ 13
15. Usha Thorat panel on Offshore Rupee Markets ............................................................................... 13
16. White Label ATMs (WLAs)............................................................................................................... 13
17. Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS).............................................................................................. 14
18. Fiscal Council to enforce fiscal rules................................................................................................. 15
19. Interest rate derivatives.................................................................................................................. 15
20. Country-by-country (CbC) reports.................................................................................................... 15
21. Voluntary Retention Route for Foreign Portfolio Investors .............................................................. 16
22. Special Economic Zones Act, 2005 ................................................................................................... 16
23. Disinvestment................................................................................................................................. 17
ENVIRONMENT.............................................................................................................................18
1. UN Global Assessment of Environmental Laws .................................................................................. 18
2. Goa introduces tags to protect biodiversity zones ............................................................................. 18
3. World Wetlands Day 2019 ................................................................................................................ 18
4. Elephant Corridors............................................................................................................................ 19
5. Magnetic north pole drifting fast towards Russia .............................................................................. 19
6. Flamingo Sanctuary .......................................................................................................................... 20
7. Resilient Cities Asia-Pacific (RCAP) Congress 2019 ............................................................................. 20
8. Western Disturbance ........................................................................................................................ 20
9. Cyclone Fani ..................................................................................................................................... 21
10. Bomb Cyclone................................................................................................................................. 21
11. El Nino............................................................................................................................................ 22
12. Natural Capital Accounting.............................................................................................................. 23
13. EnviStats-India 2019........................................................................................................................ 24
14. Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES) ............................................ 24
15. Global Cooling Coalition.................................................................................................................. 24
16. Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL)............................................................................................... 25
17. Central Monitoring Committee to Check River Pollution.................................................................. 25
18. Sustainable India Finance Facility (SIFF)........................................................................................... 26
19. Forest Fires ..................................................................................................................................... 26
20. Face of Disasters 2019 Report ......................................................................................................... 27

21. Connect4Climate............................................................................................................................. 27
22. Program on Forests (PROFOR)......................................................................................................... 27
23. Rice Knowledge Bank – Assam ........................................................................................................ 27
24. Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary .......................................................................................................... 28
25. Toluene .......................................................................................................................................... 28
26. Earth Day........................................................................................................................................ 28
27. East Asian-Australasian Flyway (EAAF) ............................................................................................ 28
28. Indian Bullfrogs............................................................................................................................... 28
29. Eurasian Lynx.................................................................................................................................. 28
30. Yangtze giant softshell turtles ......................................................................................................... 29
31. Aquaponic and Hydroponic methods of Agriculture......................................................................... 29
32. Bamboo Rice................................................................................................................................... 29
33. Rainfed agriculture atlas ................................................................................................................. 29
34. The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture 2019................................................ 30
35. Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT)............................................... 30
36. Small Grants Programme (SGP) ....................................................................................................... 31
37. Asiatic Lion Conservation Project .................................................................................................... 31
38. Dolphin Census ............................................................................................................................... 32
39. Green India Mission ........................................................................................................................ 32
40. Cheetah reintroduction project ....................................................................................................... 32
41. New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos 2019................................................................................... 33
42. Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016 .................. 33
43. India Cooling Action Plan ................................................................................................................ 34
44. Sundarban Wetland ........................................................................................................................ 34
45. Global Environment Outlook........................................................................................................... 35
46. Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (PTR) ............................................................................................................. 35
47. UN Environment Assembly.............................................................................................................. 35
48. Certification Standard for Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) ................................................... 35
49. IUCN red list of threatened species.................................................................................................. 36
50. Starry dwarf frog............................................................................................................................. 36
51. Grey Hypocolius.............................................................................................................................. 37
52. IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C ............................................................................. 37
53. Katowice Cop 24 Outcomes............................................................................................................. 37
POLITY ............................................................................................................................................39
1. President’s address to both Houses of Parliament............................................................................. 39
2. Motion of Thanks.............................................................................................................................. 39
3. Official Secrets Act ............................................................................................................................ 40
4. Compensation for Victims................................................................................................................. 40
5. Systematic Voters Education and Electoral Participation (SVEEP)....................................................... 40
6. Service Voter .................................................................................................................................... 40
7. Role of Election Commission ............................................................................................................. 41
8. MCC and Religion.............................................................................................................................. 43
9. Voting Rights .................................................................................................................................... 43
10. Form 26 .......................................................................................................................................... 43
11. Rule 49MA of ‘The Conduct of Elections Rules’................................................................................. 44
12. Registration of political parties........................................................................................................ 44
13. Community Radio Stations.............................................................................................................. 45

14. Criminalisation of Politics................................................................................................................ 45
15. Assam Rifles.................................................................................................................................... 46
16. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act................................................................................................ 46
17. Permanent Residence Certificate..................................................................................................... 46
18. Forest Rights Act, 2006.................................................................................................................... 47
19. Welfare panel for nomadic Communities ........................................................................................ 47
GOVERNMENT SCHEMES...........................................................................................................49
1. Swadesh Darshan scheme................................................................................................................. 49
2. Pradhan Mantri Shram-Yogi Maandhan Yojana ................................................................................. 49
3. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)............................................................................. 49
4. New e-commerce policy.................................................................................................................... 49
5. Rashtriya Gokul Mission.................................................................................................................... 50
6. Rastriya Kamdhenu Aayog ................................................................................................................ 50
7. Know My India Programme............................................................................................................... 50
8. Kerala sets up drug price monitor ..................................................................................................... 51
9. Millet Village scheme........................................................................................................................ 51
10. Operation Smile.............................................................................................................................. 52
11. National Sports Development Fund................................................................................................. 52
12. National Service Scheme (NSS)........................................................................................................ 52
13. Pre-Departure Orientation Training (PDOT) programme.................................................................. 53
14. Safe City project.............................................................................................................................. 53
15. Kisan Credit Card Scheme................................................................................................................ 54
16. Categorisation of Farmers ............................................................................................................... 55
17. Utkarsh Bangla and Sabuj Sathi schemes have won World Summit on the Information Society
(WSIS)Awards....................................................................................................................................... 55
18. Namami Gange gets Global Recognition at World Summit............................................................... 56
19. Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL)................................................................................... 56
20. National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ............................................................................ 57
21. RailWire Wi- Fi................................................................................................................................ 57
22. FAME II Scheme .............................................................................................................................. 57
23. Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs).............................................................................................. 58
24. National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) ........................................................................................ 58
25. National Rural Economic Transformation Project (NRETP) ............................................................... 59
26. Smart India Hackathon 2019 ........................................................................................................... 59
27. National Knowledge Network ......................................................................................................... 59
28. Café Scientifique............................................................................................................................. 60
29. National Mineral Policy, 2019.......................................................................................................... 60
30. Festival of Innovation & Entrepreneurship (FINE) ............................................................................ 61
31. MSP for Minor Forest Produce scheme............................................................................................ 61
32. Agri-Market Infrastructure Fund (AMIF) .......................................................................................... 62
33. Sela Tunnel Project ......................................................................................................................... 62
34. Transport and Marketing Assistance (TMA) for specified agriculture products ................................. 62
35. Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN (Jaiv Indhan- Vatavaran Anukool fasal awashesh Nivaran) Yojana ............... 63
36. Hydro Power Sector ........................................................................................................................ 63
37. UNNATEE (Unlocking NATional Energy Efficiency potential)............................................................. 64
38. District cooling system .................................................................................................................... 64
39. BEE Star Rating ............................................................................................................................... 64

40. Darwaza Band -Part 2...................................................................................................................... 65
41. Credit Linked Capital Subsidy Scheme ............................................................................................. 65
42. Swachh Shakti Programme.............................................................................................................. 66
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS..................................................................................................67
1. Transparency International............................................................................................................... 67
2. INSTEX – Instrument In Support Of Trade Exchanges ......................................................................... 67
3. Asia LPG Summit............................................................................................................................... 67
4. Trade Across LoC............................................................................................................................... 68
5. India gains access to Bolivian Lithium Reserves ................................................................................. 68
6. India-Africa Institute of Agriculture and Rural Development (IAIARD)................................................ 68
7. Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) Initiative .............................................................................. 69
8. Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) Programme ....................................................................... 69
9. Kafala ............................................................................................................................................... 70
10. President of World Bank ................................................................................................................. 70
11. International Maritime Organisation (IMO)..................................................................................... 71
12. International Finance Corporation (IFC)........................................................................................... 72
13. World Heritage Day......................................................................................................................... 72
14. UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) ............................................................................................. 73
15. United Nations Arms Trade Treaty .................................................................................................. 73
16. Indo-Pacific Regional Dialogue (IPRD) – 2019................................................................................... 74
17. TIR convention................................................................................................................................ 74
18. Trends in International Arms Transfers 2018 Report........................................................................ 74
19. IEA Bioenergy TCP........................................................................................................................... 75
20. United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC)......................................................................... 75
21. International Criminal Court (ICC).................................................................................................... 76
22. World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) .................................................................................... 77
23. Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria ....................................................................... 78
24. African Union.................................................................................................................................. 78
25. Geneva Convention......................................................................................................................... 78
26. LAWASIA Human Rights Conference................................................................................................ 80
27. Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED)................................................................................... 80
28. Global Digital Health Partnership (GDHP) ........................................................................................ 80
29. United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) ............ 80
30. Sary-Arka-Antiterror 2019............................................................................................................... 81
31. BOLD-QIT Project............................................................................................................................ 81
32. International Vision Zero Conference .............................................................................................. 81
ART AND CULTURE .....................................................................................................................83
1. Maithili Language ............................................................................................................................. 83
2. Bharat Rang Mahotsav (BRM) ........................................................................................................... 83
3. Sangeet Natak Akademi.................................................................................................................... 83
4. Salt Satyagraha Memorial................................................................................................................. 84
5. Guru Padmasambhava...................................................................................................................... 84
6. Maharshi Badrayan Vyas Samman Awards........................................................................................ 84
7. Saraswati Samman........................................................................................................................... 85
8. Garia Festival.................................................................................................................................... 85
9. Muslim League ................................................................................................................................. 85

10. Marayoor Jaggery ........................................................................................................................... 86
11. Sharda Peeth corridor ..................................................................................................................... 86
12. Operation Vijay............................................................................................................................... 86
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.....................................................................................................88
1. GSLV Programme.............................................................................................................................. 88
2. GSAT-31............................................................................................................................................ 88
3. EMISAT Mission................................................................................................................................ 88
4. Hayabusa-2....................................................................................................................................... 89
5. Blackholes ........................................................................................................................................ 90
6. Wide Field InfraRed Survey Telescope............................................................................................... 91
7. Atmospheric Waves Experiment (AWE)............................................................................................. 91
8. GRAPES-3 ......................................................................................................................................... 92
9. Nirbhay Missile................................................................................................................................. 92
10. Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air missiles (QRSAM) ............................................................................. 92
11. Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) ..................................................................................................... 93
12. Melamine ....................................................................................................................................... 93
13. Maternal spindle transfer (MST)...................................................................................................... 93
14. E-cigarettes..................................................................................................................................... 94
15. Genome Sequencing ....................................................................................................................... 94
16. Clean Meat ..................................................................................................................................... 95
17. Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology (CCMB) .............................................................................. 95
18. National Science Day....................................................................................................................... 95
19. Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG)............................................................................................. 96
20. Super-Efficient Air Conditioning Programme ................................................................................... 97
21. Repurpose Cooking Oil (RUCO) initiative ......................................................................................... 97
22. International IP Index 2019 ............................................................................................................. 97
23. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)............................................................................................. 98
24. Combat casualty drugs.................................................................................................................... 98
SOCIAL ISSUES ..............................................................................................................................99
1. Sentinelese....................................................................................................................................... 99
2. Visa Manual Conditions/Passport Act 1920, Indian Forest Act,Candida Auris Infection....................... 99
3. Nilavembu kudineer ....................................................................................................................... 101
4. Candida Auris Infection................................................................................................................... 101
5. World Haemophilia Day.................................................................................................................. 102
6. Mosquirix: World’s First Malaria Vaccine ........................................................................................ 102
7. Malaria Elimination Research Alliance (MERA) India........................................................................ 103
8. Bubble boy Disease......................................................................................................................... 103
9. WHO Strategy to fight Flu Pandemics.............................................................................................. 103
10. West Nile Virus (WNV).................................................................................................................. 104
11. World Happiness Report- 2019...................................................................................................... 104
12. Dard Aryans.................................................................................................................................. 105
13. Swayatt ........................................................................................................................................ 105
14. Nari Shakti Puraskars .................................................................................................................... 105

Economy
1. NGOs and regulation of their foreign funding
• The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 regulate the receipt and usage of foreign
contribution by non-governmental organisations (“NGOs”) in India.
• Scope and objective of FCRA:
o The intent of the Act is to prevent use of foreign contribution or foreign hospitality for any
activity detrimental to the national interest.
o It is applicable to a natural person, body corporate, all other types of Indian entities
(whether incorporated or not) as well as NRIs and overseas branches/subsidiaries of Indian
companies and other entities formed or registered in India.
o It is implemented by the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.
• In order to achieve the above objective, the Act:
o Prohibits acceptance and use of foreign contribution or foreign hospitality by persons such
as a candidate for election, judge, journalist, columnist, newspaper publication, cartoonist
and others.
o Regulates the inflow to and usage of foreign contribution by NGOs by prescribing a
mechanism to accept, use and report usage of the same.
• Definition:
o It defines the term ‘foreign contribution’ to include currency, article other than gift for
personal use and securities received from foreign source.
o Foreign hospitality refers to any offer from a foreign source to provide foreign travel,
boarding, lodging, transportation or medical treatment cost.
• In order to be registered under the FCRA, an NGO must be in existence for at least three years and
must have undertaken reasonable activity in its field for which the foreign contribution is proposed
to be utilised. Further, it must have spent at least INR 1,000,000 over three years preceding the
date of its application on its activities.
• The Act imposes various conditions on the use of foreign funds and some of them are as follows:
o All funds received by a NGO must be used only for the purpose for which they were
received.
o Such funds must not be used in speculative activities identified under the Act.
o Except with the prior approval of the Authority, such funds must not be given or transferred
to any entity not registered under the Act or having prior approval under the Act.
o Every asset purchased with such fund must be in the name of the NGO and not its office
bearers or members.
• Reporting requirement:
o Every NGO registered or having prior approval under the Act must file an annual report with
the Authority in the prescribed form.
2. Investor Education and Protection Fund (IEPF) Authority
• Set up under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India as a statutory body under
Companies Act2013.
• It aims to administer the Investor Education and Protection Fund with the objective of promoting
Investor’s Education, Awareness and Protection.
• The Authority takes various initiatives like Investor Awareness Programmes and various other
mediums like Print, Electronic, Social Media, and Community Radio etc.
• Composition: Secretary Ministry of Corporate Affairs is the Chairperson of the Authority. Joint
Secretary Ministry of Corporate Affairs is the Chief Executive Officer of the Authority.

3. Ways and Means Advances (WMA)
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in consultation with the government of India has set the limits for
Ways and Means Advances (WMA) for the first half of the financial year 2019-20 (April 2019 to
September 2019) at Rs 75000 crore.
• What is WMA?
o The Reserve Bank of India gives temporary loan facilities to the centre and state
governments as a banker to government. This temporary loan facility is called Ways and
Means Advances (WMA).
• The WMA for the Central Government:
o The WMA scheme for the Central Government was introduced on April 1, 1997, after
putting an end to the four-decade old system of adhoc (temporary) Treasury Bills to finance
the Central Governmentdeficit.
o The WMA scheme was designed to meet temporary mismatches in the receipts and
payments of the government. This facility can be availed by the government if it needs
immediate cash from the RBI. The WMA is to be vacated after 90 days. Interest rate for
WMA is currently charged at the repo rate. The limits for WMA are mutually decided by the
RBI and the Government of India.
• Overdraft:
o When the WMA limit is crossed the government takes recourse to overdrafts, which are not
allowed beyond 10 consecutive working days. The interest rate on overdrafts would be 2
percent more than the reporate.
• WMA Scheme for State Governments:
o Under the WMA scheme for the State Governments, there are two types of WMA –
Special and Normal WMA.
o Special WMA is extended against the collateral (mortgaging) of the government securities
held by the State Government.
o After the exhaustion of the special WMA limit, the State Government is provided a normal
WMA. The normal WMA limits are based on three-year average of actual revenue and
capital expenditure of the state. The withdrawal above the WMA limit is considered an
overdraft.
4. Permanent Establishment (PE) in India
• A Permanent Establishment in India is a fixed place of business, wholly or partly carried out by a
foreign enterprise operating in India.
• Such fixed place of business can be a branch office, a place of management, a factory, a warehouse,
a workshop etc. However, the definition of permanent establishment differs in each tax treaty.
• Governing provisions:
o Taxation of non-residents in India is governed by the provisions of the Income-tax Act,
1961 (“the Act”) and the provisions of the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement(s)
[DTAA(s)] concluded by the Central Government.
o The business income of a non-resident can be taxed in India if it satisfies the requisite
thresholds provided under the Act as well as the threshold provided in the applicable tax
treaty, by a concept of Permanent Establishment (PE).
• Relevance of PEs:
o Usually, foreign companies get tax concession under Double Taxation Avoidance Treaties
and they pay taxes in their home countries.
o But if they have PEs in India, they should pay taxes for the income they have created in India.
Thus, PE makes a foreign companies’ Indian income taxable in India.

5. National Bank for Agriculture & Rural Development (NABARD) and National Housing
Bank
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has sold its entire stakes in the National Bank for Agriculture &
Rural Development (NABARD) and National Housing Bank.
• The decision to divest its entire stake was taken based on the recommendations of the second
Narasimham Committee.
• The government now holds a 100 per cent stake in both NHB and NABARD.
• About NHB:
o NHB is an All India Financial Institution (AIFl), set up in 1988, under the National Housing
Bank Act,1987.
o It is an apex agency established to operate as a principal agency to promote housing finance
institutions both at local and regional levels and to provide financial and other support
incidental to such institutions and for matters connected therewith.
• NABARD:
o It is an apex development and specialized bank established on 12 July 1982 by an act by
the parliament of India.
o Its main focus is to uplift rural India by increasing the credit flow for elevation of agriculture
& rural non farm sector.
o It was established based on the recommendations of the Committee set up by the Reserve
Bank of India (RBI) under the chairmanship of Shri B. Shivaraman.
o It replaced the Agricultural Credit Department (ACD) and Rural Planning and Credit Cell
(RPCC) of Reserve Bank of India, and Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation
(ARDC).
o It has been accredited with “matters concerning policy, planning and operations in the field
of credit for agriculture and other economic activities in rural areas in India”.
6. Ombudsman Scheme for Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs)
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has extended the coverage of Ombudsman Scheme for Non-
Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), 2018 to eligible Non Deposit Taking Non Banking Financial
Companies (NBFC- NDs).
• The coverage will be extended to Non Deposit Taking Non Banking Financial Companies having
asset size of Rs 100 crore or above with customer interface.
• However, Non Banking Financial Company-Infrastructure Finance Company (NBFC-IFC), Core
Investment Company (CIC), Infrastructure Debt Fund-Non-banking Financial Company (IDF-NBFC)
and NBFCs under liquidation are excluded from the ambit of the Scheme.
• Who will be the ombudsman?
o An officer at the RBI not below the rank of general manager will be appointed by the
regulator as the ombudsman with territorial jurisdiction being specified by the central bank.
o The tenure of each ombudsman cannot exceed three years and can be reduced by the
regulator if needed.
• Who can file the complaint?
o Any customer can file a complaint with the ombudsman on grounds like non-payment or
inordinate delay in payment of interest, non-repayment of deposits, lack of transparency in
loan agreement, non-compliance with RBI directives on fair practices code for NBFCs,
levying of charges without sufficient notice to the customers and failure or delay in returning
the securities documents despite repayment of dues among others.
o Only written complaints or those in electronic format will be accepted.
• Appeal:

o The scheme also allows a person to appeal in case of dissatisfaction with any award by the
ombudsman.
• Compensation:
o The ombudsman may also award compensation not exceeding one hundred thousand
rupees to the complainant.
• Report:
o The ombudsman will be required to send a report to the RBI governor annually on 30 June
containing general review of the activities of his office during the preceding financial year and
other information required by the central bank.
7. World Bank Report on Remittances
• World Bank has released its
Migration and Development Brief.
• India is positioned as the world’s
top recipient of remittances with
its diaspora sending USD 79 billion
back home in 2018.
• The remittances in 2018 grew by
over 14 percent in India.
• India managed to retain its top
spot in remittances with significant
growth over the last three years.
• Natural disasters like Kerala floods
likely boosted the financial help
that migrants sent to theirfamilies.
8. Non-core assets
• The Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM) issuedguidelines for
monetisation of non-core assets of CPSEs.
• Non-core assets are assets that are either not essential or simply no longer used in a company’s
business operations.
• Non-core assets are often sold when a company needs to raise cash. Some businesses sell their
non-core assets in order to pay down their debt.
• Composition: A non-core asset can be any kind of asset, including an entire subsidiary or a holding
in another company. But often non-core assets are things such as real estate, commodities, natural
resources, currencies or securities. A non-core asset might also be factory or property that is no
longer being used.
• Who decides? Whether an asset is considered non- core is entirely relative to the company. An asset
that is non-core for one company might be core for another.
9. Asian Development Outlook 2019
• Asian Development Bank (ADB) published Asian Development Outlook 2019.
10.Global Report on Food Crises 2019
• It is a report released jointly by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Food
Programme (WFP) and EU.
11.Global Food Policy Report- 2019
• International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) released Global Food Policy Report- 2019.

• The report reviews the major food policy issues, developments, and decisions of 2018, and
considers challenges and opportunities for 2019.
• This year’s Report highlights the urgency of rural revitalization to address a growing crisis in rural
areas.
12.Prepaid payment instruments
• Prepaid payment instruments are those which facilitate purchase of goods and services against
the value stored on such instruments. Value stored on them is paid by the holder using a medium
(cash, debit card, credit card etc).
• These are generally issued in the form of smart cards, mobile wallets, paper vouchers, internet
accounts/wallets.
• Prepaid payment instruments (PPIs) come with a pre-loaded value and in some cases a pre-defined
purpose of payment.
• They facilitate the purchase of goods and services as well as inter-personal remittance transactions
such as sending money to a friend or a family member.
• These payment instruments are licensed and regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. There are
three types of PPIs—closed system PPIs, semi-closed system PPIs and open system PPIs.
• The most common example of a closed system PPI is a brand-specific gift card. Such cards, physical
or otherwise, can be used only at specific locations, and cannot be used to transfer funds from one
account to another.
13.Repo rate as the external benchmark for lending
• The repo rate is the key policy rate of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
• Current scenario:
o The marginal cost of fund based lending rate (MCLR) is currently the benchmark for all loan
rates. Banks typically add a spread to the MCLR while pricing loans for homes and
automobiles.
• Why repo?
o The RBI has mandated that the spread over the benchmark rate to be decided by banks at
the inception of the loan should remain unchanged through the life of the loan. It should
remain unchanged unless the borrower’s credit assessment undergoes a substantial change
and as agreed upon in the loan contract.
o If the lending rates are linked to the repo rate, any change in the repo rate will
immediately impact the home and auto loan rates, since RBI has mandated the spread to
remain fixed over the life of the loan.
• Benefits of setting Repo Rate as benchmark for lending:
o It will make the system more transparent since every borrower will know the fixed interest
rate and the spread value decided by the bank.
o It will help borrowers compare loans in a better way from different banks.
o There shall be standardisation and ease of understanding for the borrowers. This would
mean that same bank cannot adopt multiple benchmarks within a loan category.
• What is Repo Rate?
o Repo stands for ‘Repurchasing Option’. It refers to the rate at which commercial banks
borrow money from the RBI in case of shortage of funds.
o It is one of the main tools of RBI to keep inflation under control.
• What is MCLR?
o The Marginal Cost of Funds based Lending Rate (MCLR) system was introduced by the
Reserve Bank to provide loans on minimal rates as well as market rate fluctuation benefit to

customers. This system has modified the existing base rate system of providing home loans.
In this system, banks have to set various benchmark rates for specific time periods starting
from an overnight to one month, quarterly, semi-annually and annually.
o MCLR replaced the earlier base rate system to determine the lending rates for commercial
banks. RBI implemented it on 1 April 2016 to determine rates of interests for loans.
14.Domestic systemically important bank
• RBI categorises IDBI Bank as Private Sector Bank; SBI, ICICI and HDFC remain Systemically Important
Banks.
• What is a domestic systemically important bank and why is it important?
o D-SIB means that the bank is too big to fail. According to the RBI, some banks become
systemically important due to their size, cross-jurisdictional activities, complexity and lack of
substitute and interconnection. Banks whose assets exceed 2% of GDP are considered part
of this group.
• Significance:
o Should such a bank fail, there would be significant disruption to the essential services they
provide to the banking system and the overall economy.
o The too-big-to-fail tag also indicates that in case of distress, the government is expected to
support these banks. Due to this perception, these banks enjoy certain advantages in
funding.
o It also means that these banks have a different set of policy measures regarding systemic
risks and moral hazard issues.
• Classification:
o RBI has to disclose names of banks designated as D-SIB. It classifies the banks under five
buckets depending on order of importance.
o Based on the bucket in which a D-SIB is, an additional common equity requirement applies.
Banks in bucket one need to maintain a 0.15% incremental tier-I capital from April 2018.
Banks in bucket three have to maintain an additional 0.45%.
o All the banks under D-SIB are required to maintain higher share of risk-weighted assets as
tier-I equity.
15.Usha Thorat panel on Offshore Rupee Markets
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has constituted a panel under the former deputy governor Usha
Thorat to examine issues related to offshore rupee markets and recommend policy measures to
ensure the stability of the external value of the domestic currency.
16.White Label ATMs (WLAs)
• Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) set up, owned and operated by non-bank entities are called
“White Label ATMs” (WLAs).
• They provide the banking services to the customers of banks in India, based on the cards
(debit/credit/prepaid) issued by banks.
• Key facts:
o Non-bank entities shall commence setting up and operating WLAs only after it has been
authorised to do so by the RBI under the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007.

o Taking over of ATMs operated by banks would not be permitted. Entities may ensure to
draw a strategic plan for installation
of such WLAs based on the criteria
set during authorization. White
Label ATM Operators (WLAO) may
also indicate the value added
services it proposes to offer at the
WLA while seeking authorisation.
o WLAO is permitted to have more
than one Sponsor Bank. All the
transactions of WLAs serviced by
this Sponsor Bank would be settled
through it.
o Cash Management at the WLAs will
be the responsibility of the Sponsor
Bank, who may if required, make
necessary arrangements with other banks for servicing cash requirements at various places.
o WLAO may establish connectivity with any of the authorised ATM Network Operators/ Card
Payment Network Operators and ensure that the settlement of all the transactions at the
WLAs shall be done only in the books of the Sponsor Bank through the ATM Network
Operators/ Card Payment Network Operators with whom the WLAO has established
connectivity.
o Maintenance and servicing of the WLAs shall be the sole responsibility of the WLAO.
• In addition to cash dispensing, ATMs / WLAs may offer many other services / facilities to
customers. Some of these services include:
o Account Information.
o Cash Deposit (not permitted at WLAs).
o Regular Bills Payment (not permitted at WLAs).
o Purchase of Re-load Vouchers for Mobiles (not permitted at WLAs).
o Mini / Short Statement Generation.
o PIN change.
o Request for Cheque Book.
17.Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS)
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has deferred the implementation of new accounting rules, Indian
Accounting Standards (Ind AS) for banks till further notice. This is the second extension provided by
the RBI. Earlier in April 2018, RBI had
postponed the implementation of Ind AS by
the banks by one year.
• The new rules — based on the IFRS9
standards created in the aftermath of the
financial crisis — were supposed to kick in at
the start of the new fiscal year that starts on
April 1, after being delayed last year.
• What is it?
o Ind AS or Indian Accounting Standards
govern the accounting and recording
of financial transactions as well as the
presentation of statements such as

profit and loss account and balance sheet of a company.
o Ind AS has been evolved as a compromise formula that tries to harmonise Indian
accounting rules with the IFRS.
• Facts for Prelims:
o The implementation of IndAS for public sector banks requires an amendment to the
Banking Regulation Act. The schedule in BR Act relating to financial statement disclosures
needs to be changed to the IndAS format.
o Section 29 of the BR Act deals with the accounts and balance sheets of public sector banks.
Private sector banks are covered by the Companies Act, which is based on the new
accounting standards.
18.Fiscal Council to enforce fiscal rules
• Stressing on the need to have uniform rules for fiscal consolidation of States and Centre, 15th
Finance Commission’s Chairman NK Singh has called for institutional mechanism like a ‘Fiscal
Council’ to enforce fiscal rules and keep a check on Centre’s fiscal consolidation.
• In India, two expert committees have advocated the institution of such a council in recent years.
• In 2017, the N.K. Singh committee on the review of fiscal rules set up by the finance ministry
suggested the creation of an independent fiscal council that would provide forecasts and advise the
government on whether conditions exist for deviation from the mandated fiscal rules.
• In 2018, the D.K. Srivastava committee on fiscal statistics established by the National Statistical
Commission (NSC) also suggested the establishment of a fiscal council.
• These recommendations follow similar recommendations from the 13th and 14th finance
commissions, which also advocated the establishment of independent fiscal agencies to review the
government’s adherence to fiscal rules, and to provide independent assessments of budget
proposals.
19.Interest rate derivatives
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has allowed non-residents to participate in the rupee interest rate
derivatives market. This decision was taken with a view to deepening the rupee interest rate swap
(IRS) market.
• With this decision, non-residents of India can undertake rupee interest rate derivative transactions
on recognised stock exchanges, electronic trading platforms and over the counter markets (OTCs).
• What is an Interest-Rate Derivative?
o An interest-rate derivative is a financial instrument with a value that increases and
decreases based on movements in interest rates.
o Interest-rate derivatives are often used as hedges by institutional investors, banks,
companies and individuals to protect themselves against changes in market interest rates,
but they can also be used to increase or refine the holder’s risk profile.
• What is an Interest Rate Swap?
o An interest rate swap is a forward contract in which one stream of future interest payments
is exchanged for another based on a specified principal amount.
o Interest rate swaps usually involve the exchange of a fixed interest rate for a floating rate, or
vice versa, to reduce or increase exposure to fluctuations in interest rates or to obtain a
marginally lower interest rate than would have been possible without the swap.
20.Country-by-country (CbC) reports
• India and the US can now exchange country-by-country (CbC) reports filed by the ultimate parent
corporations based in either of the countries.
• Significance and impact:

o This will reduce the compliance burden on their subsidiaries operating out of these
countries.
o The agreement would enable both the countries to exchange CbC reports filed by the
ultimate parent entities of international groups in the respective jurisdictions, pertaining to
the financial years commencing on or after January 1, 2016.
• Provisions wrt CbC reports:
o The Income Tax Act requires Indian subsidiaries of multinational companies to provide
details of key financial statements from other jurisdictions where they operate. This
provides the IT department with better operational view of such companies, primarily with
regards to revenue and income tax paid.
o The provision was a part of the base erosion and profit shifting action plan, and later
incorporated in IT Act also.
• BEPS Action 13 report:
o The BEPS Action 13 report (Transfer Pricing Documentation and Country-by-Country
Reporting) provides a template for multinational enterprises (MNEs) to report annually and
for each tax jurisdiction in which they do business the information set out therein. This
report is called the Country-by-Country (CbC) Report.
21.Voluntary Retention Route for Foreign Portfolio Investors
• It is a new channel of investment available to FPIs to encourage them to invest in debt markets in
India over and above their investments through the regular route.
• The objective is to attract long-term and stable FPI investments into debt markets while providing
FPIs with operational flexibility to manage their investments.
• When was this route proposed?
o This new investment route was proposed by the central bank in October 2018 at a time the
rupee was weakening against the dollar very sharply.
• How are they different from the regular FPI investments?
o Investments through VRR will be free of the macro-prudential and other regulatory
prescriptions applicable to FPI investments in debt markets, provided FPIs voluntarily
commit to retain a required minimum percentage of their investments in India for a period
of their choice. But the minimum retention period shall be three years, or as decided by RBI.
• How much money can an FPI invest through this route?
o Investments under this route as of now shall be capped at Rs 40,000 crore for VRR-GOVT
and 35,000 crore per annum for VRR-COPR. But the limit could be changed from time to
time based on macro-prudential considerations and assessment of investment demand.
There will be separate limits for investment in government securities and investment in
corporate debt.
• Are there any other facilities for investors through VRR?
o FPIs investing through this route will be eligible to participate in repos for their cash
management, provided that the amount borrowed or lent under repo were not to exceed
10 per cent of the investment under VRR.
o They will also be eligible to participate in any currency or interest rate derivative
instrument, OTC or exchange-traded instrument to manage their interest rate risk or
currency risk.
22.Special Economic Zones Act, 2005
• The Union Cabinet has approved promulgation of an Ordinance to amend the definition of “person”,
as defined in sub-section (v) of section 2 of the Special Economic Zones Act, 2005:
o To include a trust.

o To enable the setting up of a unit in a Special Economic Zone by a trust.
o To provide flexibility to the Central Government to include in this definition of a person, any
entity that the Central Government may notify from time to time.
• What are SEZs?
o Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are geographically delineated ‘enclaves’ in which regulations
and practices related to business and trade differ from the rest of the country and therefore
all the units therein enjoy special privileges.
o The basic idea of SEZs emerges from the fact that, while it might be very difficult to
dramatically improve infrastructure and business environment of the overall economy
‘overnight’, SEZs can be built in a much shorter time, and they can work as efficient enclaves
to solve these problems.
o The SEZ Act, 2005, provides the legal framework for establishment of SEZs and also for units
operating in such zones.
• For further reference on SEZs Act:
http://commerce.gov.in/writereaddata/aboutus/actspdfs/SEZ%20Act,%202005.pdf.
23.Disinvestment
• Disinvestment, or divestment, refers to the act of a business or government selling or liquidating an
asset or subsidiary or the process of dilution of a government’s stake in a PSU (Public Sector
Undertaking).
• Disinvestment policy in India- salient features of the Policy:
o Public Sector Undertakings are the wealth of the Nation and to ensure this wealth rests in
the hands of the people, promote public ownership of CPSEs.
o While pursuing disinvestment through minority stake sale in listed CPSEs, the Government
will retain majority shareholding, i.e. at least 51 per cent of the shareholding and
management control of the Public Sector Undertakings
o Strategic disinvestment by way of sale of substantial portion of Government shareholding in
identified CPSEs upto 50 per cent or more, along with transfer of management control.
• Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM) promote people’s ownership of
Central Public Sector Enterprises to share in their prosperity through disinvestment.

Environment
1. UN Global Assessment of Environmental Laws
• United Nations (UN) has released in its first ever global assessment of environmental laws.
• Key findings:
o The world fares poorly on implementation of environmental laws and regulations.
o Other problems: Poor coordination across government agencies, weak institutional
capacity, lack of access to information, corruption and stifled civic engagement are the key
factors behind the poor effectiveness and implementation of environmental regulations.
o India’s people and the environment have been paying the price for its lethargic and poor
state of environmental governance.
o India ranked 177th out of 180 countries in the 2018 Global Environment Performance Index
(EPI) rankings of the Yale University for being unable to improve its air quality, protect its
biodiversity, and cut its greenhouse gas emissions. It also slipped by 36 points in 2018 from
141 in 2016.
2. Goa introduces tags to protect biodiversity zones
• Goa State Biodiversity Board (GSBB) recently came up with a tagging system to ensure
communities residing within the biodiversity zone get Access Benefit Share (ABS) from their profits.
• The tag will show that the ingredients used are sourced from the nature. Under this, the sellers are
supposed to pay 0.01% of their annual profit to the GSBB and the board will then use this amount
to protect the habitat from where the ingredients are.
3. World Wetlands Day 2019
• World Wetlands Day is celebrated on February 2 each year to mark the Day the Convention on
Wetlands was adopted in the Iranian City of Ramsar in 1971.
• India is a party to the Convention since 1982 and committed to the Ramsar approach of wise use of
wetlands.
• Theme: “Wetlands and Climate Change”.
• About Ramsar convention:
o The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and wise use of
wetlands.
o It is named after the Iranian city of Ramsar, on the Caspian Sea, where the treaty was signed
on 2 February 1971.
o Known officially as ‘the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as
Waterfowl Habitat’ (or, more recently, just ‘the Convention on Wetlands’), it came into
force in 1975.
• Montreux Record:
o Montreux Record under the Convention is a register of wetland sites on the List of
Wetlands of International Importance where changes in ecological character have
occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur as a result of technological developments,
pollution or other human interference.
o It is maintained as part of the Ramsar List. The Montreux Record was established by
Recommendation of the Conference of the Contracting Parties (1990). Sites may be added
to and removed from the Record only with the approval of the Contracting Parties in which
they lie.

4. Elephant Corridors
• Asian Elephant Alliance, an umbrella initiative by five NGOs, has come together to secure 96 out of
the 101 existing corridors used by elephants across 12 States in India.
• Key facts:
o The alliance joined hands to raise the mammoth sum, as money was the main constraint in
securing the land.
o NGOs Elephant Family, International Fund for Animal Welfare, IUCN Netherlands and World
Land Trust have teamed up with Wildlife Trust of India’s (WTI) in the alliance.
• What are Elephant Corridors?
o Elephant corridors are narrow strips of land that connect two large habitats of elephants.
Elephant corridors are crucial to reduce animal fatalities due to accidents and other reasons.
So fragmentation of forests makes it all the more important to preserve migratory corridors.
• MIKE:
o Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) programme is established by the UN
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).
o At the core of the MIKE Programme is the site-based monitoring of elephant mortality.
o MIKE aims to help Elephant range States improve their ability to monitor elephant
populations, detect changes in levels of illegal killing, and use this information to provide
more effective law enforcement.
• Elephant Trade Information System (ETIS):
o ETIS is a comprehensive information system to track illegal trade in ivory and other
elephant products.
o It shares the same objectives as those set out for MIKE, with the difference that its aim is to
record and analyse levels and trends in illegal trade, rather than the illegal killing of
elephants.
• TRAFFIC:
o TRAFFIC is a leading non-governmental organisation working globally on trade in wild
animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity conservation and sustainable
development.
• About Gaj Yatra:
o ‘Gaj Yatra’, a nationwide campaign to protect elephants, was launched on the occasion of
World Elephant Day in 2017. The campaign is planned to cover 12 elephant range states.
The elephant is part of India’s animal heritage and the Government celebrates this day to
spread awareness about the conservation of the species.
o The 15 months campaign will be led by the Wildlife Trust of India (WTI). The campaign aims
to create awareness about elephant corridors to encourage free movement in their habitat.
5. Magnetic north pole drifting fast towards Russia
• News publications across the world have been reporting that the magnetic north pole is drifting fast
from the Canadian Arctic and towards Russia.
• What is Magnetic North Pole? How is it different from Geographic North Pole?
o The Earth has two north poles- magnetic and geographic.
o Geographic north pole- It is northern axis around which the earth rotates and is fixed. The
North Pole is located in the middle of the Arctic Ocean.
o The Magnetic North Pole (also known as the North Dip Pole) is a point on Ellesmere Island
in Northern Canada where the northern lines of attraction enter the Earth.
o A compass needle will point to the Magnetic North Pole – which is different from the
geographic north.

• Origin of Earth’s magnetism:
o The origin of Earth’s magnetism lies in its outer core, a more than 2,000-km layer of liquid
iron and some other metals like nickel, that surrounds the central core, or the innermost
part.
o This liquid iron is in constant motion due to Earth’s rotation and various other reasons, and
this motion produces a magnetic field.
6. Flamingo Sanctuary
• Western side of the Thane creek is a dedicated flamingo sanctuary. Thane Creek is home to
flamingos as well as other migratory and residential bird species. It is Maharashtra’s second marine
sanctuary after the one at Malvan.
• Sanjay Gandhi National Park: Sanjay Gandhi National Park is a protected area near Mumbai. It is
spread over three districts – Palgar, Thane and Mumbai Suburb.
7. Resilient Cities Asia-Pacific (RCAP) Congress 2019
• 4th Resilient Cities Asia-Pacific (RCAP) Congress 2019 was recently organized by the International
Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) in association with South Delhi Municipal
Corporation.
• About Resilient Cities Asia-Pacific:
o It is the annual global platform for urban resilience and climate change adaptation.
o It is convened by ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability and co- hosted by the World
Mayors Council on Climate Change and the City of Bonn.
o It was launched in 2010 with the goal of forging partnerships and dialogues that matter.
o The Asia-Pacific Forum on Urban Resilience and Adaptation – Resilient Cities Asia Pacific
Congress (RCAP) is a response to heightened demand from the Asia Pacific Region, which
encouraged ICLEI to expand the congress series to include Resilient Cities Asia-Pacific,
bringing the event and the focus to the Asia-Pacific region.
o ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability is a global network of more than 1,750 local and
regional governments committed to sustainable urban development.
8. Western Disturbance
• It is an extratropical storm originating in the Mediterranean region that brings sudden winter rain
to the north-western parts of the Indian sub-continent. It is a non-monsoonal precipitation pattern
driven by the westerlies.
• Extratropical storms are a global phenomenon with moisture usually carried in the upper
atmosphere, unlike their tropical storms where the moisture is carried in the lower atmosphere. In
the case of the Indian subcontinent, moisture is sometimes shed as rain when the storm system
encounters the Himalayas.
• Formation:
o Western Disturbance originatesin the Mediterranean Sea as extratropical cyclones. A high-
pressure area over Ukraine and neighbourhood consolidates, causing the intrusion of cold
air from Polar Regions towards an area of relatively warmer air with high moisture.
o This generates favourable conditions for cyclogenesis in the upper atmosphere, which
promotes the formation of an eastward-moving extratropical depression. They gradually
travel across the middle-east from Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan to enter the Indian sub-
continent.
• Impact:

o Plays important role in bringing moderate to heavy rain in low-lying areas and heavy snow to
mountainous areas of the Indian Subcontinent.
o This disturbance is usually associated with cloudy sky, higher night temperatures and
unusual rain. This precipitation has great importance in agriculture, particularly for the Rabi
crops. Wheat among them is one of the most important crops, which helps to meet India’s
food security.
o Excessive precipitation due to this disturbance can cause crop damage, landslides, floods
and avalanches. Over the Indo-Gangetic plains, it occasionally brings cold wave conditions
and dense fog. These conditions remain stable until disturbed by another western
disturbance.
o When western disturbances move across northwest India before the onset of monsoon, a
temporary advancement of monsoon current appears over the region.
9. Cyclone Fani
• It was formed at low pressure region in south east of Sumatra (Indonesian island), which further
intensified into a depression.
• Classification of Tropical Cyclones: The criteria followed by Meteorological Department of India
(IMD) to classify the low-pressure systems in the Bay of Bengal and in the Arabian Sea as adopted
by World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) are as under:
• Terminology:
o Cyclones are given many names in different regions of the world – They are known as
typhoons in the China Sea and Pacific Ocean; hurricanes in the West Indian islands in the
Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean; tornados in the Guinea lands of West Africa and
southern USA.; willy-willies in north-western Australia and tropical cyclones in the Indian
Ocean.
Type of Disturbances Associated Wind Speed in the Circulation
Low pressure Area Less than17 knots (<31 kmph)
Depression 17 to 27 knots (31 to 49 kmph)
Deep Depression 28 to 33 knots (50 to 61 kmph)
Cyclonic Storm 34 to 47 knots (62 to 88 kmph)
Severe Cyclonic Storm 48 to 63 knots (89 to 118 kmph)
Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 64 to 119 knots (119 to 221 kmph)
Super Cyclonic Storm 119 knots and above (221 kmph and above)
10.Bomb Cyclone
• A powerful bomb cyclone had impacted several parts of the US causing heavy floods.
• What is a Bomb cyclone?
o The term is used by meteorologists to indicate a mid-latitude cyclone that intensifies
rapidly.
o A bomb cyclone happens when atmospheric pressure in the middle of the storm drops at
least 24 millibars over 24 hours, quickly increasing in intensity. The lower the pressure, the
stronger the storm.
• How it works?
o Deep drops in barometric pressure occur when a region of warm air meets one of cold air.
The air starts to move and the rotation of the earth creates a cyclonic effect. The direction is

counter clockwise in the Northern hemisphere leading to winds that come out of the
northeast.
• What’s the difference between hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons?
o Hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons are all tropical storms. They are all the same thing but
are given different names depending on where they appear. When they reach populated
areas they usually bring very strong wind and rain which can cause a lot of damage.
o Hurricanes are tropical storms form over the North Atlantic Ocean and Northeast Pacific.
Cyclones are formed over the South Pacific and Indian Ocean. Typhoons are formed over
the Northwest Pacific Ocean.
11.El Nino
• In India, there is a relationship between El Nino events and hotter than usual summers along with a
decrease in rainfall during the monsoon.
• Most of the time, these events have also led to drought conditions. The weak El Nino might have an
effect on the onset and intensity of monsoon.
• In the 135 years between 1880 and 2014, around 90 per
cent of all evolving El Nino years have seen below normal
rainfall, and 65 per cent of them experienced droughts.
• What causes El Nino?
o El Nino sets in when there is anomaly in the
pattern. The westward-blowing trade winds
weaken along the Equator and due to changes in
air pressure, the surface water moves eastwards
to the coast of northern South America. The
central and eastern Pacific regions warm up for
over six months and result in an El Nino
condition. The temperature of the water could
rise up above normal. Warmer surface waters
increase precipitation and bring above-normal
rainfall in South America, and droughts to
Indonesia and Australia.
• What are El Nino’s effects?
What is ENSO?
• ENSO is nothing but El Nino
Southern Oscillation. As the name
suggests, it is an irregular periodic
variation of wind and sea surface
temperature that occurs over the
tropical eastern Pacific Ocean.
ENSO affects the tropics (the
regions surrounding the equator)
and the subtropics (the regions
adjacent to or bordering the
tropics).
• The warming phase of ENSO is
called El Nino, while the cooling
phase is known as La Nina.
• What is El Nino?
• El Nino is a climatic cycle
characterised by high air pressure
in the Western Pacific and low air
pressure in the eastern.
• In normal conditions, strong trade
winds travel from east to west
across the tropical Pacific, pushing
the warm surface waters towards
the western Pacific. The surface
temperature could witness an
increase of 8 degrees Celsius in
Asian waters. At the same time,
cooler waters rise up towards the
surface in the eastern Pacific on
the coasts of Ecuador, Peru, and
Chile.
• This process called upwelling aids
in the development of a rich
ecosystem.

o El Nino affects global weather. It favours eastern Pacific hurricanes and tropical storms.
Record an unusual rainfall in Peru, Chile and Ecuador are linked to the climate pattern.
o El Nino reduces upwelling of cold water, decreasing the uplift of nutrients from the bottom of
the ocean. This affects marine life and sea birds. The fishing industry is also affected.
o Drought caused by El Nino can be widespread, affecting southern Africa, India, Southeast
Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. Countries dependent on agriculture are affected.
o Australia and Southeast Asia get hotter.
o A recent WHO report on the health consequences of El Nino forecasts a rise in vector-borne
diseases, including those spread by mosquitoes, in Central and South America. Cycles of
malaria in India are also linked to El Nino.
12.Natural Capital Accounting
• Natural capital includes all of the resources that we easily recognize and measure, like minerals,
energy, timber, agricultural land, fisheries and water.
• It also includes the ecosystem services that are often “invisible” to most people, such as air
and water filtration, flood protection, carbon storage, pollination of crops, and habitats for wildlife.
• These values are not readily captured in markets, so we don’t really know how much they
contribute to the economy.
• Why does natural capital matter for economic growth? Isn’t GDP enough?
o Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the value of goods and services produced over one
year. This is an incomplete assessment of a country’s economic wellbeing because GDP
only looks at one part of economic performance—output— but tells us nothing about
income in the long term.
o GDP doesn’t take into account the wealth underpinning this output. For example, when a
country exploits its minerals, it is actually using up its finite mineral wealth.
o A full picture of a country’s wealth – obtained through a methodology called ‘wealth
accounting’ – includes all assets that contribute to our economic wellbeing, from buildings
and factory machines, to infrastructure, human and social capital, and natural capital.
o Currently GDP ignores natural capital.
• What are natural capital accounts? How are they different from the accounts that countries keep
now?
o Natural Capital Accounts (NCA) are sets of unbiased data for material natural resources,
such as forests, energyand water. NCA follow an international standard approved by the
United Nations Statistical Commission, called the System for Environmental-Economic
Accounts (SEEA).
o Countries already produce datasets based on the internally agreed System of National
Accounts (SNA). These datasets describe a country’s economic performance, and form the
basis for calculating GDP and other well-known economic indicators, such as balance of
trade and household consumption.
o While national accounts are limited to the production boundary of the economy, natural
capital accounts go beyond that, to account for natural goods and services.
• Natural Capital Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services (NCAVES)
o The project Is launched by the United Nations Statistics Division, the UNEP, the Secretariat
of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and the European Union.
o Funded by the European Union through its Partnership Instrument (PI), NCAVES aims to
assist the five participating partner countries, namely Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South
Africa, to advance the knowledge agenda on environmental- economic accounting, in
particular ecosystem accounting.
o The project will have a duration until the end of 2020.

• Inclusive Wealth Index (IWI)
o The UN International Human Dimensions Programme has created an inclusive
sustainability indicator, the Inclusive Wealth Index (IWI), which measures the productive
bases of an economy: produced, natural and human capital, and based on these three
assessments, calculates the trajectory of a country's wealth.
• Bank of Natural Capital:
o It is an educational initiative associated with The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity
(TEEB) to communicate natural capital investment and value theory related to what are
sometimes called "economic intangibles" to the global public.
13.EnviStats-India 2019
• EnviStats-India 2019 is released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
(MoSPI)
• Key Findings:
o India’s economic growth, took a toll on its natural assets like forests, food, clean air, etc.
o 11 states have registered a decline in natural capital between 2005 and 2015
o In the last 6 years, the rate of growth of forest stock has reduced by more than 10% in almost
all states.
o Monitoring the natural capital is important and should be one of the determiners for
sustainable development, says the report.
o The report also reveals few positive trends. For example, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,
Jharkhand, Kerala, Maharashtra and Odisha show an increase in parameters such as
transition of fallow land to farmland, increase in forest cover along with growing carbon
stock and new sources of minerals.
14.Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES)
• Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES) is a World Bank-led global
partnership that aims to promote sustainable development by ensuring that natural resources are
mainstreamed in development planning and national economic accounts.
• WAVES was launched at the 2010 Convention on Biological Diversity meeting in Nagoya, Japan.
• This global partnership brings together a broad coalition of UN agencies (UNEP, UNDP, UNCEEA),
governments, international institutes, nongovernmental organizations and academics to
implement Natural Capital Accounting (NCA) where there are internationally agreed standards,
and develop approaches for other ecosystem service accounts.
• By working with central banks and ministries of planning and finance across the world to integrate
natural resources into development planning through NCA, to enable more informed decision
making that can ensure genuine green growth and long-term advances in wealth and human well-
being.
• Objectives:
o Help countries adopt and implement accounts that are relevant for policies and compile a
body of experience
o Develop approaches to ecosystem accounting methodology
o Establish a global platform for training and knowledge sharing
o Build international consensus around natural capital accounting
15.Global Cooling Coalition
• The first-ever global coalition on clean and efficient cooling was launched at the recently held First
Global Conference on Synergies between the 2030 Agenda and Paris Agreement in Copenhagen,
Denmark.

• The Global Cool Coalition is a unified front that links action across the Kigali Amendment, Paris
Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals.
• Objective: It is expected to inspire ambition, identify solutions and mobilise action to accelerate
progress towards clean and efficient cooling.
• Supporters: Besides the UN, it is supported by the Climate and Clean Air Coalition, the Kigali
Cooling Efficiency Program and Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL).
• Composition: It includes government officials from Chile, Rwanda, Denmark as well as leaders from
civil society, research and academia.
16.Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL)
• Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) is an International Organization working with leaders in
government, the private sector and civil society to drive further, faster action toward achievement
of Sustainable Development Goal 7, which calls for universal access to sustainable energy by 2030,
and the Paris Climate Agreement, which calls for reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit
climate warming to below 2 degrees Celsius.
• Former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon launched SEforALL in September 2011 as a global
initiative that would mobilize action by these diverse actors in support of SDG7’s three core
objectives:
o ensuring universal access to modern energy services
o doubling the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix
o doubling the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency
• SEforALL’s global team is based in Vienna, Austria and Washington, D.C.
• It is combined partnership of World Bank and UN
• Global Tracking Framework Report
o It is a Multi-Tier Framework (MTF) for measuring energy access commissioned by SE4ALL.
o Responsibility for the development of the Global Tracking Framework was assigned to a
Steering Group, which is co-chaired by the World Bank’s Energy Sector Management
Assistance Program (ESMAP) and the International Energy Agency (IEA).
o Its members are:
▪ Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (“the Alliance”)
▪ International Institutefor Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)
▪ International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC)
▪ International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
▪ Renewable Energy Network for the 21st Century (REN21)
▪ UN Energy
▪ UN Foundation
▪ United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP)
▪ United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
▪ United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
▪ World Energy Council (WEC)
▪ World Health Organization (WHO)
▪ Practical Action
17.Central Monitoring Committee to Check River Pollution
• The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has formed a Central Monitoring Committee to prepare and
enforce a national plan to make over 350 river stretches across the country pollution free.
• Composition: The committee would comprise a representative of NITI Aayog, secretaries of
Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Urban Development and Ministry of Environment, the
director general of National Mission for Clean Ganga and the Chairman of the Central Pollution

Control Board. The Chairman of CPCB will be the nodal authority for coordination. The chief
secretaries of the states will act as the nodal agency at the state level.
• Objective: The committee has been composed to monitor pollution of rivers. The central
monitoring committee will coordinate with the River Rejuvenation Committees of the states and
oversee the execution of the action plans, taking into account the timelines, budgetary mechanism
and other factors.
18.Sustainable India Finance Facility (SIFF)
• The Sustainable India Finance Facility (SIFF) is an innovative partnership between UN Environment,
World Agroforestry Centre and BNP Paribas which aims to ‘leverage private finance for public
good’ inIndia.
• SIFF brings together governments, the private sector, academia and communities to scale up
sustainable investment in natural resource management, renewable energy production, and rural
livelihoods.
• Key Projects of SIFF:
o Zero Budget Natural Farming in Andhra Pradesh
o Conservation and Livelihoods Generation in the WesternGhats
o Improving Air Quality and Community Health in Northern India
19.Forest Fires
• Odisha had registered a sudden jump in forest fires across the State resulting in massive damage to
flora and fauna.
• Causes of Forest Fire:
o Forest fires are caused by Natural causes as well as Man-made or anthropogeniccauses.
o Natural causes such as lightning which set trees on fire. High atmospheric temperatures and
low humidity offer favourable circumstance for a fire to start.
o Man-made causes like flame, cigarette, electric spark or any source of ignition will also
cause forestfires.
o Traditionally Indian forests have been affected
by fires. The problem has been aggravated with
rising human and cattle population and the
increase in demand for grazing, shifting
cultivation and Forest products by individuals
and communities.
o High temperature, wind speed and direction,
level of moisture in soil and atmosphere and
duration of dry spells can intensify the forest
fires.
• How does government get informed on Forest Fire?
o When a fire is detected by NASA’s MODIS
(Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer) and VIIRS (Visible Infrared
Imaging Radiometer Suite) satellites, the Forest
Survey of India (FSI) analyses the data by
overlaying the digitised boundaries of forest
areas to pinpoint the location to the exact
forest compartment.
o The FSI relays news of the fire to the concerned State, so that the Divisional Forest Officer
(DFO) in charge of the forest where the fire is raging is informed.
• About MODIS:
• MODIS (or Moderate Resolution
Imaging Spectroradiometer) is a
key instrument aboard the Terra
(originally known as EOS AM-1)
and Aqua (originally known as EOS
PM-1) satellites.
• Terra’s orbit around the Earth is
timed so that it passes from north
to south across the equator in the
morning, while Aqua passes south
to north over the equator in the
afternoon.
• Terra MODIS and Aqua MODIS are
viewing the entire Earth’s surface
every 1 to 2 days, acquiring data in
36spectral bands, or groups of
wavelengths.

20.Face of Disasters 2019 Report
• The Face of Disasters 2019 report was recently published by Sustainable Environment and
Ecological Development Society (SEEDS).
• The report released by SEEDS as part of its 25th anniversary, analyses past trends, looking at
disasters from a broader perspective to capture their varied facets.
• About SEEDS:
o SEEDS, a non profit voluntary organization, is a collective endeavor of young professionals
drawn from development related fields.
o Functions: It is involved in research activities in Community Development, Disaster
Management, Environmental Planning, Transport Planning, and Urban and Regional
Planning. Activities are carried out on behalf of government, semi – government and
international development agencies.
21.Connect4Climate
• Connect4Climate is a global partnership program launched by the World Bank Group and the
Italian Ministry of Environment, Land and Sea, together with the German Federal Ministry for
Economic Cooperation and Development, that takes on climate change by supporting ambitious
leadership, promoting transformative solutions and empowering collective action.
• The Connect4Climate community connects about 500 partners around the world including civil
society groups, media networks, international organizations, academic institutions, youth groups,
and the private sector.
• Connect4Climate interacts with a global audience of more than a million individuals who participate
on Connect4Climate's social media channels, including Facebook, Twitter, Vimeo, YouTube, Flickr,
LinkedIn, and Instagram.
22.Program on Forests (PROFOR)
• The Program on Forests (PROFOR) was created in 1997 to support in-depth analysis, innovative
processes and knowledge- sharing and dialogue, in the belief that sound forest policy can lead to
better outcomes on issues ranging from livelihoods and financing, to illegal logging, biodiversity and
climate change.
• PROFOR encourages a big-picture approach to forest conservation and management in developing
countries.
• The World Bank houses PROFOR's Secretariat.
23.Rice Knowledge Bank – Assam
• To bridge the gap between research and practice in rice production, the International Rice
Research Institute (IRRI), in collaboration with the Government of Assam, Assam Agriculture
University, and the World Bank funded Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project
(APART) developed the Rice Knowledge Bank, Assam (RKB, Assam)—a digital extension service
that provides practical knowledge solutions, specialized for small-scale farmers for the state of
Assam.
• About Rice Knowledge Banks:
o Rice Knowledge Bank (RKB)—a digital extension service that provides practical knowledge
solutions, specialized for small- scale farmers in developing countries.
o RKB showcases rice production techniques, agricultural technologies, and best farming
practices based on IRRI’s pool of knowledge from research findings, learning and media
resources, and in- country projects.

24.Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary
• With the number of tigers steadily on the rise at Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary in Uttarakhand, the
authorities feel upgrading it to a tiger reserve is necessary for the conservation of tigers at the
facility.
• Nandhaur Wildlife Sanctuary is situated close to the Nandhaur river in Kumaon region of the State.
25.Toluene
• Toluene is one of the petrochemical wastes that get released without treatment from industries
such as refineries, paint, textile, paper and rubber.
• Toluene has been reported to cause serious health problems to aquatic life, and studies point that it
has genotoxic and carcinogenic effects on human beings.
26.Earth Day
• It is an annual event, organized to show support for environmental protection around the world on
April 22.
• Earth Day was founded by American senator Gaylord Nelson for environmental education.
• This day commenced on April 22, 1970. In the year 2020, the 50th anniversary of the first Earth
Day will be celebrated.
• Theme of Earth Day 2019: Protect Our Species.
27.East Asian-Australasian Flyway (EAAF)
• In a first, east Asian birds make Andaman stopover. These birds also use Andaman and Nicobar
Islands for a few weeks rest before they can fly along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway (EAAF).
• The routes that migratory waterbirds traverse on an annual basis are known as ‘flyways’. There are
nine major flyway around the world.
• The East Asian – Australasian Flyway (EAAF) stretches from the Russian Far East and Alaska,
southwards through East Asia and South-east Asia, to Australia and New Zealand and encompasses
22 countries.
• During migration, waterbirds rely on a system of highly productive wetlands to rest and feed,
building up sufficient energy to fuel the next phase of their journey.
28.Indian Bullfrogs
• A study has found that the Indian bullfrogs introduced in the Andaman Islands are invasive, and eat
native wildlife including fish and lizards.
• The Indian bullfrog (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus) is native to the Indian subcontinent. It is a large
species of frog found in mainland Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nepal.
• Other names: Indus Valley bullfrog, Asia bullfrog.
• The bullfrogs are prolific breeders: they have short breeding seasons, and each egg clutch can
contain up to 5,750 eggs.
• Its tadpoles are carnivorous and eat other tadpoles, including their own species.
• They prefer freshwater wetlands and aquatic habitats. Generally, they avoid coastal and forest
areas.
29.Eurasian Lynx
• The Eurasian Lynx, found currently only in Ladakh and some parts of Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir,
may have found its way into the Kashmir Valley, according to a report.
• If confirmed, the lynx would be the third smaller cat species reported from the Kashmir Valley. The
other two include the Jungle Cat and the Leopard Cat.

• The Eurasian Lynx or Ee in Ladakhi is one of the medium-sized wild cats which roam the high and
cold snow-covered mountains of Ladakh. The cat is agile and strong and is high adapted to the thin
air atmosphere of Ladakh.
• It inhabits temperate and boreal forests up to an altitude of 5,500 m (18,000 ft). Because of its wide
distribution, it has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2008.
30.Yangtze giant softshell turtles
• The only known female member of one of the world’s rarest turtle species
has died at a zoo in southern China.
• The animal was one of four Yangtze giant softshell turtles known to be
remaining in the world. The Suzhou zoo, where the female turtle lived, also
houses a male Yangtze giant softshell turtle. The other two live in Vietnam.
• It is also known as the Red River giant softshell turtle, Shanghai softshell turtle, Swinhoe’s softshell
turtleor speckled softshell turtle.
• It is listed as critically endangered in the IUCN Red List. It may be the largest living freshwater turtle
in the world.
31.Aquaponic and Hydroponic methods of Agriculture
• Aquaponic method combines aquaculture — cultivating fish and other aquatic animals in tanks —
with hydroponics, where plants are cultivated in water.
• The water from the fish tank is pumped onto the beds where plants grow. While the fish excretions
provide nutrients for the plants, the clean water is recirculated back to the fish tank.
• While the initial cost to set up the facility would be high, the recurring cost is low in aquaponics
and there are two sources of revenue: Fish and Vegetables.
• Hydroponics can save up to 90% water than conventional agriculture.
32.Bamboo Rice
• Four decades later, bamboo rice shows up in Odisha. The rare variety, which was last harvested in
Chandaka-Dampara Wildlife Sanctuary in 1979, grows twice or thrice in a century.
• What is Bamboo Rice?
o Bamboo rice is special rice that is grown out of a dying bamboo shoot.
o When the bamboo shoot breathes its last, it flowers into a rare variety of rice seeds, which
are known as bamboo rice.
• The Process of Storing Bamboo Rice:
o Given the unpredictable flowering and thorniness of the bamboo, this makes no easy rice
harvest.
o To get perfect polished bamboo rice, the area around the base of each bamboo is cleaned
and all the debris formed is removed.
o The base is then smoothed with a slush of clay and kept to dry.
o Once dried, the bamboo rice is then stored in to the prepared surface and gathered to be
consumed.
33.Rainfed agriculture atlas
• A new rainfed agriculture atlas has been released recently. It has been released by Revitalising
Rainfed Agriculture (RRA) Network.
• The atlas not only maps the agro biodiversity and socio-economic conditions prevailing in such
areas, but also attempts to document the policy biases that are making farming unviable for many
in these areas.

34.The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture 2019
• The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has
released its report- “The State of the World’s
Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture 2019.”
• The report highlights the growing practice
of monoculture —cultivation of a single crop at a
given area — in food production around the world.
• The report lists drivers of change affecting
biodiversity for food and agriculture, including:
o Population growth and urbanization.
o Over-exploitation and over-harvesting.
o Changes in land and water use and
management.
o Pests, diseases and invasive alien species.
o Climate change.
o Pollution and external inputs.
o Natural disasters.
o Markets, trade and the private sector.
35.Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT)
• The government recently handed over the 100th Letter of Intent (LOI) to the Compressed Bio-Gas
(CBG) Entrepreneur (producer) under the SATAT scheme.
• About the initiative:
o The initiative is aimed at providing a
Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable
Transportation (SATAT) as a developmental
effort that would benefit both vehicle-users
as well as farmers and entrepreneurs.
o CBG produced at these plants will be
transported through cascades of cylinders
to the fuel station networks of OMCs for
marketing as a green transport fuel
alternative.
o The entrepreneurs would be able to
separately market the other by-products
from these plants, including bio-manure,
carbon-dioxide, etc., to enhance returns on
investment.
o It is planned to roll out 5,000 Compressed
Bio-Gas plants across India in a phased
manner.
• Background:
o Bio-gas is produced naturally through a
process of anaerobic decomposition from
waste / bio-mass sources like agriculture
residue, cattle dung, sugarcane press mud,
municipal solid waste, sewage treatment
plant waste, etc.
Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG):
• Compressed Bio-Gas is exactly similar
to the commercially available natural
gas in its composition and energy
potential. With calorific value
(~52,000 KJ/kg) and other properties
similar to CNG, Compressed Bio-Gas
can be used as an alternative,
renewable automotive fuel.
• Compressed Bio-Gas has the potential
to replace CNG in automotive,
industrial and commercial uses in the
coming years.
• Compressed Bio-Gas can be produced
from various bio-mass/waste
sources, including agricultural
residue, municipal solid waste,
sugarcane press mud, distillery spent
wash, cattle dung and sewage
treatment plant waste. The other
waste streams, i.e, rotten potatoes
from cold storages, rotten vegetables,
dairy plants, chicken/poultry litter,
food waste, horticulture waste,
forestry residues and treated organic
waste from industrial effluent
treatment plants (ETPs) can be used
to generate biogas.

o After purification, it is compressed and called CBG, which has pure methane content of over
95%.
36.Small Grants Programme (SGP)
• A workshop on Small Grants Programme (SGP) was recently held in New Delhi.
• About Small Grants Programme (SGP):
o Global Environment Facility GEF Small Grants Programme (SGP) provides financial and
technical support to communities and Civil Society Organizations to meet the overall
objective of global environmental benefits secured through community-based initiatives and
actions.
o It was launched in 1992 with 33 participating countries.
o The Program is specifically designed to mobilize bottom-up actions by empowering local civil
society organizations, and poor and vulnerable communities, including women and
Indigenous Peoples.
• How it functions?
o Through a decentralized, national-level delivery mechanism, SGP finances community-led
initiatives to address global environmental issues.
o It is currently implemented by UNDP on behalf of the GEF partnership.
o The Programme funds grants up to a maximum of $50,000. In practice, the average grant
has been around $25,000. In addition, the SGP provides a maximum of $150,000 for
strategic projects.
37.Asiatic Lion Conservation Project
• The Centre and the Gujarat government have announced a Rs. 97.85 crore Asiatic Lion
Conservation Project.
• Key features of the project:
o Undertaking “habitat improvement” measures, making more sources of water available,
creating a wildlife crime cell, and a task force for the Greater Gir region. ‘Greater Gir’ that
includes, other than the existing Gir National Park, sanctuaries in Girnar, Pania and Mitiyala.
o GPS-based tracking system, which would look at surveillance tracking, animal and vehicle
tracking. There would also be an automated sensor grid that would have magnetic sensors,
movement sensors and infra-red heat sensors.
o A key outcome of the project is to have a dedicated veterinary institute, lion ambulances
and back-up stocks of vaccines that may be required.
• Relocation of lions:
o The Kuno-Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh was identified to be the most
suitable for reintroducing the species, according to a Supreme Court-appointed technical
expert committee, but there has been no progress on the proposal.
o The SC in April 2013 had ordered the translocation of some lions from Gujarat to Madhya
Pradesh within six months, but this hasn’t happened.
o Asiatic Lions are listed as ‘Endangered’ under the IUCN Red List.
o Its population is restricted to the state of Gujarat in India.
o With serious conservation efforts of the State and the Union Government, the population of
Asiatic lions have increased to over 500 which used to be around 50 by late 1890s.
o As per the 2015 census, there were a total of 523 Asiatic Lions in Gir Protected Area
Network.

38.Dolphin Census
• Annual Dolphin census was recently carried out in Odisha by the state’s forest and environment
department.
• The census covered important aquatic ecosystems in the state including the Chilika lake, India’s
largest brackish water lagoon, the Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary and its nearby areas within the
Bhitarkanika National Park in Kendrapara district, Balasore district and the mouth of the
Rushukulya River in Ganjam district.
• Important findings:
o Population declined from 469 in 2018 to 259 this year. The reduction in the number of
dolphins compared to last year could be due to the migration of species from the Chilika
Lake and other water bodies to the deep sea.
o Gahirmatha is the home of the state’s largest dolphin population, having 126 animals. More
dolphins were found in Gahirmatha than Chilika due to its bigger areas.
o After Gahirmatha, Chilika had the next largest population at 113.
o The dolphin species sighted during the state-wide census included the Irrawaddy, the Bottle
Nose and the Humpback.
• Key facts:
o Dolphins have been included in Schedule I of the Indian Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972, in
Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), in
Appendix II of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) and categorised as ‘Endangered’
on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List.
39.Green India Mission
• According to a Parliamentary committee report, Green India Mission, aimed at “protecting,
restoring and enhancing India’s diminishing forest cover and responding to climate change”, is
grossly underfunded.
• About Green India Mission:
o GIM is one of the eight missions launched under the National Action Plan on Climate
Change (NAPCC).
o GIM was launched in 2015.
o The objective of the mission is to increase green cover to the extent of 5 million hectares
(mha) and improve quality of existing green cover on another 5 mha, improve eco-system
services like carbon sequestration, hydrological services and biodiversity and provisioning
services like fuel, fodder, and timber and non-timber forest produces (NTFPs).
o It also has to increase forest-based livelihood income for about 3 million households.
40.Cheetah reintroduction project
• The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) recently told a bench of the Supreme Court
that African cheetahs would be translocated in India from Namibia and would be kept at Nauradehi
wildlife sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh.
• International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has given a ‘no objection’ for the
translocation.
• Facts:
o The cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus, is one of the oldest of the big cat species, with ancestors
that can be traced back more than five million years to the Miocene era.
o The cheetah is also the world’s fastest land mammal, an icon of nature. With great speed
and dexterity, the cheetah is known for being an excellent hunter, its kills feeding many
other animals in its ecosystem—ensuring that multiple species survive.

o The country’s last spotted feline died in Chhattisgarh in 1947. Later, the cheetah was
declared extinct in India in 1952.
• Cheetah reintroduction programme in India:
o The Wildlife Institute of India had prepared a ₹260-crore cheetah re-introduction project six
years ago.
o Nauradehi was found to be the most suitable area for the cheetahs as its forests are not
very dense to restrict the fast movement of the spotted cat. Besides, the prey base for
cheetahs is also in abundance at the sanctuary.
o According to the earlier action plan, around 20 cheetahs were to be translocated to
Nauradehi from Namibia in Africa. The Namibia Cheetah Conservation Fund had then
showed its willingness to donate the felines to India. However, the State was not ready to
finance the plan contending that it was the Centre’s project.
41.New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos 2019
• India and four rhino range nations have signed a declaration ‘The New Delhi Declaration on Asian
Rhinos 2019’ for the conservation and protection of the species at the recently held Second Asian
Rhino Range Countries meeting.
• 2nd Asian Rhino Range Countries meeting was held at New Delhi and organised by the Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change of Government of India in collaboration with the IUCN
Asian Rhino Specialist Group, WWF- India and Aaranyak.
• Key facts:
o India will collaborate with Bhutan, Nepal, Indonesia and Malaysia to increase the population
of three species of Asian rhinos, including the Greater one-horned rhinoceros found in the
Indian sub-continent.
o The declaration was signed to conserve and review the population of the Greater one-
horned, Javan and Sumatran rhinos every four years to reassess the need for joint actions to
secure their future.
o The declaration includes undertaking studies on health issues of the rhinos, their potential
diseases and taking necessary steps; collaborating and strengthening wildlife forensics for
the purpose of investigation and strengthening of transboundary collaboration among India,
Nepal and Bhutan for the conservation and protection of the Greater one-horned rhino.
42.Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016
• Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has amended the Hazardous and Other
Wastes (Management & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016.
• Some of the salient features of the Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management& Transboundary
Movement) Amendment Rules, 2019 are as follows:
o Solid plastic waste has been prohibited from import into the country including in Special
Economic Zones (SEZ) and by Export Oriented Units (EOU).
o Exporters of silk waste have now been given exemption from requiring permission from the
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
o Electrical and electronic assemblies and components manufactured in and exported from
India, if found defective can now be imported back into the country, within a year of
export, without obtaining permission from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change.
o Industries which do not require consent under Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act 1974 and Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, are now exempted from
requiring authorization also under the Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management &
Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016, provided that hazardous and other wastes

generated by such industries are handed over to the authorized actual users, waste
collectors or disposal facilities.
• What is hazardous waste and what are the concerns associated with it?
o Hazardous waste is the waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or
the environment.
o The sources of hazardous waste are basically agricultural and agro industries, medical
facilities, commercial centres, household and the informal sectors.
o It cannot be disposed of by common means like other by products of our daily lives.
43.India Cooling Action Plan
• India Cooling Action Plan Launched.
• India is the first country in world to develop such a document (ICAP), which addresses cooling
requirement across sectors and lists out actions which can help reduce the cooling demand.
• The overarching goal is to provide sustainable cooling and thermal comfort for all while securing
environmental and socio-economic benefits for the society.
• The broad objectives of the India Cooling Action Plan include:
o Assessment of cooling requirements across sectors in next 20 years and the associated
refrigerant demand and energy use.
o Map the technologies available to cater the cooling requirement including passive
interventions, refrigerant-based technologies and alternative technologies such as not-in-
kind technologies.
o Suggest interventions in each sector to provide for sustainable cooling and thermal comfort
for all.
o Focus on skilling of RAC service technicians.
o Develop an R&D innovation ecosystem for indigenous development of alternative
technologies.
44.Sundarban Wetland
• The Indian Sundarban was accorded the status of ‘Wetland of International Importance’ under
the Ramsar Convention.
• The Sundarbans comprises hundreds of islands and a network of rivers, tributaries and creeks in the
delta of the Ganga and the Brahmaputra at the mouth of the Bay of Bengal in India and
Bangladesh.
• Located on the southwestern part of the delta, the Indian Sundarban constitutes over 60% of the
country’s total mangrove forest area.
• It is the 27th Ramsar Site in India, and is now the largest protected wetland in the country.
• The Indian Sundarban, also a UNESCO world heritage site, is home to the Royal Bengal Tiger.
• It is also home to a large number of “rare and globally threatened species, such as the critically
endangered northern river terrapin (Batagur baska), the endangered Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella
brevirostris), and the vulnerable fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus).”
• Two of the world’s four horseshoe crab species, and eight of India’s 12 species of kingfisher are also
found here.
• How did Sundarban qualify?
o The Indian Sundarban met four of the nine criteria required for the status of ‘Wetland of
International Importance’ — presence of rare species and threatened ecological
communities, biological diversity, significant and representative fish and fish spawning
ground and migration path.

45.Global Environment Outlook
• Global Environment Outlook report has been released. The report is the sixth and is the UN’s most
comprehensive report on the state of the global environment since the fifth edition in 2012.
• About GEO report:
o The GEO is often referred to as UN Environment’s flagship environmental assessment.
o The first publication was in 1997 and was originally requested by Member States.
o It is a flagship report because it fulfills the core functions of the organization, which date
back to the UN General Assembly resolution that established the UNEP in 1972.
46.Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (PTR)
• In a first, Uttar Pradesh had conducted otter census, beginning in the Pilibhit Tiger Reserve.
• About Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (PTR):
o PTR is in the foothills of the Himalayas, south of Nepal. The reserve sprawls across parts of
Pilibhit, Lakhimpur Kheri and Bahraich districts.
o With the Sharda and Ghaghara rivers encircling a considerable part of the reserve, it is rich
in water bodies.
o The forests of PTR are to home to tigers, leopards, elephants, different species of deer and
monkeys and reptiles like snakes, mugger crocodiles and gharials.
• Otters:
o Otters are an important part of the forest ecosystem. A thriving population of otters means
a healthy ecosystem.
o A mammal, an otter spends much of its time in or close to water bodies. Otters live on fish.
o They are classified as vulnerable.
47.UN Environment Assembly
• The Fourth Environment Assembly was held in Nairobi, focusing on the theme “Innovative
solutions for environmental challenges and sustainable consumption and production”.
• About UN Environment Assembly:
o The United Nations Environment Assembly is the world’s highest-level decision-making
body on the environment. It addresses the critical environmental challenges facing the
world today.
o The Environment Assembly meets biennially to set priorities for global environmental
policies and develop international environmental law.
o The Assembly is the governing body of the UN Environment Programme (UN Environment)
and the successor of its Governing Council, which was composed of 58 member States.
o The UN Environment Assembly, with a universal membership, is now composed of 193
Member States.
• History of the United Nations Environment Assembly:
o The United Nations Environment Assembly was created in June 2012, when world leaders
called for UN Environment to be strengthened and upgraded during the United Nations
Conference on Sustainable Development, also referred to as RIO+20.
o The Third Environment Assembly took place in Nairobi in December 2017 under the
overarching theme “Towards a pollution-free planet”.
48.Certification Standard for Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)
• The council of Programme for Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC), a Geneva-based non-
profit, has decided to endorse the Certification Standard for Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)
developed by Network for Certification and Conservation of Forests (NCCF), an Indian non-profit.
• PEFC provides independent third-party certification for sustainable forest management.

• Key facts:
o The NCCF was set up in 2015 by representatives of forest-based industries, non-profits,
forest auditors and government forest departments with an aim to set standards for
certifying India’s forests, their products and their sustainable management.
o The NCCF’s forest certification scheme is aimed to improve India’s forest management
regime.
• What is forest certification?
o Forest certification, a global movement initiated in 1990s after Rio Earth Summit, is a
market-based non-regulatory conservation tool designed to promote sustainable
management of forests and trees outside forests by an independent third party.
49.IUCN red list of threatened species
• The hump-backed Mahseer, found in the waters of the Cauvery, has been added to the IUCN Red
List with Critically Endangered Status.
• The hump-backed mahseer is a large freshwater fish also called the tiger of the water and found
only in the Cauvery river basin including Kerala’s Pambar, Kabini and Bhavani rivers.
• Five other species have also made it to threatened categories: two wild orchids, the Arabian scad
(a marine fish) and two wild coffee species found only in a few localities in the Western Ghats.
• About IUCN red list of threatened species:
o The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the world’s most comprehensive inventory of
the global conservation status of plant and animal species.
o It uses a set of quantitative criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species.
These criteria are relevant to most species and all regions of the world. With its strong
scientific base, The IUCN Red List is recognized as the most authoritative guide to the status
of biological diversity.
• The IUCN Red List Categories:
o The IUCN Red List Categories define the extinction risk of species assessed. Nine categories
extend from NE
(Not Evaluated) to
EX (Extinct).
o Critically
Endangered (CR),
Endangered (EN)
and Vulnerable
(VU) species are considered to be threatened with extinction.
• The IUCN system uses a set of five quantitative criteria to assess the extinction risk of a given
species. In general, these criteria consider:
o The rate of population decline.
o The geographic range.
o Whether the species already possesses a small population size.
o Whether the species is very small or lives in a restricted area.
o Whether the results of a quantitative analysis indicate a high probability of extinction in the
wild.
50.Starry dwarf frog
• Starry dwarf frog- a thumbnail-sized species was recently discovered in
India’s Western Ghats, one of the world’s “hottest” biodiversity
hotspots.

• Scientists have named the frog Astrobatrachus kurichiyana for its constellation-like markings and
the indigenous people of Kurichiyarmala, the hill range where it was found.
• kurichiyana is not only a new species to science. It’s the sole member of an ancient lineage, a long
branch on the frog tree of life that researchers have classified as a new subfamily,
Astrobatrachinae.
51.Grey Hypocolius
• The Grey Hypocolius (Hypocolius ampelinus), a small migratory bird that usually makes its home in
West Asia and North Africa and is a regular visitor to Kutch, has been
sighted in Western Rajasthan for the first time on March 4, 2019.
• The grey hypocolius (Hypocolius ampelinus) is a small passerine bird
species. It is the sole member of the genus Hypocolius and it is placed in a
family of its own, the Hypocoliidae.
• This slender and long tailed bird is found in the dry semi-desert region of
northern Africa, Arabia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and western India. They fly
in flocks and forage mainly on fruits, migrating south in winter.
• Because the species has a large range, and because it does not meet the population size and
decline criteria of the IUCN Red List, the conservation status is evaluated as being of “least
concern”.
52.IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C
• IPCC released a “special report” in Incheon, South Korea on the actions the world needs to take to
prevent global average temperatures from rising beyond 1.5°C as compared to pre-industrial times.
• Limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees would require rapid, far reaching and unprecedented
changes in all aspects of society, the IPCC said.
• It compares the impact of global warming of 1.5 deg C and 2 deg C.
• IPCC has presented four pathways through which the 1.5 degree target can be achieved.
o Each of these pathways is also dependent on some amount of Carbon Dioxide Removal
(CDR).
o It is the physical removal of the stock of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to reduce its
concentrations.
53.Katowice Cop 24 Outcomes
• The 2018 United Nations Climate Change Conference took place in December 2018 in Katowice,
Poland.
• It was the 24th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (COP24).
• It is also referred to as the Katowice Climate Change Conference.
• The most important outcome of COP24 was that the countries have agreed on rules for the
implementation of the 2015 Paris Agreement.
• What was agreed at COP24?
o Countries settled on most of the tricky elements of the “rulebook” for putting the 2015
Paris agreement into practice.
o This includes how governments will measure, report on and verify their emissions-cutting
efforts, a key element because it ensures all countries are held to proper standards and will
find it harder to wriggle out of their commitments.
o This global deal is meant for climate actions by all the countries across the globe post-2020.
• What it contains?

o The Katowice package includes guidelines that will operationalize the transparency
framework.
o It sets out how countries will provide information about their Nationally Determined
Contributions (NDCs) that describe their domestic climate actions. This information includes
mitigation and adaptation measures as well as details of financial support for climate action
in developing countries.
• Besides transparency framework, the Katowice package also includes guidelines that relate to the
process for establishing new targets on finance from 2025 onwards to follow-on from the current
target of mobilizing $100 billion per year from 2020 to support developing countries.
• It also includes how to conduct the Global Stocktake (GST) of the effectiveness of climate action in
2023 and how to assess progress on the development and transfer of technology.

Polity
1. President’s address to both Houses of Parliament
• The President’s address to the joint sitting of Parliament at the beginning of the Budget Session
every year is a Constitutional requirement.
• What does the Constitution say about this?
o Article 87(1) says: “At the commencement of the first session after each general election to
the House of the People and at the commencement of the first session of each year the
President shall address both Houses of Parliament assembled together and inform
Parliament of the causes of its summons.” No other business is transacted till the President
has addressed both Houses of Parliament assembled together.
o First Constitutional Amendment: Originally, the Constitution required the President to
address both Houses of Parliament at the commencement of “every session”. This
requirement was changed by the First Amendment to the Constitution.
• President’s address:
o The President’s speech essentially highlights the government’s policy priorities and plans
for the upcoming year. It is drafted by the Cabinet, and provides a broad framework of the
government’s agenda and direction.
2. Motion of Thanks
• The President makes an address to a joint sitting of Parliament at the start of the Budget session. It
is essentially a statement of the legislative and policy achievements of the government during the
preceding year and gives a broad indication of the agenda for the year ahead.
• The address is followed by a motion of thanks moved in each House by ruling party MPs. During
the session, political parties discuss the motion of thanks also suggesting amendments.
• Amendments to the “Motion of Thanks”:
o Notices of amendments to Motion of Thanks on the President’s Address can be tabled after
the President has delivered his Address.
o Amendments may refer to matters contained in the Address as well as to matters, in the
opinion of the member, the Address has failed to mention.
o Amendments can be moved to the Motion of Thanks in such form as may be considered
appropriate by the Speaker.
• Limitations:
o The only limitations are that members cannot refer to matters which are not the direct
responsibility of the Central Government and that the name of the President cannot be
brought in during the debate since the Government and not the President is responsible for
the contents of the Address.
• Provisions governing them:
o President’s Address and Motion of Thanks are governed by Articles 86 (1) and 87 (1) of the
Constitution and Rules 16 to 24 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok
Sabha.
• Its passage:
o Members of Parliament vote on this motion of thanks. This motion must be passed in both
of the houses.
o A failure to get motion of thanks passed amounts to defeat of government and leads to
collapse of government. This is why, the Motion of Thanks is deemed to be a no-confidence
motion.

3. Official Secrets Act
• The law meant for ensuring secrecy and confidentiality in governance, mostly on national security
and espionage issues.
• The Indian Official Secrets Act, 1904 was enacted during the time of Lord Curzon, Viceroy of India
from 1899 to 1905.
• One of the main purposes of the Act was to muzzle the voice of nationalist publications.
• The Indian Official Secrets Act (Act No XIX of 1923) replaced the earlier Act, and was extended to all
matters of secrecy and confidentiality in governance in the country.
• Ambit of the Act:
o The secrecy law broadly deals with two aspects — spying or espionage, which is dealt with
in Section 3 of the Act, and disclosure of other secret information of the government, which
is dealt with in Section 5. The secret information can be any official code, password, sketch,
plan, model, article, note, document or information.
4. Compensation for Victims
• The Code of Criminal Procedure was amended in 2008 to insert Section 357A under which every
State government has to prepare a scheme to set up a fund from which compensation can be
paid to victims of crime and their dependants who have suffered loss and injury and who may
requirerehabilitation.
• The Centre has a Central Victim Compensation Fund.
• On Supreme Court directions, the National Legal Services Authority has prepared a compensation
scheme for women victims and survivors of sexual assault and other crimes. Many States have
notified schemes on these lines.
5. Systematic Voters Education and Electoral Participation (SVEEP)
• SVEEP is a programme of multi interventions through different modes and media designed to
educate citizens, electors and voters about the electoral process in order to increase their
awareness and participation in the electoral processes.
• SVEEP is designed according to the socio-economic, cultural and demographic profile of the state as
well as the history of electoral participation in previous rounds of elections and learning thereof.
6. Service Voter
• The soldiers of Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) were the first to cast their vote for the 2019 Lok
Sabha elections in Arunachal Pradesh as Service Voters.
• Service voter belonging to defence and paramilitary forces have the option of either voting
through postal ballot or through a proxy voter duly appointed by him/her.
• There are roughly 30 lakh service voters including defence and paramilitary forces who (in many
cases with families at family stations) will cast their votes through service voter facility.
• Who is a service voter?
o Service voter is a voter having service qualification. According to the provisions of sub –
section (8) of Section 20 of Representation of People Act, 1950, service qualificationmeans:
▪ Being a member of the armed Forces of the Union ; or
▪ Being a member of a force to which provisions of the Army Act, 1950 (46 of 1950),
have been made applicable whether with or without modification ;
▪ Being a member of an Armed Police Force of a State, and serving outside that state;
or
▪ Being a person who is employed under the Government of India, in a post outside
India.

• How is a service voter different from an ordinary elector?
o While an ordinary elector is registered in the electoral roll of the constituency in which his
place of ordinary residence is located, person having service qualification can get enrolled as
‘service voter’ at his native place even though he actually may be residing at a different
place (of posting). He has, however, an option to get himself enrolled as general elector at
the place of his posting where he factually, at the point of time, is residing ordinarily with his
family for a sufficient span of time.
• Are members of all Armed Forces / Para Military Forces eligible to be enrolled as service voters?
o As per the existing arrangements, members of Indian Army, Navy and Air Force and
personnel of General Reserve Engineer Force (Border Road Organization), Border Security
Force, Indo Tibetan Border Police, Assam Rifles, National Security Guards, Central Reserve
Police Force, Central Industrial Security Force and Sashastra Seema Bal are eligible to be
registered as service voters.
• Is wife or son/daughter of a service voter also enrolled as a service voter?
o The wife of a service voter shall, if she is ordinarily residing with him, be also deemed to be a
service voter in the constituency specified by that person.
o The service voter has to make a statement to the effect in the relevant Form 2/2A/3 that his
wife ordinarily resides with him. The wife will be enrolled as a service voter on the basis of
declaration made by her husband in the application form itself submitted by him and no
separate declaration / application is required to be made by the wife.
o A son / daughter / relative / servant etc. residing ordinarily with a service voter cannot be
enrolled as service voter.
• Is facility of enrollment as a service voter available to the husband of a female service voter?
o Under the existing law, this facility is available only to the wife of a male service voter and is
not available to the husband of a female service voter.
• Can one be enrolled simultaneously as a service voter at his native place as well as a general voter
at the place of posting?
o No. A person, at a particular time, cannot be enrolled as a voter at more than one place in
view of the provisions contained under Sections 17 and 18 of Representation of People Act,
1950. Likewise, no person can be enrolled as an elector more than once in any electoral roll.
• Who is a Classified Service Voter?
o Service voter belonging to Armed Forces or forces to which provisions of Army Act, 1950 are
applicable, has option of either voting through postal ballot or through a proxy voter duly
appointed byhim.
o A service voter who opts for voting through a proxy is called Classified Service Voter (CSV).
• Who is a ‘proxy’?
o A service voter may appoint (by applying to Returning Officer in Form 13 F of Conduct of
Elections Rules, 1961 – Form available at the website of Election Commission) any person as
his / her proxy to give vote on his / her behalf and in his / her name at the polling station.
The proxy shall have to be ordinary resident of that constituency. He need not be a
registered voter but he / she must not be disqualified to be registered as a voter.
o The provision for voting through proxy is valid till the person making the appointment is a
service voter.
7. Role of Election Commission
• Where does the EC derive its powers and what is its extent?
o Article 324 says the superintendence, direction and control of all elections to Parliament,
the State legislatures, and the offices of the President and Vice-President shall be vested in

the EC. The Article has been interpreted by courts and by orders of the EC from time to time
to mean that the power vested in it is plenary in nature.
o In other words, the EC can take any action it deems fit to ensure that elections and the
election process are free and fair.
• Has the EC always been a multi-member body?
o No, the Election Commission was a single Chief Election Commissioner for decades since the
body was set up in 1950 based on the provisions of the Constitution.
o It was on October 16, 1989, that two more Election Commissioners were appointed to
expand thepanel’s composition. Their tenure ended in 1990.
o Thereafter, two Election Commissioners were appointed in 1993. Since then, the EC has
been a three- member panel, with a Chief Election Commissioner and two Election
Commissioners.
• How decisions are made and how are EC’s different from CEC?
o Decision-making within the panel is by majority.
o While the CEC can only be removed in the manner set out for a Supreme Court judge, the
other two Commissioners may be removed on the recommendation of the CEC.
o In 1995, the Supreme Court held that the Election Commissioners are on a par with the CEC
and the latter is not superior in standing with the other Commissioners.
o The EC has been demanding that the protection and safeguards given to the CEC under the
Constitution should also be extended to the other Election Commissioners.
• What kind of control does the EC have over civil servants during an election?
o As the superintendence and control over all aspects of the election process is vested in the
EC, it exercises direction and control over civil servants deployed for election-related
work. This means that bureaucrats engaged in the administrative aspects of elections,
including police officers with law and order duties, are also amenable to the EC’s
jurisdiction.
o This power enables the EC to monitor both the manner in which civil servants perform their
election- related duties, and prevent activities which may be seen as partisan.
o The EC often cites its vast powers under Article 324 to transfer or suspend officials during
election time, even though they normally come under the disciplinary purview of the
government of India or the State governments. There have been instances of the EC
transferring not only Returning Officers, but also Commissioners of Police and
Superintendents of Police.
• What are the possible actions it can take against candidates and parties?
o The EC monitors the adherence of political parties and candidates to the ‘Model Code of
Conduct’.
o If the violations are also offences under election law and the criminal law of the land, the EC
has the power to recommend registration of cases against the offenders.
o However, for some violations — such as canvassing for votes during a period when
electioneering is barred, making official announcements while the MCC is in force, and
making appeal to voters on sectarian grounds
o — the EC has the power to advise or censure candidates, in addition to directing registration
of cases.
o In some cases, as recent incidents would show, the EC may bar candidates or leaders from
campaigning for specified periods.
o Asking individuals to leave a constituency or barring entry into certain areas are other
powers that the EC may exercise. These powers are not necessarily traceable to any
provision in law, but are generally considered inherent because of the sweeping and plenary
nature of the EC’s responsibility under the Constitution to ensure free and fair elections.

o Its powers extend to postponing elections to any constituency, cancelling an election already
notified, and even to abrogate or annul an election already held.
• What are the limitations of the EC’s powers?
o The EC does not have the power to disqualify candidates who commit electoral
malpractices. At best, it may direct the registration of a case.
o The EC also does not have the power to deregister any political party. However, the
Constitution empowers the EC to decide whether a candidate has incurred disqualification
by holding an office of profit under the appropriate government, or has been declared an
insolvent, or acquired the citizenship of a foreignstate.
o When a question arises whether a candidate has incurred any of these disqualifications, the
President of India or Governor has to refer it to the EC. The poll panel’s decision on this is
binding.
8. MCC and Religion
• Paragraph 1 the Model Code of Conduct forbids parties and candidates from indulging in “any
activity which may aggravate existing differences or create mutual hatred or cause tension between
different castes and communities, religious or linguistic”.
• What do RPA and IPC say on this?
o Invoking religion to seek votes, or making statements to the effect of creating disharmony
between two communities, is a violation of the poll conduct and may invite prosecution
under Section 125 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (Promoting enmity
between classes in connection with election), Sections 153A, 153B, l7lC, 295A and 505(2) of
the Indian Penal Code and Religious Institutions (Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1988.
9. Voting Rights
• Under Section 62(5) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, individuals in lawful custody of
the police and those serving a sentence of imprisonment after conviction cannot vote. Undertrial
prisoners are also excluded from participating in elections even if their names are on electoral rolls.
• Only those under preventive detention can cast their vote through postal ballots.
10.Form 26
• Recently, the Law Ministry made it mandatory for election candidates to reveal their income-tax
returns of the last five years, as well as the details of their offshore assets. This was done by
amending Form 26, after the Election Commission of India wrote to the Ministry on February 13.
• What is Form 26?
o A candidate in an election is required to file an affidavit called Form 26 that furnishes
information on her assets, liabilities, educational qualifications, criminal antecedents
(convictions and all pending cases) and public dues, if any. The affidavit has to be filed
along with the nomination papers and should be sworn before an Oath Commissioner or
Magistrate of the First Class or before a Notary Public.
o The objective behind introducing Form 26 was that it would help voters make an informed
decision. The affidavit would make them aware of the criminal activities of a candidate.
• When and how was it introduced?
o Like most recent electoral reforms in India, Form 26 was introduced following a court order.
o The genesis of the affidavit can be traced to the 170th Report of the Law Commission,
submitted in May 1999, which suggested steps for preventing criminals from entering
electoral politics. One of the suggestions was to disclose the criminal antecedents as well as
the assets of a candidate before accepting her nomination.
• What has changed?

o Earlier, a candidate had to only declare the last I-T return (for self, spouse and dependents).
Details of foreign assets were not sought. Offshore assets means “details of all deposits or
investments in foreign banks and any other body or institution abroad and details of all
assets and liabilities in foreign countries”.
o It is now mandatory for candidates to reveal their own income-tax returns of the last five
years rather than only one, and the details of offshore assets, as well as the same details
for their spouse, members of the Hindu Undivided Family (if the candidate is a karta or
coparcener), and dependents.
11.Rule 49MA of ‘The Conduct of Elections Rules’
• A petition alleged that Rule 49MA of ‘The Conduct of Elections Rules’ was unconstitutional as it
criminalises reporting of malfunctioning of Electronic Voting Machines and Voter Verified Paper
AuditTrails.
• Under the rule, where printer for paper trail is used, if an elector after having recorded his vote
under rule 49M alleges that the paper slip generated by the printer has shown the name or symbol
of a candidate other than the one he voted for, the presiding officer shall obtain a written
declaration from the elector as to the allegation, after warning the elector about the consequence
of making a false declaration.
• The rules outline that if after investigation, the allegation of EVM malfunctioning is found to be
false or incorrect, then the complainant can be prosecuted under Section 177 of the Indian Penal
Code for “furnishing false information”.
• In such a case, a jail term of six months or a fine of Rs 1,000 or both is guaranteed.
12.Registration of political parties
• Registration of Political parties is governed by the provisions of Section 29A of the Representation
of the People Act, 1951.
• A party seeking registration under the said Section with the Commission has to submit an
application to the Commission within a period of 30 days following the date of its formation as per
guidelines prescribed by the Election Commission of India in exercise of the powers conferred by
Article 324 of the Commission of India and Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act,
1951.
• To be eligible for a ‘National Political Party of India,’ the Election Commission has set the
following criteria:
o It secures at least six percent of the valid votes polled in any four or more states, at a
general election to the House of the People or, to the State Legislative Assembly; and
o In addition, it wins at least four seats in the House of the People from any State or States.
OR
o It wins at least two percent seats in the House of the People (i.e., 11 seats in the existing
House having 543 members), and these members are elected from at least three different
States.
• To be eligible for a ‘State Political Party,’ the Election Commission has set the following criteria:
o It secures at least six percent of the valid votes polled in the State at a general election,
either to the House of the People or to the Legislative Assembly of the State concerned; and
o In addition, it wins at least two seats in the Legislative Assembly of the State concerned. OR
o It wins at least three percent (3%) of the total number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of
the State, or at least three seats in the Assembly, whichever is more.
• Benefits:
o If a party is recognised as a State Party, it is entitled for exclusive allotment of its reserved
symbol to the candidates set up by it in the State in which it is so recognised, and if a party

is recognised as a `National Party’ it is entitled for exclusive allotment of its reserved symbol
to the candidates set up by it throughout India.
o Recognised `State’ and `National’ parties need only one proposer for filing the nomination
and are also entitled for two sets of electoral rolls free of cost at the time of revision of rolls
and their candidates get one copy of electoral roll free of cost during General Elections.
o They also get broadcast/telecast facilities over Akashvani/Doordarshan during general
elections.
o Political parties are entitled to nominate “Star Campaigners” during General Elections. A
recognized National or State party can have a maximum of 40 “Star campaigners” and a
registered un-recognised party can nominate a maximum of 20 ‘Star Campaigners”.
o The travel expenses of star campaigners are not to be accounted for in the election expense
accounts of candidates of their party.
13.Community Radio Stations
• In a first of its kind initiative, the Election Commission of India had reached out to over 150
Community Radio stations from across the country to help educate and inform the voters.
• What is community radio?
o Community radio is a type of radio service that caters to the interests of a certain area,
broadcasting content that is popular to a local audience.
o Community radio is confined to a small geographical area. It serves a community which
uses common resources for livelihood, has common development issues and concerns,
which are relatively localized, nevertheless connected to national and regional development
goals.
o Today, there are more than 180 community radio stations across India, broadcasting in
languages like Bundelkhandi, Garhwali, Awadhi and Santhali — tongues that typically find
little or no space ontelevision.
• Eligibility to apply for a Community Radio Station:
o As per the 2006 policy of the Government, an organisation desirous of operating a
Community Radio Station (CRS) must be able to satisfy and adhere to the following
principles:
▪ It should be explicitly constituted as a ‘non-profit’ organisation and should have a
proven record of at least three years of service to the local community.
▪ The Community Radio Station should serve a specific well-defined local community.
▪ The ownership and management structure should be such that it reflects the
community which it serves.
▪ It should only broadcast programmes that cater to the educational, developmental,
social and cultural needs of the community.
▪ The organization must be a Legal Entity, it should be registered (under the
registration of Societies Act or any other such act relevant to the purpose).
14. Criminalisation of Politics
• Currently, under the Representation of Peoples (RP) Act, lawmakers cannot contest elections only
after their conviction in a criminal case.
• Section 8 of the Representation of the People (RP) Act, 1951 disqualifies a person convicted with a
sentence of two years or more from contesting elections. But those under trial continued to be
eligible to contest elections. The LilyThomas case (2013), however, ended this unfair advantage.

15.Assam Rifles
• The Delhi High Court has sought the response from the Cabinet Committee on Security on a plea
seeking directions to remove the dual control of Assam Rifles and bring it under the Ministry of
Defence.
• Assam Rifles which is also referred to as the Sentinels of North East is the oldest paramilitary force
of India.
• The administrative control of Assam Rifles lies with the Home Ministry, while the operational
control is with the Defence Ministry.
• What’s the issue now?
o A plea filed in the court alleges the dual control as the violation of the rights of the troopers
of Assam Rifles.
o The plea challenges the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961 saying
that it places Assam Rifles under the head ‘Police’, which is arbitrary, unreasonable and
violates the rights of Assam Rifles ex-servicemen guaranteed under Article 14 of the
Constitution.
16.Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act
• The Union Home Ministry has banned the Tehreek-ul-Mujahideen (TuM) under the Unlawful
Activities (Prevention) Act for promoting terrorism and radicalising and recruiting youth for
terrorist activities in India.
• Set up in the 1990s, TuM claims to be fighting for the “liberation of Kashmir.”
• About the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA):
o This law is aimed at effective prevention of unlawful activities associations in India.
o Its main objective is to make powers available for dealing with activities directed against
the integrity and sovereignty of India.
o The Act makes it a crime to support any secessionist movement or to support claims by a
foreign power to what India claims as its territory.
o The UAPA, framed in 1967, has been amended twice since: first in 2008 and then in 2012.
• The law is contested for few draconian provisions:
o The Act introduces a vague definition of terrorism to encompass a wide range of non-
violent political activity, including political protest.
o It empowers the government to declare an organisation as ‘terrorist’ and ban it. Mere
membership of such a proscribed organisation itself becomes a criminal offence.
o It allows detention without a chargesheet for up to 180 days and police custody can be up
to 30 days.
o It creates a strong presumption against bail and anticipatory bail is out of the question. It
creates a presumption of guilt for terrorism offences merely based on the evidence
allegedly seized.
o It authorises the creation of special courts, with wide discretion to hold in-camera
proceedings (closed-door hearings) and use secret witnesses but contains no sunset clause
and provisions for mandatory periodic review.
17.Permanent Residence Certificate
• Violence erupted in Arunachal Pradesh over the issue of Permanent Residence Certificate to six
non-Arunachal Pradesh Scheduled Tribes (APSTs) living in the Namsai and Changlang districts and to
the Gorkhas living in Vijaynagar.
• What is Permanent Residence Certificate?

o The State Government of Arunachal Pradesh issues the domicile certificate otherwise called
as Permanent Residence Certificate (PRC) to the residents of the state who stayed therein
over a period. Those citizens who are not currently residing in the state but are sure of
permanently staying therein can also apply for it.
o Besides the permanent residence certificate, the State also offers Temporary Residence
Certificate (TRC) for those who reside in the State on a temporary basis.
• Purpose of the Certificate:
o Permanent Residence Certificate is a legal document that serves as an evidence of
residence and thus must be submitted wherever a residence proof is required.
o Permanent Residence Certificate should be produced in many situations such as admission
in educational organisations, job reservation under specific quotas especially for
government jobs, etc. to get local preferences.
o To apply for ration card permanent residence certificate is a vital and mandate document.
o To avail the provisions of various schemes of the state or to claim scholarships of the State,
permanent residence certificate is essential.
18.Forest Rights Act, 2006
• The act was passed in December 2006. It deals with the rights of forest-dwelling communities over
land and other resources.
• The Act grants legal recognition to the rights of traditional forest dwelling communities, partially
correcting the injustice caused by the forest laws.
• Rights under the Act:
o Title rights – Ownership to land that is being farmed by tribals or forest dwellers subject to a
maximum of 4 hectares; ownership is only for land that is actually being cultivated by the
concerned family, meaning that no new lands are granted.
o Use rights – to minor forest produce (also including ownership), to grazing areas, to
pastoralist routes, etc.
o Relief and development rights – to rehabilitation in case of illegal eviction or forced
displacement; and to basic amenities, subject to restrictions for forest protection.
o Forest management rights – to protect forests and wildlife.
• Eligibility:
o Eligibility to get rights under the Act is confined to those who “primarily reside in forests”
and who depend on forests and forest land for a livelihood.
o Further, either the claimant must be a member of the Scheduled Tribes scheduled in that
area or must have been residing in the forest for 75 years.
• Process of recognition of rights:
o The Act provides that the gram sabha, or village assembly, will initially pass a resolution
recommending whose rights to which resources should be recognised.
o This resolution is then screened and approved at the level of the sub-division (or taluka) and
subsequently at the district level.
o The screening committees consist of three government officials (Forest, Revenue and Tribal
Welfare departments) and three elected members of the local body at that level. These
committees also hear appeals.
19.Welfare panel for nomadic Communities
• The Centre will form a welfare panel for nomadic, semi-nomadic and de-notified communities.
• A Welfare Development Board will also be set up under the Ministry of Social Justice and
Empowerment to design and implement programmes for these hard-to-reach communities.
• Key facts:

o The committee will be set up under NITI Aayog to complete the task of identifying de-
notified, nomadic and semi-nomadic communities.
o The committee will follow up on the work of the Renke Commission and the Idate
Commission.
o The Renke Commission and the Idate Commission have done commendable work in
studying the various problems faced by these communities and recommending measures to
address the issues more comprehensively.
• Denotified and Nomadic Tribes:
o The Denotified Tribes are communities that were listed or notified as ‘born criminal ‘by the
British under a number of laws. The term, ‘Denotified and Nomadic Tribes’, can be traced to
the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) of 1871.
o The colonial government notified nearly 200 tribal communities to be hereditary criminals,
cementing their societal identity as outcasts and subjecting them to constant harassment by
the administration.
o Forest laws that came into force from the mid-nineteenth century onwards deprived a large
number of communities of their traditional rights of hunting and gathering. The new laws
criminalised their very source of livelihood when it practiced.
o When the forests were cleared by the British for commercial use and forest communities
asked to contribute to labour, some communities resisted and were declared ‘criminal’.
o After India gained Independence, these tribes were ‘de-notified’ from the list of Criminal
Tribes.

Government Schemes
1. Swadesh Darshan scheme
• First project in Sikkim under the Swadesh Darshan scheme has been inaugurated at the Zero Point,
Gangtok.
• The project is officially named as “Development of North East Circuit: Rangpo– Rorathang- Aritar-
Phadamchen- Nathang-Sherathang- Tsongmo- Gangtok-Phodong- Mangan- Lachung-Yumthang-
Lachen- Thangu-Gurudongmer- Mangan- Gangtok-Tuminlingee- Singtam”.
• Under this project, the Ministry has developed tourism infrastructure facilities like Tourist
Information Centre, Meditation Centre, Organic Eco Tourism centre, Log Huts, Zip Line, Flower etc.
2. Pradhan Mantri Shram-Yogi Maandhan Yojana
• Announced in the budget 2019.
• It is a scheme for the unorganised sector workers with monthly income upto Rs 15,000. A sum of
Rs 500 crore has been allocated for the Scheme.
• This scheme shall provide an assured monthly pension of Rs 3,000 from the age of 60 years on a
monthly contribution of a small affordable amount during their working age.
• An unorganised sector worker joining pension yojana at the age of 29 years will have to
contribute only Rs 100 per month till the age of 60 years. A worker joining the pension yojana at
18 years, will have to contribute as little as Rs 55 per month only.
• The Government will deposit equal matching share in the pension account of the worker every
month.
3. Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)
• To provide an assured income support to the small and marginal farmers, the Government is
launching the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN).
• Under this programme, vulnerable landholding farmer families, having cultivable land upto 2
hectares, will be provided direct income support at the rate of Rs. 6,000 per year.
• This income support will be transferred directly into the bank accounts of beneficiary farmers, in
three equal installments of Rs. 2,000 each.
4. New e-commerce policy
• India’s new e-commerce policy came into effect on February 1, 2019.
• Key Highlights of the new policy:
• Bar online retailers from selling products through vendors in which they have an equity interest.
• Also bars them from entering into exclusive deals with brands for selling products only on their
platforms.
• All online retailers will be required to maintain a level playing field for all the vendors selling their
products on the platform, and it shall not affect the sale prices of goods in any manner.
• Disallows e-commerce players to control the inventory of the vendors. Any such ownership over
the inventory will convert it into inventory-based model from marketplace based model, which is
not entitled to FDI.
• Under the new rules, the e-commerce retailer shall be deemed to own the inventory of a vendor if
over 25 per cent of the purchases of such a vendor are through it.
• Restricts marketplaces from influencing prices in a bid to curb deep discounting. With this, special
offers like cashback, extended warranties, faster deliveries to some brands will be prohibited, with
the view to provide a level playing field.

5. Rashtriya Gokul Mission
• To conserve and develop indigenous bovine breeds, government has launched ‘Rashtriya Gokul
Mission’ under the National Programme for Bovine Breeding and Dairy Development (NPBBD).
• The Mission is being implemented with the objectives to: a) development and conservation of
indigenous breeds b) undertake breed improvement programme for indigenous cattle breeds so as
to improve the genetic makeup and increase the stock; c) enhance milk production and
productivity; d) upgrade nondescript cattle using elite indigenous breeds like Gir, Sahiwal, Rathi,
Deoni, Tharparkar, Red Sindhi and e) distribute disease free high genetic merit bulls for natural
service.
• Implementation:
o Rashtriya Gokul Mission will be implemented through the “State Implementing Agency (SIA
viz Livestock Development Boards). State Gauseva Ayogs will be given the mandate to
sponsor proposals to the SIA’s (LDB’s) and monitor implementation of the sponsored
proposal. All Agencies having a role in indigenous cattle development will be the
“Participating Agencies” like CFSPTI, CCBFs, ICAR, Universities, Colleges, NGO’s, Cooperative
Societies and Gaushalas with best germplasm.
• Gokul Gram:
o Funds under the scheme will be allocated for the establishment of Integrated Indigenous
Cattle Centres viz “Gokul Gram”.
o Gokul Grams will be established in: i) the native breeding tracts and ii) near metropolitan
cities for housing the urban cattle.
o Gokul Gram will act as Centres for development of Indigenous Breeds and a dependable
source for supply of high genetic breeding stock to the farmers in the breeding tract.
o The Gokul Gram will be self-sustaining and will generate economic resources from sale of
A2 milk (A2 milk is cow’s milk that mostly lacks a form of β-casein proteins called A1 and
instead has mostly the A2 form), organic manure, vermi-composting, urine distillates, and
production of electricity from bio gas for in house consumption and sale of animal products.
o The Gokul Gram will also function as state of the art in situ training centre for Farmers,
Breeders and MAITRI’s.
6. Rastriya Kamdhenu Aayog
• It is in pursuance of the announcement of setting up of the Aayog in the Union Budget 2019-20.
• This aayog will undertake the development work for Cow welfare.
• The setting up of Rashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog will lead to conservation, protection and development
of cattle population in the country including development and conservation of indigenous breeds.
• It will result in increased growth of livestock sector which is more inclusive, benefitting women, and
small and marginal farmers.
• The Rashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog will work in collaboration with Veterinary, Animal Sciences or
Agriculture University or departments or organizations of the Central/State Government engaged in
the task of research in the field of breeding and rearing of cow, organic manure, biogas etc.
7. Know My India Programme
• The National Foundation for Communal Harmony (NFCH) organized a special workshop for 42
Youth in the age group of 15 to 22 years, who have been victims of communal violence in the past,
under the Know My India Programme.
• Know My India Programme is a unique programme initiated by the NFCH to bring together
financially assisted children of the Foundation from different States/Regions of the country to
promote oneness, fraternity and national integration.

• The programme is all about familiarization with the environment, family life, social customs, etc. of
the people living in different parts of the country; developing understanding of the common
historical and cultural heritage of the country.
• NFCH:
o It is an autonomous organization under the administrative control of the Ministry of Home
Affairs.
o The main objective of the Foundation is to provide assistance to the children / youth
rendered orphan / destitute in communal, caste, ethnic or terrorist violence for their
rehabilitation besides promoting communal harmony and national integration through
various activities.
o The NFCH sponsors/conducts different activities for the promotion of communal harmony
and strengthening of national integration.
8. Kerala sets up drug price monitor
• Kerala has become the first State to set up a price monitoring and research unit (PMRU) to track
violation of prices of essential drugs and medical devices under the Drugs Price Control Order
(DPCO).
• The move comes more than five years after the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority
(NPPA) proposed such a system for the States and the Union Territories.
9. Millet Village scheme
• It is a special scheme to promote the cultivation of cereals such as millet, ragi, bajra and maize by
setting up a millet village at Attappady.
• What are Millets?
o Millet is a common term to categorize small-seeded grasses that are often termed nutri-
cereals or dryland-cereals, and includes sorghum, pearl millet, ragi, small millet, foxtail
millet, proso millet, barnyard millet, kodo millet and other millets.
• Benefits of Millets:
o An important staple cereal crop.
o Nutritionally superior to wheat & rice.
o The anaemia (iron deficiency), B-complex vitamin deficiency, pellagra (niacin deficiency)
can be effectively tackled.
o Millets can also help tackle health challenges such as obesity, diabetes and lifestyle
problems as they are gluten free, have a low glycemic index and are high in dietary fibre and
antioxidants.
o Adapted to low or no purchased inputs and to harsh environment of the semi-arid tropics,
they are the backbone for dry land agriculture.
o Photo-insensitive & resilient to climate change.
• Efforts by government to promote millets:
o India had notified these crops as “Nutri-Cereals” and allowed its inclusion in the Public
Distribution System (PDS) for improving nutritional support in April.
o Recognising millets’ anti-diabetic properties, the notification called it a “powerhouse of
nutrients”. The millets in the category of “Nutri-Cereals” include Sorghum (Jowar), Pearl
Millet (Bajra), Finger Millet (Ragi), Foxtail Millet (Kangani/Kakun) and Buckwheat (Kuttu)
among others.
o Besides, the government had in July substantially hiked the minimum support price (MSP)
of millets

o 160th session of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Council, held in Rome in
December 2018, approved India’s proposal to observe an International Year of Millets in
2023.
10.Operation Smile
• The ‘Operation Smile-V’ initiative launched by Hyderabad Police has helped in rescuing 325
children, who were either working as labourers or begging on the streets, since January 1 this year.
• Objective: To trace the missing children and rescue child labourers, Operation Smile-V was
launched on January 1 across Telangana.
• Operation Smile also called as Operation Muskaan is an initiative of the Ministry of Home Affairs
(MHA) to rescue/rehabilitate missing children.
11.National Sports Development Fund
• The Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports is implementing Target Olympic Podium Scheme (TOPS)
within overall ambit of National Sports Development Fund (NSDF) for providing financial
assistance to elite athletes included in TOPS for their customized training in world class training
institutes/academies within the country and abroad.
• Established in 1998, under Charitable Endowments Act 1890, vide Government of India Notification
dated 12th November 1998.
• Functions:
o The NSDF supports sportspersons to excel in the field by providing opportunities to train
under coaches of international repute with technical, scientific and psychological support
and also in getting exposure to international competitions.
o Financial assistance is also provided to specific projects for promotion of sports and games
sponsored by reputed Organizations/Institutes, provided the facilities so created are made
available to a sizeable population of the area/region.
• The Council:
o The Fund is managed by a Council constituted by the Central Government.
o Union Minister for Youth Affairs and Sports is the Chairperson of the council.
o The representatives of the Apex industry organizations namely, FICCI, CII and ASSOCHAM
have been included in the Council as members.
o The representatives of Sports Promotion Boards of reputed organizations are also members
of the Council.
o Joint Secretary to the Government of India in the Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports is the
ex-officio Member Secretary of the Council.
12.National Service Scheme (NSS)
• It is an Indian government-sponsored public service program conducted by the Ministry of Youth
Affairs and Sports of the Government of India.
• The scheme was launched in Gandhiji’s Centenary year in 1969.
• Aim: The University Grants Commission (UGC) headed by Dr. Radhakrishnan recommended
introduction of national service in the academic institutions on a voluntary basis with a view to
developing healthy contacts between the students and teachers on the one hand and establishing a
constructive linkage between the campus and the community on the other hand.
• The broad objectives of NSS are to:
o Understand the community in which they work.
o Understand themselves in relation to their community.
o Identify the needs and problems of the community and involve them in problem solving
process.

o Develop among themselves a sense of social and civic responsibility.
o Utilize their knowledge in finding practical solution to individual and community problems.
o Develop competence required for group living and sharing of responsibilities.
o Gain skills in mobilizing community participation.
o Acquire leadership qualities and democratic attitude.
o Develop capacity to meet emergencies and natural disasters.
o Practice national integration and social harmony.
13.Pre-Departure Orientation Training (PDOT) programme
• Given the need to orient potential migrant workers with regard to language, culture, do’s and
don’ts in the destination country, the emigration process and welfare measures, a Pre-Departure
Orientation Training (PDOT) programme has been launched.
• Key facts:
o The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) in collaboration with Ministry of Skill Development
and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) is conducting the PDOT programme under the Pravasi
Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PKVY).
o The National Skill Development Corporation is the implementing agency for this
programme.
• About Pravasi Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PKVY):
o The Pravasi Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PKVY) is aimed at skilling Indians seeking employment
abroad.
o The programme is also aimed at boosting the confidence of the Indian youth so that they
don’t feel like strangers when they land in a country of their choice for vocation.
o PKVY will train and certify Indians, who are keen on overseas employment in select sectors,
in line with international standards.
o It will be implemented by the National Skill Development Corporation through its training
partners and in consultation with the Ministry of External Affairs and the Skill Development
Ministry.
14.Safe City project
• Empowered Committee of Officers for Nirbhaya funds scheme has approved pilot Safe City projects
in eight selected metropolitan cities, namely, Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, Bengaluru,
Hyderabad, Ahmedabad and Lucknow with a view to provide safety to women in public places.
• The project would be implemented as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme with Centre and State sharing
the funding in 60:40 ratio.
• The major components of the Safe City project include, inter-alia:
o Setting up an Integrated Smart Control Room;
o Setting up Pink Out-posts (exclusively administered by Women police) for facilitating ease of
filing complaint by women;
o Pink Patrols of Women police;
o Setting up Women Help Desks in all Police Stations with Counsellors;
o Augmentation of existing Asha Jyoti Kendra;
o Implementing Safety measures in buses, including Cameras;
o Improving Street Lighting in identified Hot Spot areas;
o Setting up Pink Toilets;
o Integration of Women power-help line with single Emergency number.

15.Kisan Credit Card Scheme
• The Indian Banking Association (IBA) has issued advisory guidelines requesting banks to waive off
the processing, documentation, inspection, ledger folio charges and all other service charges for
crop loans up to Rs 3 Lakhs or for the Kisan Credit Card Scheme. The move aims to provide direct
benefit to farmers and ease the pressure on them.
• Campaign:
o The Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare has announced the
launch of campaign with immediate effect to saturate farmers for financial inclusion under
Kisan Credit Cards (KCC).
o This campaign will be launched through the Financial Institutions including Commercial
Banks, Cooperative Banks and Regional Rural Banks in collaboration with the State
Governments. The Department of Financial Services has already issued directives to these
financial institutions under their purview.
• Kisan Credit Card Scheme:
o The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme was announced in the Budget speech of 1998-99 to fulfil
the financial requirements of the farmers at various stages of farming through institutional
credit.
o The model scheme was prepared by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development (NABARD) on the recommendation of V Gupta committee.
o The KCC scheme is being implemented by the all Co-operative banks, Regional Rural Banks
and Public Sector Banks throughout the country.
o Scheme covers risk of KCC holders against death or permanent disability resulting from
accidents.
• Objectives:
o To provide adequate and timely credit support from the banking system to the farmers at
the cheap rate of interest.
o To provide credit at the time of requirement.
o To support post-harvest expenses.
o To provide Working capital for maintenance of farm assets and activities allied to
agriculture.
o Investment credit requirement for agriculture and allied activities (land development, pump
sets, plantation, drip irrigation etc.)
o Consumption requirements of farmers.
• Other Salient features of the Scheme:
o Revolving cash credit facility involving any number of withdrawals and repayments within
the limit.
o Limit to be fixed on the basis of operational land holding, cropping pattern and scale of
finance.
o Entire production credit needs for full year plus ancillary activities related to crop
production to be considered while fixing limit.
o Card valid for 5 years subject to annual review. As incentive for good performance, credit
limits could be enhanced to take care of increase in costs, change in cropping pattern, etc.
o Conversion/reschedulement of loans also permissible in case of damage to crops due to
natural calamities.
o Operations may be through issuing branch (and also PACS in the case of Cooperative Banks)
through other designated branches at the discretion of bank.

• World Summit on the Information Society
Awards:
• Aims to create an effective mechanism to
evaluate and recognize individuals,
governments, civil society, local, regional
and international agencies, research
institutions and private-sector companies
for outstanding success in implementing
development-oriented strategies that
leverage the power of ICTs as an enabler of
the development.
o Crop loans disbursed under KCC Scheme for notified crops are covered under Crop
Insurance Scheme, to protect the interest of the farmer against loss of crop yield caused by
natural calamities, pest attacks etc.
16.Categorisation of Farmers
• In agriculture Census, the operational holdings are categorised in five size classes as follows:
o Marginal: Below 1.00 hectare.
o Small: 1.00-2.00 hectare.
o Semi- Medium: 2.00-4.00 hectare.
o Medium: 4.00-10.00 hectare.
o Large: 10.00 hectare and above.
17.Utkarsh Bangla and Sabuj Sathi schemes have won World Summit on the Information
Society (WSIS) Awards
• West Bengal’s Utkarsh Bangla and Sabuj Sathi schemes have won the prestigious World Summit on
the Information Society (WSIS) awards under the United Nations.
• Key facts:
o Utkarsh Bangla and Sabuj Sathi were selected out of 1,062 nominations and they also
topped the list in their respective categories.
o Utkarsh Bangla got the topmost award and emerged a winner in the Capacity Building
category.
o Sabuj Sathi ranked in the first five as a champion project under the ICT application: E-
Government category.
• About Utkarsh Bangla:
o Under Utkarsh Bangla, skill development
training is given to youths. Several
centres have been opened and youths
are being given training there. The
trained youths are then absorbed in
different industries.
• About Sabooj Sathi:
o Sabooj Sathi is a scheme for distribution
of bicycles to the students of class IX to
XII studying in Govt. run and Govt. aided
Schools and Madrashas.
• About WSIS:
o WSIS is, at global level, the world’s largest annual gathering of the ‘ICT for development’
community and provides an opportunity for information exchange, knowledge creation and
sharing of best practices, while identifying emerging trends and fostering partnerships,
taking into account the evolving Information and Knowledge Societies.
o The WSIS Forum is co-organized by The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP).
o In 2019, The World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Forum celebrate its 10th
anniversary of the establishment of WSIS Forum in Geneva at theInternational
Telecommunication Union, under the theme “Information and Communication Technologies
for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals”.

18.Namami Gange gets Global Recognition at World Summit
• The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) was awarded the distinction of “Public Water
Agency of the Year” by Global Water Intelligence at the Global Water Summit in London.
• Global Water Awards:
o The Global Water Awards arepresented at the Global Water Summit, the major business
conference for the water industry worldwide.
o The awards recognise excellence across the international water industry and reward those
initiatives in the water, waste water, and desalination sectors, which bring remarkable
improvements in the lives of people.
• Global Water Summit:
o Global Water Summit is the annual business conference for the water industry worldwide.
The summit attracts high-level executives from industry, municipalities and international
water companies and provides the opportunity to connect with hard-to-reach industry
insiders that will not attend any other water event.
o The summit provides a platform for connecting the public and private sector and for
accelerating change and innovation within the sector, it attracts the most influential
industry representatives and also becomes a forum for business development and
expanding your network.
19.Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL)
• AYUSH ministry and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi will
collaborate in research and education in areas of traditional systems of medicine and its integration
with modern science.
• This is not the first collaboration of the two organisations. CSIR and the Department of AYUSH (now
Ministry) developed the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL).
• About TKDL:
o The Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) is an Indian digital knowledge repository of
the traditional knowledge, especially about medicinal plants and formulations used in
Indian systems of medicine.
o Set up in 2001, as a collaboration between the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR) and the MINISTRY OF AYUSH.
o objective of the library is to protect the ancient and traditional knowledge of the country
from exploitation through biopiracy and unethical patents, by documenting it electronically
and classifying it as per international patent classification systems.
o Apart from that, the non-patent database serves to foster modern research based on
traditional knowledge, as it simplifies access to this vast knowledge of remedies or
practices.
• The TKDL contains documentation of publicly available traditional knowledge (TK) that:
o relates to Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Yoga
o is in digitized format
o is available in five languages: English, German, French, Japanese and Spanish.
• The TKDL:
o seeks to prevent the granting of patents for products developed utilizing TK where there has
been little, if any, inventive step
o intends to act as a bridge between information recorded in ancient Sanskrit and patent
examiners (with its database containing information in a language and format
understandable to patent examiners)

o facilitates access to information not easily available to patent examiners, thereby
minimizing the possibility that patents could be granted for “inventions” involving only
minor or insignificant modifications.
20.National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF)
• Started in 2015, NIRF outlines a methodology to rank educational institutions across the country.
• The parameters used for ranking broadly cover teaching, learning and resources, research and
professional practices, graduation outcome, outreach and inclusivity, and perception.
• From 2017, besides being ranked under specific disciplines, large institutions were also given a
common overall rank.
• This year as well, educational institutions across the country were ranked in nine categories –
overall, universities, engineering, colleges, management, pharmacy, medical, architecture and law.
21.RailWire Wi- Fi
• RailWire Wi-Fi by RailTel is now live at 1600 railway stations across the country.
• What is RailWire?
o RailWire is a retail Broadband initiative of the RailTel. It envisages extending broadband
and application services to the public. RailTel is working to establish bringing fast and free
Wi-Fi at all stations (except the halt stations) within a year.
o The Wi-Fi at 415 A, A1 and C category stations has been provided in association with
Google as the technology partner. Wi-Fi connections at 200 stations were provided with
support from the Universal Service Obligatory Fund of the Government of India.
• About RailTel:
o RailTel Corporation a “Mini Ratna (Category-I)” PSU of Ministry of Railways, is the largest
neutral telecom services providers in the country owning a Pan-India optic fiber network
covering all important towns & cities of the country and several rural areas covering 70% of
India’s population.
o RailTel is in the forefront in providing nationwide Broadband Telecom & Multimedia
Network in all parts of the country in addition to modernization of Train operations and
administration network systems for Indian Railways.
22.FAME II Scheme
• NITI Aayog & Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) Release Technical Analysis of FAME II Scheme. Report
looks at potential saving in areas of energy, oil and carbon emissions.
• What are the salient features of FAME 2 scheme?
o Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, or FAME 2 scheme aims
to boost electric mobility and increase the number of electric vehicles in commercial
fleets.
o Target: The outlay of ₹10,000 crore has been made for three years till 2022 for FAME 2
scheme.
o The government will offer the incentives for electric buses, three-wheelers and four-
wheelers to be used for commercial purposes.
o Plug-in hybrid vehicles and those with a sizeable lithium-ion battery and electric motor will
also be included in the scheme and fiscal support offered depending on the size of the
battery.
o FAME 2 will also encourage interlinking of renewable energy sources with charging
infrastructure.
• Outcomes of the recent meeting:

o The Inter-Ministerial Steering Committee of the National Mission for Transformative
Mobility has decided to incorporate localisation conditions to avail benefits under the
FAME-II Scheme.
o The steering committee has mandated that only companies that meet the 50% localisation
threshold will be eligible for the incentives that will be available under the FAME-II
scheme. The decision has been taken to ensure that the tax payer’s money is not used to
subsidise imports and encourage local manufacturing.
• Background:
o FAME India is a part of the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan. Main thrust of FAME is
to encourage electric vehicles by providing subsidies. FAME focuses on 4 areas i.e.
Technology development, Demand Creation, Pilot Projects and Charging Infrastructure.
23.Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs)
• Renewable Energy (RE) companies have moved the Delhi High Court, seeking an exemption for
Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) under the GST.
• What are Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs)?
o Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), also known as green energy certificates or tradable
renewable certificates are proof that energy has been generated from renewable sources
such as solar or wind power.
o Each REC represents the environmental benefits of 1MWh of renewable energy generation.
When you purchase RECs, renewable energy is generated on your behalf.
• Significance:
o It is a market based mechanism which will help the states meet their regulatory
requirements (such as Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs)) by overcoming the
geographical constraints on existing renewable potential in different states.
o RECs unbundle the electricity component (commodity) from the green/environmental
attributes of the power generated from renewable sources. Both the components can then
be traded separately.
o Thus, RECs help in incentivizing the production of renewable energy over and above the
RPO state limit as tradable certificates are not constrained by the geographical limitations of
commodity electricity.
• Need for removal of GST:
o RECs are being charged GST, while bundled power (RECs plus electricity, irrespective of
source) or even just electricity are devoid of the same.
o Cost of electricity generation from renewable energy sources is classified as cost of
electricity generation (equivalent to conventional energy sources) and the cost of
environmental attributes. REC is the environmental attribute of the electricity derived from
RE.
o As per regulations, RPO compliance through REC is at par with sourcing electricity directly
from RE. Therefore, GST applicable on the sale of RECs negatively affects its parity with
similar electricity sale alternatives, be it conventional or renewable.
o Moreover discoms, the major buyer of RECs (around 50-60 per cent), do not get GST credit;
and the increase in their cost of RPO compliance will translate to increased tariff for the end
consumer.
24.National Common Mobility Card (NCMC)
• Dubbed as ‘One Nation One Card’, the inter-operable transport card would allow the holders to
pay for their bus travel, toll taxes, parking charges, retail shopping and even withdraw money.

• This card runs on RuPay card. With the advent of this indigenously-developed and one-of-its-kind
card, the country is no longer required to be dependent on foreign technology.
• The stored value on card supports offline transaction across all travel needs with minimal financial
risk to involved stakeholders.
• Ministry of housing & urban affairs brought to the fore the National Common Mobility Card
(NCMC) to enable seamless travel by different metros and other transport systems across the
country besides retail shopping and purchases.
25.National Rural Economic Transformation Project (NRETP)
• India has signed a $250 million loan agreement with the World Bank for the National Rural
Economic Transformation Project (NRETP) that aims to help women in rural households shift to a
new generation of economic initiatives by developing viable enterprise for farm and non-farm
products.
• The National Rural Economic Transformation project is additional financing to the $500 million
National Rural Livelihoods Project (NRLP) approved by the World Bank in July 2011.
• The project will support enterprise development programs for rural poor women and youth by
creating a platform to access finance including start-up financing options to build their individual or
collectively owned and managed enterprises.
• The project will involve developing financial products using digital financial services to help small
producer collectives scale-up and engage with the market.
• It will also support youth skills development, in coordination with the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya
Grameen Kaushalya Yojana.
26.Smart India Hackathon 2019
• Smart India Hackathon 2019 is a nationwide initiative to provide students a platform to solve some
of pressing problems we face in our daily lives, and thus inculcate a culture of product innovation
and a mindset of problem solving.
• An initiative by Ministry of HRD, AICTE, Persistent Systems, i4c and Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini.
• In SIH 2019, the students would also have the opportunity to work on challenges faced within the
private sector organisations and create world class solutions for some of the top companies in the
world, thus helping the Private sector hire the best minds from across the nation.
27.National Knowledge Network
• India has decided to extend its National
Knowledge Network to Bangladesh.
• About NKK:
o NKN is a multi-gigabit pan-India
network which facilitates the
development of India’s
communications infrastructure,
stimulates research and creates
next generation applications and
services.
o Aim: NKN aims to connect all
universities, research institutions,
libraries, laboratories, healthcare
and agricultural institutions across
the country to address such paradigm shift.

o What it does? It enables collaboration among researchers from different educational
networks such as TEIN4, GARUDA, CERN and Internet2. It also enables sharing of scientific
databases and remote access to advanced research facilities. The leading mission oriented
agencies in the fields of nuclear, space and defence research are also part of NKN.
• Role of NKN:
o Establishing a high-speed backbone
connectivity which will enable knowledge and
information sharing amongst NKN connected
institutes.
o Enabling collaborative research, development
and innovation amongst NKN connected
institutes.
o Facilitating advanced distance education in
specialized fields like engineering, science,
medicine etc.
o Facilitating an ultra-high-speed e-governance
backbone.
o Facilitating connection between different sectoral networks in the field of research.
28.Café Scientifique
• ‘Café Scientifique’ is the first of its kind initiative in the State of Kerala aimed at popularising
Science.
• Objective: The café envisages to bring science back into popular culture by demystifying scientific
research for the public and empowering non- scientists to comfortably assess science and
technology issues, particularly those that impact social policymaking.
• Background: It is a grassroots public science initiative based on the French Café Philosophique
model. Originating in England, the concept quickly gained popularity and was adopted by other
countries.
29.National Mineral Policy, 2019
• National Mineral Policy, 2019 approved by Cabinet.
• Focus on transparency, better regulations & enforcement, balanced growth & sustainability, Grant
of Industry status to Mining activity.
• Objective:
o The aim of National Mineral Policy 2019 is to have a more effective, meaningful and
implementable policy that brings in further transparency, better regulation and
enforcement, balanced social and economic growth as well as sustainable mining practices.
• The National Mineral Policy 2019 includes provisions which will give boost to mining sector. Some
of the provisions are:
o Introduction of Right of First Refusal for RP/PL holders.
o Encouraging the private sector to take up exploration.
o Encouragement of merger and acquisition of mining entities.
o Creation of dedicated mineral corridors to boost private sector mining areas.
o The 2019 Policy proposes to grant status of industry to mining activity to boost financing of
mining for private sector and for acquisitions of mineral assets in other countries by private
sector.
o It also mentions that Long-term import-export policy for mineral will help private sector in
better planning and stability in business.

o The Policy also mentions rationalize reserved areas given to PSUs which have not been used
and to put these areas to auction, which will give more opportunity to private sector for
participation.
o The Policy also mentions to make efforts to harmonize taxes, levies & royalty with world
benchmarks to help private sector.
o The Policy also introduces the concept of Inter-Generational Equity that deals with the well-
being not only of the present generation but also of the generations to come and also
proposes to constitute an inter-ministerial body to institutionalize the mechanism for
ensuring sustainable development in mining.
• Background:
o National Mineral Policy 2019 replaces the extant National Mineral Policy 2008 (“NMP
2008”). The impetus to review NMP 2008 came about by way of a direction from the
Supreme Court vide its judgment in Common Cause v/s Union of India & Others.
30.Festival of Innovation & Entrepreneurship (FINE)
• Festival of Innovation and Entrepreneurship was held in Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
• FINE is an initiative being organised by Rashtrapati Bhavan in association with the Department of
Science and Technology, Government of India and the National Innovation Foundation-India.
• It will recognise, respect, showcase, reward innovations and to foster a supportive ecosystem for
innovators.
• FINE will provide a platform for innovators for building linkages with potential stakeholders to
develop their ideas into implementable projects for the larger social good.
• It will provide a window to showcase creative and innovative solutions for social development
through innovation emerging from grassroots, student ideas and other technologies.
31.MSP for Minor Forest Produce scheme
• The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) has added nine minor forest produce (MFP) items to its
minimum support price (MSP) for MFP scheme. The total number of MFPs covered under the list is
49.
• The nine new items are: Bakul (dried bark), Kutaj (dried bark), Noni/Aal (dried fiuits),
Sonapatha/Syonak pods, Chanothi seeds, Kalihari (dried tubers), Makoi (dried fiuits), Apang plant
and Sugandhrnantri roots/tubers.
• About MSP for MFP scheme:
o The MSP for MFP scheme was started by the Centre in 2013 to ensure fair and remunerative
prices to MFP gatherers.
o The scheme is designed as a social safety net for improvement of livelihood of MFP
gatherers by providing them fair price for the MFPs they collect.
o The scheme has been started with the objective of providing fair price to MFP gatherers,
enhance their income level and ensure sustainable harvesting of MFPs.
• Implementation of the scheme:
o Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India is the Nodal Ministry for implementation of
the scheme which will announce Minimum Support Price (MSP) for the selected MFPs with
the technical support from TRIFED.
o TRIFED will act as the Central Nodal Agency for implementation and monitoring of the
scheme through State level implementing agencies.
o State designated agencies will undertake procurement of notified MFPs directly from MFP
gatherers (individual or collectives) at haats notified procurement centers at grass root level
at prefixed Minimum Support Price.

32.Agri-Market Infrastructure Fund (AMIF)
• The Cabinet Committee of Economic Affairs has given its approval for the creation of a corpus of Rs.
2000 crore for Agri-Market Infrastructure Fund (AMIF).
• The fund will be created with NABARD for development and up-gradation of agricultural
marketing infrastructure in Gramin Agricultural Markets and Regulated Wholesale Markets.
• AMIF will provide the State/UT Governments subsidized loan for their proposal for developing
marketing infrastructure in 585 Agriculture Produce Market Committees (APMCs) and 10,000
Grameen Agricultural Markets (GrAMs).
• States may also access AMIF for innovative integrated market infrastructure projects including
Hub and Spoke mode and in Public Private Partnership mode.
33.Sela Tunnel Project
• The foundation stone for the strategically
important Sela Tunnel Project in Arunachal
Pradesh was laid recently.
• The project is being constructed by the Border
Roads Organisation (BRO) and would be
completed in the next three years.
• Significance of the project:
o Once the 12.04-km tunnel is complete it
will give a fillip to the overall
development of the area as it will
provide all-weather connectivity to
Tawang and other areas.
o It will also reduce the travelling time from Tezpur to Tawang by more than an hour and
boost tourism and related economic activities in the region.
o Need: Till now, the entry to the area was only through the 13,700-feet Sela Pass, which is
covered in snow in the winters making the movement of vehicles difficult.
34.Transport and Marketing Assistance (TMA) for specified agriculture products
• The Centre has notified a scheme for Transport and Marketing Assistance (TMA) for specified
agriculture products that will provide assistance for the international component of freight and
marketing of agricultural produce.
• The scheme will be available for exports effected from March 1, 2019 to March 31, 2020.
• Eligibility: All exporters, duly registered with relevant Export Promotion Council as per Foreign
Trade Policy, of eligible agriculture products shall be covered under this scheme.
• Exceptions: The assistance is available for most agricultural product exports with some exceptions
such as live animals, products of animal origin, milk, cream, curd, butter, buttermilk, whey, rice,
wheat, tobacco and garlic.
• The assistance, at notified rates, will be available for export of eligible agriculture products to the
permissible countries, as specified from time to time. The assistance shall be admissible only if
payments for the exports are received in Free Foreign Exchange through normal banking channels.
• The scheme shall be admissible for exports made through EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) ports
only.
• The scheme covers freight and marketing assistance for export by air as well as by sea.

35.Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN (Jaiv Indhan- Vatavaran Anukool fasal awashesh Nivaran)
Yojana
• The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved the “Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN (Jaiv Indhan-
Vatavaran Anukool fasal awashesh Nivaran) Yojana “.
• The scheme provides financial support to Integrated Bioethanol Projects using lignocellulosic
biomass and other renewable feedstock.
• The scheme focuses to incentivise 2G Ethanol sector and support this nascent industry by creating
a suitable ecosystem for setting up commercial projects and increasing Research & Development in
this area.
• Apart from supplementing the targets envisaged by the Government under EBP programme, the
scheme will also have the following benefits:
o Meeting Government of India vision of reducing import dependence by way of substituting
fossil fuels with Biofuels.
o Achieving the GHG emissions reduction targets through progressive blending/ substitution
of fossil fuels.
o Addressing environment concerns caused due to burning of biomass/ crop residues &
improve health of citizens.
o Improving farmer income by providing them remunerative income for their otherwise
waste agriculture residues.
o Creating rural & urban employment opportunities in 2G Ethanol projects and Biomass
supply chain.
o Contributing to Swacch Bharat Mission by supporting the aggregation of nonfood biofuel
feedstocks such as waste biomass and urban waste.
o Indigenizing of Second Generation Biomass to Ethanol technologies.
• Key facts:
o The ethanol produced by the scheme beneficiaries will be mandatorily supplied to Oil
Marketing Companies (OMCs) to further enhance the blending percentage under EBP
Programme.
o Centre for High Technology (CHT), a technical body under the aegis of MoP&NG, will be the
implementation Agency for the scheme.
o “Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana” is being launched as a tool to create 2G Ethanol capacity in
the country and attract investments in this new sector.
36.Hydro Power Sector
• Cabinet has approved measures to promote the Hydro Power Sector.
• These measures include:
o Large Hydropower Projects to be declared as Renewable Energy source (as per existing
practice, only hydropower projects less than 25MW are categorized as Renewable Energy).
o Hydropower Projects (HPO) as a separate entity within non-solar Renewable Purchase
Obligation to cover LHPs commissioned after notification of these measures (SHPs are
already covered under Non-Solar Renewable Purchase Obligation).
o The trajectory of annual HPO targets will be notified by Ministry of Power based on the
projected capacity addition plans in hydropower sector. Necessary amendments will be
introduced in the Tariff Policy and Tariff Regulations to operationalize HPO.
o Budgetary support for funding flood moderation component of hydropower projects on
case to case basis.
• India’s hydropower potential:
o India ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydro-potential on global scenario.

o India is endowed with large hydropower potential of 1,45,320 MW of which only about
45,400 MW has been utilized so far. Only about 10,000 MW of hydropower has been added
in the last 10 years.
o The hydropower sector is currently going through a challenging phase and the share of
hydropower in the total capacity has declined from 50.36% in the 1960s to around 13% in
2018-19.
• What is the classification of Hydro Projects based on Installed Capacity?
o Micro: upto 100 KW.
o Mini: 101KW to 2 MW.
o Small: 2 MW to 25 MW.
o Mega: Hydro projects with installed capacity >= 500 MW.
o Thermal Projects with installed capacity >=1500 MW.
37.UNNATEE (Unlocking NATional Energy Efficiency potential)
• Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has developed a national strategy document- UNNATEE
(Unlocking NATional Energy Efficiency potential)– for accelerating energy efficiency in India.
• The strategy document describes a plain framework and implementation strategy to establish a
clear linkage between energy supply-demand scenarios and energy efficiency opportunities.
• The document offers a comprehensive roadmap to address India’s environmental and climate
change mitigation action through energy efficiency measures.
38.District cooling system
• India’s First District cooling system will come up in Amravati, capital of the Andhra Pradesh.
• What is District cooling system?
o District cooling systems produce chilled water, steam or hot water at a central plant and
then pipe that energy out (either underground or over rooftops) to buildings for air
conditioning, space heating and water heating. As a result, these buildings don’t require
their own chillers, air conditioners, boilers or furnaces.
o They are considered to be highly efficient to address each of the challenges like high Capital
and operating costs, reliability, flexibility and environmental sustainability while meeting
their comfort and process cooling and heating needs.
o District cooling uses only 50% of primary energy consumption for cooling urban building n
compared to other cooling systems. This also reduces carbon emissions.
39.BEE Star Rating
• The Ministry of Power has announced that two more electrical appliances microwave ovens and
washing machines will now be assigned star ratings based on their energy efficiency metrics.
• The programme of star rating of Microwave Ovens and Washing Machines will be implemented on
a voluntary basis and will be valid up to December 31, 2020.
• What is BEE Star Rating?
o Star ratings are provided to all the major kind of appliances in the form of labels. These star
ratings are given out of 5 and they provide a basic sense of how energy efficient each
product is, just in a single glance.
o The manufacturers are officially required to put these labels as per the Standards and
Labelling Program introduced in 2006.
• Why do they put these BEE Star Rating labels?
o The prime importance of these Star Ratings is to educate and inform consumers about how
energy efficient each product is.
• How do they decide the BEE Star Ratings?

o One of the most common myths about the BEE Star Rating is that it is solely based on the
appliance’s power consumption. A lot of factors contribute into formulating the final star
rating on the product.
o Although the manufacturers rate and label the product, BEE sets all the standards and
norms which need to be followed while rating an appliance.
o While some category of appliances necessarily have to be given a star rating, for others it’s
optional.
o Appliances which need to have an energy rating label mandatorily: Frost-free refrigerator,
Tubular Fluorescent Lamps, Room Air-Conditioners, Distribution Transformer, Colour TV,
CST AC, Direct Cool Refrigerator and Electric Geyser.
o The appliances with the lowest energy consumption in a product category are given the
most stars and those with the highest energy consumption are given the least.
• There are two variants of these labels, a big one and a smaller version:
• Big label:
o The big energy rating label is aimed at appliances which have a constant usage and consume
more electricity.
o These labels show additional information such as the yearly energy consumption of the
product, brand name, product category and much more.
o For consumers, this big label is helpful as it allows you to calculate the actual money you
would spend in electricity bills for that particular product.
o Products with a big label: Refrigerators, air-conditioners, geysers and washing machines.
• Small Label:
o Small labels can be found in appliances which usually don’t consume more energy. These
labels just give you a visual representation of the energy consumption levels by showing star
ratings.
o Products with a small label: Ceiling fans, tube lights, computers/laptops and televisions.
o Bureau of Energy Efficiency is a statutory body set up under the Energy Conservation Act,
2001.
o The Bureau of Energy Efficiency assists the government in developing policies and strategies
with a thrust on self-regulation and market principles with the primary objective of reducing
the energy intensity of the Indian economy within the overall framework of the Energy
Conservation Act, 2001.
40.Darwaza Band -Part 2
• The Swachh Bharat Mission Grameen has launched the ‘Darwaza Band -Part 2’ campaign starring
Amitabh Bachchan.
• The campaign, produced by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, and supported by the
World Bank.
• The campaign talks about how a toilet must be used by all, always and under all circumstances (har
koi, har roz, hamesha).
• The focuses on sustaining the open defecation free status of villages across the country.
• It focuses on ensuring that people’s behaviour is changed for good and everyone always uses a
toilet.
41.Credit Linked Capital Subsidy Scheme
• The Central government will continue the “Credit Linked Capital Subsidy and Technology
Upgradation Scheme” for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSEs) beyond the 12th Plan
period for three years from 2017-18 to 2019-20.

• The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved the continuation of the scheme with a
total outlay of Rs 2,900 crore.
• Credit Linked Capital Subsidy Scheme:
o The objective of the Scheme is to facilitate technology up-gradation in MSEs by providing
an upfront capital subsidy of 15 per cent (on institutional finance of up to Rs 1 crore availed
by them) for induction of well-established and improved technology in the specified 51 sub-
sectors/products approved.
o The major objective is to upgrade their plant & machinery with state-of-the-art
technology, with or without expansion and also for new MSEs which have set up their
facilities with appropriate eligible and proven technology duly approved under scheme
guidelines.
o The Scheme is a demand driven one without any upper limit on overall annual spending on
the subsidy disbursal.
42.Swachh Shakti Programme
• Swachh Shakti 2019 Awards were recently distributed by the PM on the occasion of Swach Shakti
2019 programme.
• The Swachh Shakti Programme is a national event which aims to bring in to focus the leadership
role played by rural women in Swachh Bharat Mission.
• Launched in 2017, the Programme is a part of ongoing activities under the aegis of the Swachh
Bharat Mission, launched on October 2, 2014 by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi to achieve a
clean and Open Defecation Free (ODF) India by October 2, 2019.
• The programme is attended by women panchs and sarpanchs from across the country.
• The first edition of Swachh Shakti programme was launched from Gandhinagar, Gujarat on
International Women’s Day 2017.

International Relations
1. Transparency International
• The Transparency International conducted a survey to analyse the best practices followed by the
states in the Budget Formulation.
• The survey was based on 4 parameters which include public disclosure, budgetary process, post-
budget fiscal management and efforts to make the budget more transparent and citizen-friendly.
• Transparency International:
o An international non-governmental organization based in Berlin, Germany.
o Founded in 1993 by a group of individuals who decided to take up a stance against
corruption.
o The Corruption Perception Index is the most widely used indicator of corruption worldwide.
2. INSTEX – Instrument In Support Of Trade Exchanges
• It is a payment mechanism being setup by the European Union to secure trade with Iran and skirt
US sanctions after Washington pulled out of the landmark nuclear deal last May.
• Key features of INSTEX:
o INSTEX will allow trade between the EU and Iran without relying on direct financial
transactions.
o INSTEX is registered at Paris with an initial 3,000 Euros in the capital and a supervisory
board with members from France and Germany and chaired by the UK.
o It is a project of the governments of France, Germany and Britain and will receive the formal
endorsement of all 28 EU members.
o It will initially be used for non-sanctionable trade, including humanitarian goods such as
medicine, food and medical devices.
3. Asia LPG Summit
• 2nd edition of the Asia LPG Summit was held in New Delhi.
• The summit was organized by the World LPG Association (WLPGA) in association with major Indian
public-sector oil companies (OMCs) Indian Oil, Hindustan Petroleum, and Bharat Petroleum.
• Objectives of the summit:
o The summit will offer a unique opportunity to the global LPG industry to interact with
development agencies, NGOs and non-profit organizations who have facilitated last-mile
access to LPG for the beneficiaries.
o The summit will also bring together academia and private sector to exchange their views on
the use of LPG and how pathbreaking initiatives such as ‘Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana’ can
bring remarkable socio-economic transformation.
• About World LPG Association:
o The World LPG Association (WLPGA) is the authoritative global voice for the liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG) industry and the worldwide industry association which represents the
interests of the LPG industry globally.
o The WLPGA promotes the use of LPG to foster a cleaner, healthier and more prosperous
world.
o With over 200 members and presence in more than 125 countries, the WLPGA represents
the interests of private and public companies from the entire LPG value chain under one
umbrella.
o The WLPGA provides a platform for the exchange of best practices, facts and figures among
its members.

o The WLPGA was officially granted Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic
and Social Council in 1989. Publications such as its Annual Statistical Review have become
LPG industry references.
4. Trade Across LoC
• MHA has issued orders to suspend the LoC trade in Jammu & Kashmir. This action has been taken
as the Government of India has been receiving reports that the Cross-LoC trade routes are being
misused by the Pakistan based elements for funnelling illegal weapons, narcotics and fake currency
etc.
• Trade across LoC:
o LoC trade is meant to facilitate exchange of goods of common use between local
populations across the LoC in Jammu & Kashmir.
o The trade is allowed through two Trade Facilitation Centres located at Salamabad, Uri,
District Baramulla and Chakkan-da-Bagh, District Poonch.
o The trade takes place four days a week.
o The Trade is based on Barter system and zero duty.
5. India gains access to Bolivian Lithium Reserves
• India and Bolivia have signed an agreement for the development and industrial use of lithium, a
prime component used to power electric vehicles and cell phones.
• India and Bolivia agreed to forge a mutually beneficial partnership to facilitate Bolivian supplies of
lithium Carbonate to India and foster joint ventures for lithium battery/cell production plants in
India.
• This agreement will make Bolivia, which is known to have one-fourth of the world’s lithium
reserves, one of the major provider of metal for India’s e-mobility and e-storage needs.
• The agreement facilitates mechanisms for the commercialization of Lithium Carbonate and
Potassium Chloride produced in Bolivia by Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos Corporación (YLB –
Corporación).
• Significance of the agreement:
o Bolivia is estimated to hold over 60% of the world’s reserves for lithium but has not yet
started producing it commercially.
o India is the second largest manufacturer of mobile phones in the world and has the
ambitious goal of 30 per cent electric vehicles by 2030. But India imports all its lithium-ion
batteries since India has no known sources of lithium, and zero lithium-ion battery
manufacturing capabilities currently.
o As a result, India is heavily dependent on China, Taiwan and Japan for import, especially of
batteries required for portable electronics.
6. India-Africa Institute of Agriculture and Rural Development (IAIARD)
• India has signed an agreement with the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
Consultancy Service (NABCONS) for setting up the India-Africa Institute of Agriculture and Rural
Development (IAIARD) in Malawi, a landlocked country in southeastern Africa.
• The agreement is a part of India’s efforts to enhance capacity in the areas of agro-financing and
entrepreneurship development for African countries.
• About India-Africa Institute of Agriculture and Rural Development (IAIARD):
o IAIARD will be a Pan-African Institute wherein trainees from Malawi and other African
countries will be trained to develop their human resources and build their capacity.

o The entire expenditure on India faculty, their travel, logistics and training course expenses
for students from other African countries will be borne by the Indian Government for an
initial period of three years.
o IAIARD will develop training programmes in the areas of micro-financing and agro-financing,
among others.
• Significance:
o This will be the first of its kind institute developed in an African country by India.
7. Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) Initiative
• Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal (BBIN) had signed a framework MVA in June 2015 to enable
movement of passenger and cargo vehicles across borders among the four countries.Bhutan has
not yet ratified the pact for its entry to come into force.
• However, Bhutan had given its consent for the BBIN MVA to enter into force amongst the other 3
countries i.e. Bangladesh, India and Nepal, who have already ratified it.
• About BBIN MVA:
o What is it? The landmark MVA was signed by Transport Ministers of the BBIN countries in
Thimphu, Bhutan on 15 June 2015.
o As per the agreement, member countries would allow vehicles registered in the other
countries to enter their territory under certain terms and conditions.
o Customs and tariffs will be decided by the respective countries and these would be finalised
at bilateral and trilateralforums.
o Objective: The main objective of the agreement is to provide seamless people-to-people
contact and enhance economic interaction by facilitating cross border movement of people
and goods.
o Benefits: It would permit unhindered movement of passenger and cargo vehicles among the
four countries. Cargo vehicles do not have to be changed at the border, a practice that has
prevailed until now.
8. Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) Programme
• The move by the United States (U.S.) to terminate India’s designation as beneficiary developing
country under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) programme because it no longer
complied with the statutory eligibility criteria.
• Some of the product segments which may face a decline in exports to U.S. due to withdrawal of
GSP concessions include plastics raw materials, consumer and houseware items and polyesterfilms.
• Recent developments:
o Recently, U.S. President Donald Trump decided to rescind the benefits Indian exports enjoy
under the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) programme.
o The trigger for the latest downturn in trade ties was India’s new rules on e-commerce that
restrict the way Amazon.com Inc. and Walmart-backed Flipkart do business in a rapidly
growing online market set to touch $200 billion by 2027.
o That, coming on top of a drive to force global card payments companies such as
Mastercard and Visa to move their data to India and the imposition of higher tariffs on
electronic products and smartphones, left a broader trade package the two sides were
working on through last year in tatters.
• Implications:
o With this, India could lose a vital U.S. trade concession, under which it enjoys zero tariffs on
$5.6 billion of exports to the United States.
• Generalised System of Preferences (GSP):

Where is the kafala system practiced?
• It is being practiced in the Gulf
Cooperation Council (GCC) member
countries of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United
Arab Emirates, and also in the Arab
states of Jordan and Lebanon.
o The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is a U.S. trade program designed to promote
economic growth in the developing world by providing preferential duty-free entry for up to
4,800 products from 129 designated beneficiary countries and territories.
• What is the objective of GSP?
o The objective of GSP was to give development support to poor countries by promoting
exports from them into the developed countries. GSP promotes sustainable development in
beneficiary countries by helping these countries to increase and diversify their trade with
the United States.
• Benefits of GSP:
o Indian exporters benefit indirectly – through the benefit that accrues to the importer by
way of reduced tariff or duty-free entry of eligible Indian products
o Reduction or removal of import duty on an Indian product makes it more competitive to
the importer – other things (e.g. quality) being equal.
o This tariff preference helps new exporters to penetrate a market and established
exporters to increase their market share and to improve upon the profit margins, in the
donor country.
• What is the difference between GSP and the usual trade arrangement under WTO?
o Under the normal trade laws, the WTO members must give equal preferences to trade
partners. There should not be any discrimination between countries. This trade rule under
the WTO is called the Most Favored Nation (MFN) clause.
o The MFN instructs non-discrimination that any favorable treatment to a particular
country. At the same time, the WTO allows members to give special and differential
treatment to from developing countries (like zero tariff imports). This is an exemption for
MFN. The MSP given by developed countries including the US is an exception to MFN.
9. Kafala
• Qatar is set to abolish its controversial exit visa system for all foreign workers by the end of 2019.
The new law allows most workers to leave the country without exit permits from their employers.
• The ‘kafala’ system is a system that lays down obligations in the treatment and protection of
foreign ‘guests’. Kafala means ‘to guarantee’ or ‘to take care of’ in Arabic.
• Under the system, a migrant worker’s immigration
status is legally bound to an individual employer or
sponsor (‘kafeel’) during the contract period. The
migrant worker cannot enter the country, transfer
employment nor leave the country for any reason
without first obtaining explicit writtenpermission from
the kafeel.
• When did the kafala system start?
o The kafala system began in the 1950s when several Middle East countries started hiring
foreign workers to accelerate development following the discovery of oil.
10.President of World Bank
• David Malpass has been appointed as the President of World Bank. He was nominated by the US
president Donald Trump.
• Appointment of the President of World Bank:
o As per the guidelines of the World Bank, the World Bank president must have:
▪ A proven track record of leadership.
▪ Experience managing large organizations with international exposure, and a
familiarity with the public sector.

▪ Ability to articulate a clear vision of the Bank’s development mission.
▪ A firm commitment to and appreciation for multilateral cooperation.
▪ Effective and diplomatic communication skills, impartiality, and objectivity.
• Who can nominate?
o Executive directors of the World Bank can nominate candidates for the post and the
candidate must be citizens of one of the bank’s member countries and cannot be a bank
governor, executive director or alternate.
o If there are more than three candidates, there would be a shortlisting process to narrow the
field through an informal straw poll. Then the shortlisted candidates will be interviewed by
the board. The board will then make a final selection through a majority vote.
• Number of votes needed to win:
o To win the presidency of the World Bank, a candidate must win approval from the
institution’s executive board, which has 25 members. The US holds a 16% share of board
voting power hence more often it is the US-backed candidate gets elected for the post of
the president.
11.International Maritime Organisation (IMO)
• International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has launched new rules to introduce electronic
information exchange between ships and ports for national governments.
• Its objective is to make cross border trade easy and hassle free.
• Background:
o The requirement, mandatory under IMO’s Convention on Facilitation of International
Maritime Traffic (FAL Convention), is part of amendments under the revised Annex to the
FAL Convention, adopted in 2016.
• What is Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic (FAL Convention)?
o Adopted in 1965, the main objective of the convention is to achieve the most efficient
maritime transport as possible, looking for smooth transit in ports of ships, cargo, and
passengers.
o The Convention encourages the use of a “single window” for data, to enable all the
information required by public authorities in connection with the arrival, stay and departure
of ships, persons and cargo, to be submitted via a single portal, without duplication.
o Under the requirement for electronic data exchange, all national authorities should now
have provision for electronic exchange of this information.
• About IMO:
o The International Maritime Organization – is the United Nations specialized agency with
responsibility for the safety and security of shipping and the prevention of marine
pollution by ships.
o The IMO’s primary purpose is to develop and maintain a comprehensive regulatory
framework for shipping and its remit includes safety, environmental concerns, legal matters,
technical co-operation, maritime security and the efficiency of shipping.
o IMO is governed by an assembly of members and is financially administered by a council
of members elected from the assembly.
o The IMO’s structure comprises the Assembly, the Council, the Maritime Safety Committee,
the Marine Environment Protection Committee, the Legal Committee, the Technical
Cooperation Committee, and the secretariat, headed by a Secretary-General.

12.International Finance Corporation (IFC)
• The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is an international financial institution that offers
investment, advisory, and asset management services to encourage private sector development in
developing countries.
• It is a member of the World Bank Group and is headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States.
• It was established in 1956 as the private sector arm of the World Bank Group to advance economic
development by investing in strictly for-profit and commercial projects that purport to reduce
poverty and promote development.
• The IFC is owned and governed by its member countries, but has its own executive leadership and
staff that conduct its normal business operations.
• It is a corporation whose shareholders are member governments that provide paid-in capital and
which have the right to vote on its matters.
• Functions:
o It offers an array of debt and equity financing services and helps companies face their risk
exposures, while refraining from participating in a management capacity.
o The corporation also offers advice to companies on making decisions, evaluating their
impact on the environment and society, and being responsible.
o It advises governments on building infrastructure and partnerships to further support
private sector development.
13.World Heritage Day
• Every year, 18th April is celebrated Worldwide as World Heritage Day to create awareness about
Heritage among communities.
• Theme: The theme for this year’s celebrations is ‘Rural Landscapes’, which is related to the
theme of the
• 2019 ICOMOS Scientific Symposium on Rural heritage that will take place in Marrakesh, Morocco in
October.
• There are 37 World Heritage Sites located in India. These include 29 cultural sites, seven natural
sites and one mixed site. India has the sixth largest number of sites in the world.
• What is a World Heritage site?
o A World Heritage site is classified as a natural or man-made area or a structure that is of
international importance, and a space which requires special protection.
o These sites are officially recognised by the UN and the United Nations Educational
Scientific and Cultural Organisation, also known as UNESCO. UNESCO believes that the sites
classified as World Heritage are important for humanity, and they hold cultural and physical
significance.
• Background:
o In 1982, the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) announced, 18 April
as the “World Heritage Day”, approved by the General Assembly of UNESCO in 1983, with
the aim of enhancing awareness of the importance of the cultural heritage of humankind,
and redouble efforts to protect and conserve the human heritage.
• What are rural landscapes and why are they significant?
o In the ICOMOS “Principles concerning rural landscapes as heritage”, adopted by the ICOMOS
General Assembly in 2017, rural landscapes are defined as “terrestrial and aquatic areas
co-produced by human- nature interaction used for the production of food and other
renewable natural resources, via agriculture, animal husbandry and pastoralism, fishing
and aquaculture, forestry, wild food gathering, hunting, and extraction of other resources,
such as salt. Rural landscapes are multifunctional resources. At the same time, all rural

areas have cultural meanings attributed to them by people and communities: all rural areas
are landscapes.”
o Rural landscapes encompass an increasing accumulation of tangible and intangible heritage
which is in constant adaptation to environmental, cultural, social, political and economic
conditions. They are the most common type of continuing cultural landscape.
14.UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS)
• A total of 150 Indian peacekeepers serving with the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) have
received medals of honour for their dedicated service and sacrifice.
• About United Nations Mission in South Sudan:
o On 9 July 2011 South Sudan became the newest country in the world. The birth of the
Republic of South Sudan is the culmination of a six-year peace process which began with the
signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2005.
o However, the Security Council determined that the situation faced by South Sudan
continued to constitute a threat to international peace and security in the region and
established the United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS) to
consolidate peace and security and to help establish conditions for development.
o Following the crisis which broke out in South Sudan in December 2013, the Security Council
reinforced UNMISS and reprioritized its mandate towards the protection of civilians, human
rights monitoring, and support for the delivery of humanitarian assistance and for the
implementation of the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement.
• The stated UNMISS Mandate includes:
o Support for peace consolidation and thereby fostering longer- term state building and
economic development.
o Support the Government of the Republic of South Sudan in exercising its responsibilities for
conflict prevention, mitigation and resolution and protect civilian ns.
o Support the Government of the Republic of South Sudan in developing its capacity to
provide security, to establish rule of law, and to strengthen the security and justice sectors.
15.United Nations Arms Trade Treaty
• US President Donald Trump has rejected the United Nations’ 2013 Arms Trade Treaty aimed at
regulating the global arms trade.
• Trump described the UN arms trade treaty as misguided and an intrusion on US sovereignty.
• By pulling out of the ATT, the US joins India, which has not signed the treaty.
• Why is India against this treaty?
o One of the arguments made by India in 2013 against the treaty was that New Delhi had
“strong and effective national export controls” on military hardware to ensure they don’t
fall into the wrong hands.
• What does the Arms Trade Treaty seek to do?
o The UN Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) has the ambitious aim of responding to international
concern that the $70 billion a year trade in conventional weapons leaves a trail of atrocities
in its wake.
o The treaty calls for the international sale of weapons to be linked to the human rights
records of buyers.
o It requires countries to establish regulations for selling conventional weapons.
o It calls for potential arms deals to be evaluated in order to determine whether they might
enable buyers to carry out genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes.

o The treaty also seeks to prevent conventional military weapons from falling into the hands of
terrorists or organized criminal groups, and to stop deals that would violate UN arms
embargos.
• What types of conventional weapons deals does the Arms Trade Treaty seek to regulate?
o Conventional weapons covered by the UN Arms Trade Treaty include tanks and other
armored combat vehicles, artillery, attack helicopters, naval warships, missiles and missile
launchers, and smallarms.
o It also establishes common international standards for the regulation of the international
trade in ammunition, weapons parts, and arms components.
o The treaty does not regulate the domestic sale or use of weapons in any country. It also
recognizes the legitimacy of the arms trade to enable states to provide for their own
security.
16.Indo-Pacific Regional Dialogue (IPRD) – 2019
• The second edition of Indo-Pacific Regional Dialogue (IPRD) – 2019 was held in New Delhi.
• Aim: To provide a platform for substantive and insightful discussions pertaining to the geopolitical
developments affecting the maritime domain of the Indo-Pacific, and provide policy-relevant
inputs to the policy-makers and the public at large.
• About IPRD- Indo- Pacific Regional Dialogue:
o The idea of an Indo-Pacific Regional Dialogue (IPRD) was first conceptualised and conducted
in 2018, as the apex level conference of the Indian Navy, organised by the National
Maritime Foundation as the Navy’s Knowledge Partner.
o The permanent theme of this annual dialogue is a review of India’s opportunities and
challenges in the Indo-Pacific region.
o The aim is to focus attention on the Indo-Pacific, as a maritime geographical-entity, while
deliberating aspects of great relevance to regional geopolitics.
17.TIR convention
• The first shipment under the United Nations ‘Transports Internationaux Routiers’ (TIR) convention
arrived in India from Afghanistan through Iran’s Chabahar Port.
• The Customs Convention on International Transport of Goods under cover of TIR Carnets, 1975
(TIR Convention), is an international transit system under the auspices of the United Nations
Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) to facilitate the seamless movement of goods within
and amongst the Parties to the Convention.
• The 1975 convention replaced the TIR Convention of 1959, which itself replaced the 1949 TIR
Agreement between a number of European countries.
• The TIR system not only covers customs transit by road but a combination is possible with other
modes of transport (e.g., rail, inland waterway, and even maritime transport), as long as at least
one part of the total transport is made by road.
18.Trends in International Arms Transfers 2018 Report
• The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) has released the Trends in
International Arms Transfers 2018 Report. The assessment was done for a five-year period (2014-
2018).
• India was the world’s second largest importer of major arms in 2014-18 and accounted for 9.5% of
the global total.
• After eight years of holding the position of the largest importer of weapons, India has been
superseded by Saudi Arabia and dropped down to become the second largest importer of

weapons in the world. Last year (for the period 2013-17), India accounted for 13% of all imports
and was the world’s largest importer.
• Reasons for gradual lowering of imports by India: Imports decreased by 24% between 2009-13 and
2014-18 (two five-year blocks), partly due to delays in deliveries of arms produced under licence
from foreign suppliers, such as combat aircraft ordered from Russia in 2001 and submarines
ordered from France in 2008.
• The five biggest exporters in five-year block period 2011-2015 were the US, Russia, France,
Germany and China. The US and Russia remain by far the largest exporters, accounting for 36% and
21%, respectively, of the total global trade.
• Stockholm International Peace Research Institute:
o Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) established in 1966 is an
independent international institute dedicated to research into conflict, armaments, arms
control and disarmament.
o Based in Stockholm the Institute provides data, analysis and recommendations, based on
open sources, to policymakers, researchers, media and the interested public.
19.IEA Bioenergy TCP
• Cabinet approves joining of IEA Bioenergy TCP by Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas as its 25th
member.
• The other members are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, the Netherlands, New
Zealand, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and
the European Commission.
• About IEA Bioenergy TCP:
o International Energy Agency’s Technology Collaboration Programme on Bioenergy (IEA
Bioenergy TCP) is an international platform for co-operation among countries with the aim
of improving cooperation and information exchange between countries that have national
programmes in bioenergy research, development and deployment.
o IEA Bioenergy TCP works under the framework of International Energy Agency (IEA) to
which India has “Association” status since 30th March, 2017.
• What is bioenergy?
o Bioenergy is defined as material which is directly or indirectly produced by photosynthesis
and which is utilised as a feedstock in the manufacture of fuels and substitutes for
petrochemical and other energy intensive products.
20.United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
• The latest report released by United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) says that India is
one of the major hubs of illicit drug trade ranging from age-old cannabis to newer prescription
drugs like tramadol, and designer drugs like methamphetamine.
• Key findings:
o While the global trend of purchasing drugs over the internet, particularly on darknet trading
platforms using cryptocurrencies has already spread across South Asia, it is particularly
rampant in India.
o India is also a transit country for illicitly produced opiates, in particular heroin. The route
used by traffickers to smuggle opiates through South Asia is an alternative part of the so-
called “southern route”, which runs through Pakistan or the Islamic Republic of Iran, via the
Gulf countries, continues to East Africa and on to destination countries.
o Also, India, Australia, France and Turkey accounted for 83% of global production of
morphine-rich opiate raw materials in 2017.

• About UNODC:
o Established in 1997 through a merger between the United Nations Drug Control Programme
and the Centre for International Crime Prevention, UNODC is a global leader in the fight
against illicit drugs and international crime.
o UNODC relies on voluntary contributions, mainly from Governments, for 90% of its budget.
o UNODC is mandated to assist Member States in their struggle against illicit drugs, crime and
terrorism.
• The three pillars of the UNODC work programme are:
o Field-based technical cooperation projects to enhance the capacity of Member States to
counteract illicit drugs, crime and terrorism.
o Research and analytical work to increase knowledge and understanding of drugs and crime
issues and expand the evidence base for policy and operational decisions.
o Normative work to assist States in the ratification and implementation of the relevant
international treaties, the development of domestic legislation on drugs, crime and
terrorism, and the provision of secretariat and substantive services to the treaty-based and
governing bodies.
21.International Criminal Court (ICC)
• Malaysia has ratified the Rome Statute making it the 124th State party to the International Criminal
Court (ICC).
• The International Criminal Court (ICC), located in The Hague, is the court of last resort for
prosecution of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.
• It is the first permanent, treaty based, international criminal court established to help end impunity
for the perpetrators of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community.
• Its founding treaty, the Rome Statute, entered into force on July 1, 2002.
• Funding: Although the Court’s expenses are funded primarily by States Parties, it also receives
voluntary contributions from governments, international organisations, individuals, corporations
and other entities.
• Composition and voting power:
o The Court’s management
oversight and legislative body,
the Assembly of States Parties,
consists of one representative
from each state party.
o Each state party has one vote
and “every effort” has to be
made to reach decisions by
consensus. If consensus
cannot be reached, decisions
are made by vote. The
Assembly is presided over by a
president and two vice-
presidents, who are elected by
the members to three-year
terms.
• Jurisdiction:
o The ICC has the jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide,
crimes against humanity, and war crimes.

o The ICC is intended to complement existing national judicial systems and it may therefore
only exercise its jurisdiction when certain conditions are met, such as when national courts
are unwilling or unable to prosecute criminals or when the United Nations Security
Councilor individual states refer situations to the Court.
• Criticism:
o It does not have the capacity to arrest suspects and depends on member states for their
cooperation.
o Critics of the Court argue that there are insufficient checks and balances on the authority of
the ICC prosecutor and judges and insufficient protection against politicized prosecutions or
other abuses.
o The ICC has been accused of bias and as being a tool of Western imperialism, only
punishing leaders from small, weak states while ignoring crimes committed by richer and
more powerful states.
o ICC cannot mount successful cases without state cooperation is problematic for several
reasons. It means that the ICC acts inconsistently in its selection of cases, is prevented from
taking on hard cases and loses legitimacy. It also gives the ICC less deterrent value, as
potential perpetrators of war crimes know that they can avoid ICC judgment by taking over
government and refusing to cooperate.
22.World Meteorological Organisation (WMO)
• Every year, on March 23, the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) commemorates its
founding by observing World Meteorological Day. This year, the organisation is celebrating its 69th
anniversary.
• Theme: “The Sun, the Earth and the weather”. This year’s theme also sits in perfectly with the next
cycle of the Sun’s activity starting in 2020, also known
as the Solar Cycle 25.
• What does WMO do?
o WMO coordinates the activities of National
Meteorological and Hydrological Services in
191 States and Territories so that basic
weather, climate and water services are made
available to anyone who needs them, when
they need them.
o WMO guarantees the publication of
observations and statistics and furthers the
application of meteorology and hydrology to all
aspects of human activities such as aviation,
shipping, water management and agriculture.
o WMO also encourages research and training in
meteorology and hydrology and their related
applications and contributes towards reducing
the impact of weather- and climate-related
hazards. This is accomplished through regular,
reliable forecasts and early warnings on
flooding, drought, tropical cyclones, tornadoes and other extreme events.
o Predictions concerning locust swarms and the transport of pollutants (nuclear and toxic
substances, volcanic ash) are also provided by WMO Members.
About WMO:
• The World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) is a specialized
agency of the United Nations
dedicated to meteorology (weather),
climatology (climate), operational
hydrology (water) and other related
geophysical sciences such as
oceanography and atmospheric
chemistry.
• Predessor organization —
International Meteorological
Organization (IMO) — founded in
1873.
Reports:
1. Greenhouse Gas Bulletin.
2. Status of the World Climate.

23.Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
• Hyderabad-based pharma company Laurus Labs Limited has announced that it has entered into a
strategic partnership agreement with Global Fund for a period of 3.5 years. Through this agreement
Laurus Labs will have the volume commitments from the Global Fund for the treatment of
HIV/AIDS.
• The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (or simply the Global Fund) is an
international financing organization that aims to “attract, leverage and invest additional resources
to end the epidemics of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria to support attainment of the
Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations.”
• Founded in 2002, the Global Fund is a partnership between governments, civil society, the private
sector and people affected by the diseases.
• The organization maintains its secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland.
• Historical background:
o The Global Fund was formed as an independent, non-profit foundation under Swiss law and
hosted by the World Health Organization in January 2002.
o In January 2009, the organization became an administratively autonomous organization,
terminating its administrative services agreement with the World Health Organization.
24.African Union
• India and the African Union have signed a Memorandum of Understanding to establish an India-
Africa health sciences collaborative platform.
• The African Union (AU) is a continental union consisting of 55 countries of the continent of Africa,
with exception of various territories of European possessions located in Africa.
• The bloc was founded on 26 May 2001 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and launched on 9 July 2002 in
South Africa.
• The intention of the AU is to replace the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), established on 25
May 1963 in Addis Ababa by 32 signatory governments.
• The most important decisions of the AU are made by the Assembly of the African Union, a semi-
annual meeting of the heads of state and government of its member states.
• The AU’s secretariat, the African Union Commission, is based in Addis Ababa.
• Key objectives: To achieve greater unity and solidarity between the African countries and Africans.
To defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its Member States. To
accelerate the political and social-economic integration of the continent.
25.Geneva Convention
• An Indian pilot was captured by Pakistan. India cited the Geneva Conventions while demanding the
release of Wing Commander in Pak custody.
• Geneva Convention:
o The 1949 Geneva Conventions are a set of international treaties that ensure that warring
parties conduct themselves in a humane way with non-combatants such as civilians and
medical personnel, as well as with combatants no longer actively engaged in fighting, such
as prisoners of war, and wounded or sick soldiers.
o All countries are signatories to the Geneva Conventions. There are four conventions, with
three protocols added on since 1949.
• Does the captured pilot count as a prisoner of war?
o The provisions of the conventions apply in peacetime situations, in declared wars, and in
conflicts that are not recognised as war by one or more of the parties.

o India had said its airstrikes were a “non-military” intelligence-led operation and therefore
both sides are bound by the Geneva Conventions. This means the IAF officer is a prisoner of
war, and his treatment has to be in accordance with the provisions for PoWs under the
Geneva Conventions.
• What are the provisions for PoWs?
o The treatment of prisoners of war is dealt with by the Third Convention or treaty.
The Third Convention is unambiguous about how prisoners must be treated: “humanely”.
And the responsibility for this lies with the detaining power, not just the individuals who
captured the PoW.
o Any unlawful act or omission by the Detaining Power causing death or seriously endangering
the health of a prisoner of war in its custody is prohibited, and will be regarded as a serious
breach of the present Convention.
o In particular, no prisoner of war may be subjected to physical mutilation or to medical or
scientific experiments of any kind which are not justified by the medical, dental or hospital
treatment of the prisoner concerned and carried out in his interest.
o Likewise, prisoners of war must at all times be protected, particularly against acts of
violence or intimidation and against insults and public curiosity. Measures of reprisal against
prisoners of war are prohibited,” says Article 13 of the Convention.
• What rights is a PoW entitled to?
o Article 14 of the Convention lays down that PoWs are “entitled to in all circumstances to
respect for their persons and their honour”.
o In captivity, a PoW must not be forced to provide information of any kind under “physical or
mental torture, nor any other form of coercion”.
o Refusal to answer questions should not invite punishment.
o A PoW must be protected from exposure to fighting.
o Use of PoWs as hostages or human shields is prohibited, and a PoW has to be given the
same access to safety and evacuation facilities as those affiliated to the detaining power.
o Access to health facilities, prayer, recreation and exercise are also written into the
Convention.
o The detaining power has to facilitate correspondence between the PoW and his family, and
must ensure that this is done without delays.
o A PoW is also entitled to receive books or care packages from the outside world.
• What do the provisions say about the release of prisoners?
o Parties to the conflict “are bound to send back” or repatriate PoWs, regardless of rank, who
are seriously wounded or sick, after having cared for them until they are fit to travel”.
o The conflicting parties are expected to write into any agreement they may reach to end
hostilities the expeditious return of PoWs.
• Previous such instances:
o At the end of the 1971 war, India had more than 80,000 Pakistani troops who had
surrendered to the Indian Army after the liberation of Dhaka. India agreed to release them
under the Shimla Agreement of 1972. Pakistan can decide to send Wing Commander
Abhinandan unilaterally, or negotiate his release with India.
o In such situations, who monitors whether the Geneva Conventions are being followed?
o The Geneva Conventions have a system of “Protecting Powers” who ensure that the
provisions of the conventions are being followed by the parties in a conflict. In theory, each
side must designate states that are not party to the conflict as their “Protecting Powers”.
In practice, the International Committee of the Red Cross usually plays this role.

26.LAWASIA Human Rights Conference
• The first LAWASIA Human Rights Conference was organised by LAWASIA, in association with the
Bar Association of India recently.
• The conference aims to provide a unique opportunity for lawyers and associated professional
members to exchange insights and expertise on topics of significant importance to all.
• Theme: “State Power, Business and Human Rights: Contemporary Challenges”.
• The conference explored a wide range of human rights issues of relevance in the Asia Pacific
region.
• About LAWASIA:
o It is a regional association of lawyers, judges, jurists and legal organisations and it
advocates for the interests and concerns of the Asia Pacific legal profession.
o It provides a platform to promote the cross-jurisdictional exchange of legal knowledge; as
a voice of the legal profession; and as a conduit for encouraging adherence to mutually-held
principles of the rule of law, professional integrity and the protection of human rights.
27.Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED)
• The World Health Organization (WHO) has released a new report on global health expenditure.
The Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) provides internationally comparable data on
health spending for close to 194 countries, since 2000.
28.Global Digital Health Partnership (GDHP)
• India is hosting 4th Summit of Global Digital Health
Partnership.
• About GDHP:
o Global Digital Health Partnership (GDHP) is an
international collaboration of governments,
government agencies and multinational
organisations dedicated to improving the
health and well-being of their citizens through
the best use of evidence-based digital
technologies.
o Established in February 2018, the GDHP
provides an opportunity for transformational
engagement between its participants, who are
striving to learn and share best practice and policy
that can support their digital health systems.
o lt has been created to provide an international
platform to facilitate global collaboration and
cooperation to share policy insights, best practices
and evidence based implementation of safe, secure digital technologies to improve the
quality, accessibility and sustainability of health systems.
29.United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN
Women)
• The government of Odisha has been applauded by The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality
and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) for proposing 33% reservation for women in
Parliament and the State Assemblies.
• UN Women: The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women:
Five work streams of GDHP:
1. Cyber Security.
2. Evidence and Evaluation.
3. Policy Environments.
4. Interoperability
5. Clinical and Consumer Engagement.
GDHP Member Countries:
• Currently, 23 countries are the
member of this group which include
Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil,
Canada, Estonia, Hong Kong SAR,
India, Japan Republic of Indonesia,
Italy, New Zealand, Netherlands
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Singapore,
South Korea, Switzerland, Sweden,
Portugal, the United Kingdom, the
United States, Ukraine, Uruguay and
the World Health Organization.

o UN Women is the UN entity dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of
women. UN Women was established to accelerate progress on meeting their needs
worldwide.
o In July 2010, the United Nations General Assembly created UN Women, the United Nations
Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women.
o It merges and builds on the important work of four previously distinct parts of the UN
system, which focused exclusively on gender equality and women’s empowerment:
▪ Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW).
▪ International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women
(INSTRAW).
▪ Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI).
▪ United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM).
30.Sary-Arka-Antiterror 2019
• The Shanghai Cooperation Organization’s (SCO) member states will hold a joint anti-terrorism
exercise “Sary-Arka-Antiterror 2019.” The decision to hold a joint exercise was announced during
the 34th meeting of the RATS council held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
• Other outcomes of RATS council meeting:
o Chaired by Russia, the meeting also declared plans to hold the first stage of the joint border
operation “Solidarity 2019-2021,” the 7th meeting of the heads of the border services, and
training workshops on identifying and preventing the use of the Internet for terrorist,
separatist and extremist purposes.
31.BOLD-QIT Project
• Project BOLD-QIT (Border Electronically Dominated
QRT Interception Technique) under CIBMS
(Comprehensive Integrated Border Management
system) has been inaugurated on India-Bangladesh
border in Dhubri District of Assam.
• BOLD-QIT is the project to install technical systems
under the Comprehensive Integrated Border
Management System (CIBMS), which enables BSF to
equip Indo-Bangla borders with different kind of
sensors in unfenced riverine area of Brahmaputra and
its tributaries.
• What is CIBMS?
o The concept of CIBMS is the integration of
manpower, sensors and command and control
to improve situational awareness and facilitate quick response to emerging situations.
o Among major components of CIBMS is the ‘virtual fence’. The second component is
the command and control, which will help in optimum use of resources for border
management. Another component is power management to keep CIBMS running.
32.International Vision Zero Conference
• ‘International Vision Zero Conference’ to Promote Occupational Safety and Health is being held in
Mumbai.
• The conference provides a forum for promoting safety and health at work by exchanging
knowledge, practices and experience.

• The Conference has been organized by Directorate General Factory Advice and Labour Institutes
(DGFASLI), Ministry of Labour and Employment, German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV),
Germany in association with Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay and International Social
Security Association – Manufacturing, Construction and Mining.
• What is ‘Vision Zero’ concept?
o The concept of Vision Zero is based on four fundamental principles viz. life is non-
negotiable, humans are fallible, tolerable limits are defined by human physical resistance,
and people are entitled to safe transport and safe workplaces.
o The Vision is based on principles of Controlling Risks, Ensuring Safety and Health in
Machines, Equipment and Workplaces and Skill Upgradation of Workforce.

Art and Culture
1. Maithili Language
• Acommittee constituted for making a report for the Promotion and Protection of Maithili
Language and its scripts, has submitted its report to MHRD in which it has made several
recommendationsforpromotion and protection of Maithililanguage.
• Background:
o Mithilakshar orTirhuta is the script of broader cultural Mithila. It is an extremely ancient
script and is one of the scripts of the broader North Eastern India.
o The scripts of Mithilaksar, Bangla, Assamese, Nebari, Odia and Tibetan are part of the
family.
o Mithilakshar had come to its current shape by 10th Century AD. The oldest form of
Mithilakshar is found in the Sahodara stone inscriptions of 950 AD. Afterwards, the scripts
has been used throughout Mithila from Champaran to Deoghar.
2. Bharat Rang Mahotsav (BRM)
• 20th edition of Bharat Rang Mahotsav was held in New Delhi.
• It was organized by National School of Drama (NSD).
• Bharat Rang Mahotsav (BRM):
o It is the annual international theatre festival of India organized by the National School of
Drama (NSD).
o It was established two decades ago to stimulate the growth and development of theatre
across India.
o Originally a national festival showcasing the work of the most creative theatre workers in
India, BRM has evolved to international scope, hosting theatre groups from around the
world, and is now the largest theatre festival of Asia.
3. Sangeet Natak Akademi
• The Sangeet Natak Akademi – India’s national academy for music, dance and drama – is the first
National Academy of the arts set-up by the Republic of India. It was created by a resolution of
Government of India.
• It was set up in 1952.
• The academy functions as the apex body of the performing arts in the country to preserve and
promote the vast cultural heritage of India expressed in music, dance and drama.
• It also works with governments and art academies in states and territories of the country.
• The academy Renders advice and assistance to the government of India in the task of formulating
and implementing policies and programmes in the field. It carries a part of the responsibilities of
the state for fostering cultural contacts between regions in the country, as well as between India
and the world.
• The Akademi Awards are the highest national recognition conferred on eminent artistes.
• Each year the Academy awards Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships, Ratna Sadsya, to distinguished
individuals for their contribution to the field of arts, music, dance and theatre.
• Ustad Bismillah Khan award is given to young artists for their talent in the fields of music, dance
and drama.

4. Salt Satyagraha Memorial
• National Salt Satyagraha Memorial has been opened at Dandi in Navsari district, Gujarat. It was
dedicated to the nation on the occasion of Mahatma Gandhi’s 71st death anniversary (30th
January).
• The memorial encapsulates the ideals of Mahatma Gandhi- Agrah for Swadeshi, Swatchagrah and
Satyagraha.
• Significance:
o The memorial aims to serve as a reminder of the great sacrifices made by the people of the
nation for the cause of freedom. It is a tribute to the Satyagrahis led by Gandhi Ji, who
worked for India’s freedom and is expected to be a major attraction for the tourists.
• About the Salt Satyagraha:
o On March 12, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi embarked a historic Salt March from Sabarmati
Ashram in Gujarat's Ahmedabad to the village of Dandi in the state's coastal area to protest
against the steep tax the British levied on salt. The Salt March began on March 12, 1930
and continued till April 6, 1930.
o It was a 24-day Salt March, which was non-violent in nature, is historically significant as it
led to the mass Civil Disobedience Movement.
o Upon reaching the seashore in Dandi, Mahatma Gandhi broke the law by producing illegal
salt. This later turned into a mass civil disobedience movement throughout India as millions
broke salt laws by either making salt or buying illegal salt.
• Historical Background:
o During that time, the British had prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salt. Indians
were also forced to buy the staple diet ingredient from the British, who, not only exercised
monopoly over its manufacture and sale but also levied a heavy salt tax. The Salt March was
a collective beginning of a mass resistance movement against the British tyranny.
5. Guru Padmasambhava
• An international conference and exhibition of rare artefacts about the life and legacy of 8th
century Buddhist sage Guru Padmasambhava was held in New Delhi.
• Guru Padmasambhava is known as the Second Buddha because he played a seminal role in
spreading Buddhism and Buddhist teachings across the Himalayan region including Northeast India,
Nepal, Bhutan and Tibet.
• In Tibetan, Guru Padmasambhava is generally referred to as Guru Rinpoche, which means “precious
master.”
• He undertook many travels across India, Bhutan, Tibet
and Nepal.
• Thangka paintings, sculptures and photographs portray
the life and teachings of the Guru.
6. Maharshi Badrayan Vyas Samman Awards
• Vice President recently conferred around 100
‘President’s Certificate of Honour’ and ‘Maharshi
Badrayan Vyas Samman’ Awards to scholars in Classical
Languages.
• Who was Maharshi Badrayan?
o He was an Indian philosopher about whom
almost no personal details are reliably known.
‘Maharshi Badrayan Vyas Samman’
Awards:
• The Maharshi Badrayan Vyas Samman
distinction is conferred on persons in
recognition of their substantial
contribution in the field of Sanskrit,
Persian, Arabic, Pali, Prakrit, Classical
Oriya, Classical Kannada, Classical
Telugu and Classical Malayalam.
• Introduced in the year 2002.
• Given to selected young scholars
in the age group of 30 to 45 years.
• Carries a certificate of honour, a
memento and a one-time cash
prize of Rs.1 lakh.

o Badarayana is regarded as having written the basic text of the Vedanta system, the
Vedāntasūtra a.k.a. Brahmasūtra. He is thus considered the founder of the Vedānta
system of philosophy.
o The date of Badarayana and his Brahma Sutras is uncertain. Different scholars have dated the
Brahma Sutras variously from 500 BCE to 450 BCE.
7. Saraswati Samman
• Telugu poet K Siva Reddy has been selected for the prestigious Saraswati Samman, 2018 for his
work Pakkaki Ottigilite which is a collection of poetry.
• Saraswati Samman is the annual award given to an outstanding literary work in any Indian language
mentioned in Schedule VIII of the Constitution and published in 10 years preceding the specified
award year.
• It is the highest recognition in the field of Indian literature in the country and carries a citation, a
plaque and award money of ₹15 lakh.
• The award is presented by the KK Birla Foundation, a literary and cultural organisation that also
gives the Vyas Samman for Hindi, and Bihari Puraskar for Hindi and Rajasthani writers of Rajasthan.
8. Garia Festival
• Garia festival is an important festival for the Tripuri tribal community of the state. The Garia dance
is very popular among the Tripuris and the Reangs. Symbolic of the worship of deities as well as of
the socio- economic activities of the households, these dances represent hunting, fishing, food-
gathering and various other activities.
• The Garia Puja is usually held from the beginning of the last day of the month of Chaitra till the
seventh day of the month of April (Vaishakha).
• They offer prayers to a bamboo pole whom they considered as their Lord Garia and sought His
blessings for a good and prosperous life.
• The devotees sacrifice roosters as part of the rituals during the puja.
• The puja is followed by traditional dance derived from the Garia dance or the dance of Shiva and
other cultural activities.
9. Muslim League
• It was a political party established in 1906 in the British Indian Empire. Its strong advocacy for the
establishment of a separate Muslim-majority nation-state, Pakistan, successfully led to the partition
of British India in 1947 by the British Empire.
• The party arose out of a literary movement begun at The Aligarh Muslim University in which Syed
Ahmad Khan was a central figure.
• The first stage of its formation was the meeting held at Lucknow in September 1906, with the
participation of representatives from all over India.
• With global events leading up to World War II and the Congress party’s effective protest against the
United Kingdom unilaterally involving India in the war without consulting the Indian people, the
Muslim League went on to support the British war efforts.
• Evolution post- independence:
o Soon after Partition, the All India Muslim League, which had led the movement for Pakistan,
was disbanded. Over the next few months, the party of Mohammed Ali Jinnah was
succeeded by the Muslim League in West Pakistan and The All Pakistan Awami Muslim
League in East Pakistan.
o In East Pakistan, the Awami Muslim League championed the cause of Bengali nationalism,
and sought to chart a course independent from Punjabi-dominated West Pakistan. Under

the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, East Pakistan ultimately broke free from the
West.
• In India:
o In independent India, the All India Muslim League was succeeded by the Indian Union
Muslim League (IUML).
o The IUML fought elections under the Constitution of India, and has always had a constant, if
small, presence in Lok Sabha.
o The IUML is the strongest in Kerala, and has a unit in Tamil Nadu as well. It has long been
recognised by the Election Commission of India as a state party in Kerala.
10.Marayoor Jaggery
• The Marayoor Jaggery, the traditional and handmade product from Idukki district of Kerala, has
received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag from the Central Government.
• The Jaggery is produced in Marayoor, a town in Idukki district of Kerala. It is made from sugarcane
and no chemicals are added during the manufacturing process.
• It is not produced in modern factories or using modern equipment. It is prepared in sheds located
on the sugarcane farm.
11.Sharda Peeth corridor
• Pakistan has given its green signal for Sharda Peeth corridor. The Sharda Peeth corridor, when
opened, will be the second religious tract after Kartarpur corridor in Pakistan-controlled territory
that will connect the two neighbouring nations.
• Background:
o The temple has been completely deserted since Partition in 1947. Travel restrictions on
Indians also discouraged the devotees from visiting the shrine.
• When was it built?
o One of the accounts of construction of the temple says that it was built during the rule of
Kushans (early 1st century). While many other accounts say that Buddhists had a strong
involvement in the Sharda region, the researchers have not been able to find evidence to
support the claim.
o Academics also believe that Raja Lalitaditya had built the Sharada Peeth for containing the
religious and political influence of the Buddhism. The claim is supported by the fact that
Lalitaditya was a master of building massive temples.
• Where is it located?
o The Sharada temple, as well as the adjacent ruins of Sharada University, are situated
in Neelam Valley, which is 160 km from Muzaffarabad, and close to the Line of Control. It is
in a small village Shardi where the river Neelam joins Madhumati and Sargun streams.
12.Operation Vijay
• Goa recently celebrated the 57th Liberation Day. On this day, Goa attained independence from the
450-years of Portuguese rule.
• Portuguese were the first ones to colonize parts of India and were the last to leave. The
Portuguese invaded Goa in the year 1510.
• Operation Vijay began on December 17, 1961, when the then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru
ordered the invasion. The Indian attack overpowered the ill-prepared Portuguese army. The attack
was successful and was carried forward to retrieve the other Portuguese-controlled areas, Daman
and Diu.

• At this point on December 18, the Portuguese Governor General Vassalo da Silva gave up control
of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu. Three days after the attack began, Goa finally
became a part of India.
• Referendum and Statehood:
o The Goa Opinion Poll was a referendum held in the state of Goa, India, on 16 January 1967,
to decide the future of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu within the Indian Union.
o Although popularly called an opinion poll, it was in fact, a referendum, as the results of the
poll were binding on the government of India.
o The referendum offered the people of Goa a choice between continuing as a union territory
or merging with the state of Maharashtra. It is the only referendum to have been held in
independent India. The people of Goa voted against the merger and Goa continued to be a
union territory. Subsequently, in 1987, Goa became a full-fledged state within the Indian
Union.

What is Geosynchronous Satellite
Launch Vehicle (GSLV)?
• GSLV is a 49 m tall three stage
vehicle with the first stage
comprising a solid booster
with four liquid strap-on
motors. The second stage is a
liquid engine and the third
stage is the indigenously built
Cryogenic Upper
Stage (CUS) which uses
cryogenic propellants such as
Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) as fuel
and Liquid Oxygen (LOX) as
Oxidiser.
• With the recent successful
launch of GSLV-F11 on
December 19, 2018, GSLV has
successfully placed 10 national
satellites.
Science and Technology
1. GSLV Programme
• The Union Cabinet has approved the ongoing Phase 4 of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch
Vehicle (GSLV) programme.
• The programme and its significance:
o The GSLV Programme – Phase 4 will enable the launch
of 2 tonne class of satellites for Geo-imaging,
Navigation, Data Relay Communication and Space
Sciences into the Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit
(GTO).
o Under the GSLV Continuation Programme, five GSLV
flights have been planned during the period 2021-
2024.
o The GSLV Continuation Programme – Phase 4 will
meet the launch requirement of satellites for
providing critical Satellite Navigation Services and
Data Relay Communication for supporting the Indian
Humanspaceflight programme ‘Gaganyaan’ and the
next interplanetary mission to Mars.
• Overall significance:
o It will help sustain the self-reliance in the launching
of similar satellites for national requirements
including next generation navigation satellites, data
relay communication satellites and interplanetary
missions.
2. GSAT-31
• Indian Space Research Organisation’s latest communication satellite, GSAT-31 was successfully
launched by Arianespace aboard its launch vehicle Ariane 5 from the spaceport in French Guiana
recently.
• About GSAT- 31:
o A telecommunications satellite designed and manufactured by the Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO).
o India’s 40th communication satellite .
o It will be placed in Geostationary Orbit (36,000 km above the equator) using its onboard
propulsion system.
o It has a unique configuration of providing flexible frequency segments and flexible coverage.
Hence, it will provide communication services to Indian mainland and islands.
o It will also provide DTH Television Services, connectivity to VSATs for ATM, Stock-exchange,
Digital Satellite News Gathering (DSNG) and e-governance applications. The satellite will
also be used for bulk data transfer for a host of emerging telecommunication applications.
3. EMISAT Mission
• The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has launched the country’s first electronic
surveillance satellite, EMISAT.
• It was launched on-board PSLV-C45.
• How does EMISAT work?

o EMISAT is an advanced electronic intelligence (ELINT) satellite jointly developed by ISRO-
DRDO. It is meant for electromagnetic spectrum measurements.
o It is modelled after a famous Israeli spy satellite called SARAL (Satellite with ARgos and
ALtika). Both these satellites have the SSB-2 bus protocol — the core component for their
sharp electronic surveillance capabilities across the length and width of a large country like
India.
o EMISAT also has a special altimeter (a radar altitude measuring device) called ‘AltiKa’ that
works in the Ka- band microwave region of the spectrum. The electronic surveillance
payload of EMISAT was developed under a DRDO’s project called KAUTILYA.
o The main capability of EMISAT is in signal intelligence — intercepting signals broadcasted by
communication systems, radars, and other electronic systems. The Ka-band frequency that
EMISAT is sensitive to, allows the EMISAT to scan through ice, rain, coastal zones, land
masses, forests and wave heights with ease.
• Many Firsts In The Launch:
o First time ISRO is launching satellites in three different orbits.
o The PSLV-C45 launch vehicle is also the first PSLV rocket to use four strap-on motors. The
four strap-on motor rockets are from the PSLV-QL range.
o This is the first time it has been envisaged to provide a microgravity environment for
research organizations and academic institutes to perform experiments.
o The PSLV-C45 is also the first launch to use solar panels to make the fourth stage last
longer in orbit. Using the solar panels in the fourth stage, the PSLV can provide power to
attached payloads almost indefinitely.
o PSLV-C45: First Launch Vehicle to Use Solar Propulsion.
4. Hayabusa-2
• Japan’s spacecraft Hayabusa-2 recently dropped an explosive on an asteroid to make a crater. Also,
this spacecraft will collect its underground samples to find possible clues to the origin of the solar
system.
• Notably, Hayabusa2 is the second Japanese spacecraft to land on an asteroid, after Hayabusa
achieved a similar feat back in 2005.
• Hayabusa:
o In mid-September 2005, Hayabusa landed on the asteroid Itokawa, and managed to collect
samples in the form of grains of asteroidal material. It returned to Earth with the samples in
June 2010, thereby becoming the first spacecraft to return asteroid samples to Earth for
analysis.
• Hayabusa2:
o It is an asteroid sample-return mission operated by the Japanese space agency, JAXA.
o It was launched on 3 December 2014 and rendezvoused with near-Earth asteroid 162173
Ryugu on 27 June 2018.
o It is in the process of surveying the asteroid for a year and a half, departing in December
2019, and returning to Earth in December 2020.
o Hayabusa2 carries multiple science payloads for remote sensing, sampling, and four small
rovers that will investigate the asteroid surface to inform the environmental and geological
context of the samples collected.
o Since it arrived at Ryugu in June 2018, Hayabusa 2 has dropped two hopping landers,
collectively known as MINERVA-II, onto the surface of the space rock to take pictures and
measure the asteroid’stemperature.

5. Blackholes
• The first photograph of a black hole was revealed by scientists recently.
• What is a black hole?
o A black hole is an object in space that is so dense and has such strong gravity that no matter
or light can escape its pull. Because no light can escape, it is black and invisible.
o There’s a boundary at the edge of a black hole called the event horizon, which is the point
of no return — any light or matter that crosses that boundary is sucked into the black hole.
o Anything that crosses the event horizon is destined to fall to the very centre of the black hole
and be squished into a single point with infinite density, called the singularity.
• If black holes are invisible, how can we detect or photograph them?
o By looking for the effects of their extreme gravity, which pulls stars and gases toward them.
o Also, while anything past the event horizon is invisible, outside that boundary there is
sometimes a spiral disk of gas that the black hole has pulled toward — but not yet into —
itself.
o The gases in that accretion disk are heated up as they accelerate toward the black hole,
causing them to glow extremely brightly. The colours they glow are invisible to us, but are
detectable with an X-ray telescope.
o Scientists have also detected the gravitational waves generated when two black holes
collide.
• How big are black holes?
o Small black holes are called stellar-mass black holes. They have masses similar to those of
larger stars — about five to 20
times the mass of the sun. The
other kind is supermassive black
holes, which are millions to
billions of times more massive
than the sun. There is some
evidence that black holes
between these two sizes exist,
but that has yet to be
confirmed.
o While black holes are very
massive, that doesn’t mean they
take up a lot of space. Because
they’re so dense, they’re
actually quite small.
• Where are black holes found?
o Supermassive black holes are
found at the centre of most
galaxies, including our own
Milky Way. The onein our galaxy
is called Sagittarius A*.
o Sagittarius A* isn’t the only
black hole in our galaxy, though.
Earlier this year, astronomers
discovered another 12 within
three light-years of it, suggesting
there could be upwards of 10,000 black holes around the galactic centre.

• Where do black holes come from?
o Supermassive black holes are believed to form at the same time as the galaxy that
surrounds them, but astronomers aren’t sure exactly how.
o Stellar mass black holes form when a star with a mass greater than three times that of our
sun runs out of fuel. It explodes into a supernova and collapses into an extremely dense
core that we know as a black hole — something predicted by Albert Einstein’s general
theory of relativity.
o Einstein’s theory also predicts the size and shape of the black holes that the Event Horizon
Telescope is trying to photograph.
6. Wide Field InfraRed Survey Telescope
• WFIRST telescope will give humans the largest, deepest, clearest picture of the universe since the
Hubble Space Telescope could find as many as 1,400 new planets outside Earth’s solar system.
• The new telescope paves the way for a more accurate, more focused search for extra-terrestrial
life, with about 100 of the not-yet-discovered planets having the same or lower mass as Earth.
• WFIRST, the Wide Field InfraRed Survey Telescope, is a NASA observatory designed to settle
essential questions in the areas of dark energy, exoplanets, and infrared astrophysics.
• WFIRST will have two instruments, the Wide Field Instrument, and the Coronagraph Instrument.
• WFIRST will use gravitational microlensing in its search for new planets.
• Gravitational microlensing is a technique that relies on the gravity of stars and planets to bend and
magnify the light coming from stars that pass behind them from the telescope’s viewpoint.
7. Atmospheric Waves Experiment (AWE)
• The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has selected a new mission- Atmospheric
Waves Experiment (AWE)- that will help scientists understand and ultimately, forecast the vast
space weather system around the Earth.
• About Atmospheric Waves Experiment (AWE):
o It will be launched in August 2022 and will be attached to exterior of Earth-orbiting
International Space Station
(ISS).
o Objective of AWE is to study
and focus on airglow, a
colourful band of light in
Earth’s atmosphere to
determine what combination
of forces drive space weather
in upper atmosphere.
o It will be the first such
experiment to obtain global
observations of important
driver of space weather in
dynamic region of Earth’s upper atmosphere that can cause interference with radio and GPS
communications.
o AWE is a Mission of Opportunity under NASA’s Heliophysics Explorers Program, which
conducts focused scientific research and develops instrumentation to fill the scientific gaps
between the agency’s larger missions.

8. GRAPES-3
• For the first time in the world, researchers at the GRAPES-3 muon telescope facility in Ooty have
measured the electrical potential, size and height of a thundercloud that passed overhead on
December 1, 2014.
• Why study properties of thunder clouds?
o Learning about the properties of thunderclouds can be useful in navigation of aircraft and
preventing short circuits.
• About GRAPES 3:
o The GRAPES-3 experiment (or Gamma Ray Astronomy PeV EnergieS phase-3) located at
Ooty in India started as a collaboration of the Indian Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
and the Japanese Osaka City University, and now also includes the Japanese Nagoya
Women’s University.
o GRAPES-3 is designed to study cosmic rays with an array of air shower detectors and a large
area muon detector.
9. Nirbhay Missile
• India recently successfully test-fired its first Sub-sonic cruise missile, Nirbhay.
• Nirbhay is a long range, all-weather, subsonic cruise
missile, with a sharper ‘terrain hugging capability’.
designed and developed in India by the Defence
Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
• The guidance, control and navigation systems of the
missile are configured around the indigenously
designed Ring Laser Gyroscope and MEMS based,
inertial Navigation System.
• The missile can be launched from multiple platforms
and is capable of carrying conventional and nuclear
warheads.
• It is a two-stage missile powered by Solid rocket
motor booster.
• It is capable of carrying warheads of up to 300kg at a
speed of 0.6 to 0.7 Mach (subsonic).
• It has an operational range of 1000 km (long range). No other indigenous missile has been tested
at such altitude
• The Nirbhay cruise missile is an Indian version of the American Tomahawk.
10.Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air missiles (QRSAM)
• India has successfully test-fired two indigenously developed Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air missiles
(QRSAM) from a test range off the Odisha coast.
• About QRSAM:
o It has been developed to replace the ‘Akash’ missile defence system, and has 360-degree
coverage.
o It uses solid fuel propellant and has a strike range of 25-30 km with capability of hitting
multiple targets.
o It is capable of hitting the low flying objects.

11.Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR)
• Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully flight tested the
second indigenously developed ‘Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR)’ propulsion-based missile system.
• Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR):
o It is a missile propulsion technology jointly developed by India and Russia.
• Significance:
o It will help both India’s surface-to-air and air-to-air missiles to perform better and enhance
their strike range, making them more lethal.
o With it, India can have fastest long-range missiles in two categories, providing full-fledged
and multi-layered aerial protection from hostile attacks.
• What is ramjet?
o Ramjet is a form of air-breathing jet engine that uses the vehicle’s forward motion to
compress incoming air for combustion without a rotating compressor.
o Fuel is injected in the combustion chamber where it mixes with the hot compressed air and
ignites.
o A ramjet-powered vehicle requires an assisted take-off like a rocket assist to accelerate it to
a speed where it begins to produce thrust.
12.Melamine
• The government has extended the ban on import of milk and its products, including chocolates,
from China till laboratories at ports for testing presence of toxic chemical melamine are upgraded.
• Key facts:
o Uttar Pradesh is the leading state in milk production followed by Rajasthan and Gujarat.
o Although India does not import milk, milk products from China, it has imposed the ban as a
preventive measure.
• What is melamine?
o Melamine is an organic base chemical most commonly found in the form of white crystals
rich in nitrogen.
• What is melamine generally used for?
o Melamine is widely used in plastics, adhesives, countertops dishware, whiteboards.
• Why is melamine added into milk and powdered infant formula?
o The addition of melamine increases the nitrogen content of the milk and therefore its
apparent protein content.
o Addition of melamine into food is not approved by the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius (food
standard commission), or by any national authorities.
• Has melamine been found in other food products?
o In 2007, melamine was found in wheat gluten and rice protein concentrate exported from
China and used in the manufacture of pet food in the United States. This caused the death
of a large number of dogs and cats due to kidney failure.
o Melamine contamination has also been found in a number of different brands of powdered
infant formula, in one brand of a frozen yogurt dessert and in one brand of canned coffee
drink. All these products were most probably manufactured using ingredients made from
melamine-contaminated milk.
13.Maternal spindle transfer (MST)
• Fertility doctors in Greece and Spain say they have produced a baby from three people in order to
overcome a woman’s infertility.
• Background:

• The structure of a cell:
1. Nucleus: Where the majority of our
DNA is held – this determines how
we look and our personality.
2. Mitochondria: Often described as
the cell’s factories, these create the
energy to make the cell function.
3. Cytoplasm: The jelly like substance
that contains the nucleus and
mitochondria.
o The experimental form of IVF uses an egg from the mother, sperm from the father, and
another egg from a donor woman. It was developed to help families affected by deadly
mitochondrial diseases which are passed down
from mother to baby.
o The technique was used in Mexico in 2016 to
produce a baby for a family with mitochondrial
disease complications.
• How was it done?
o The team used a technique called maternal
spindle transfer (MST).
o All cells have mitochondria, which are like
power packs for the cells and create the energy
that keeps cells alive. While a child’s DNA is a mixture from both the mother and father,
mitochondria are separate “packages of genetics” that come solely from the mother.
o Some people have a mitochondrial disease — a problem with the genetics in their
mitochondria — which can lead to severe, life-threatening conditions, although this is rare.
o One treatment for a woman who might have one of these diseases is to replace the
mitochondria in her eggs via IVF. This can be done via a process like the one used in Greece
where the DNA is taken out of the woman’s egg and put into a donor woman’s egg once the
DNA has been stripped from it, which is then fertilised with sperm to create an embryo.
14.E-cigarettes
• An electronic cigarette (or e-cig) is a battery- powered vaporizer that mimics tobacco smoking. It
works by heating up a nicotine liquid, called “juice.”
• propylene glycol is the ingredient that produces thicker clouds of vapor.
• Proponents of e-cigs argue that the practice is healthier than traditional cigarettes because users
are only inhaling water vapor and nicotine.
• Regulation:
o Why its hard to regulate them? As e-cigarettes contain nicotine and not tobacco, they do
not fall within the ambit of the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products (Prohibition of
Advertisement and Regulation of Trade and Commerce, Production, Supply and
Distribution) Act, 2003 (COTPA), which mandates stringent health warnings on the
packaging and advertisements of tobacco products.
• WHO report on e- cigarettes and effects:
o As per the report, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) (e-cigarettes) emits nicotine,
the addictive component of tobacco products. Nicotine can have adverse effects on the
development of the foetus during pregnancy and may contribute to cardiovasculardisease.
o Although nicotine itself is not a carcinogen, it may function as a “tumour promoter” and
seems to be involved in the biology of malignant disease, as well as of neurodegeneration.
o Foetal and adolescent nicotine exposure may have long-term consequences for brain
development, potentially leading to learning and anxiety disorders.
15.Genome Sequencing
• In an indigenous genetic mapping effort, nearly 1,000 rural youth from the length and breadth of
India will have their genomes sequenced by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
• Genomes will be sequenced based on a blood sample and the scientists plan to hold at least 30
camps covering most States.

• What are the uses of genome
sequencing?
• A genome is an organism’s
complete set of DNA,
including all of its genes.
• Genomics is an
interdisciplinary field of
science focusing on the
structure, function, evolution,
mapping, and editing of
genomes. Genomics also
involves the sequencing and
analysis of genomes through
uses of high throughput DNA
sequencing.
• Every person whose genomes are sequenced will be given a
report.
• Need for genome sequencing:
o Ever since the human genome was first sequenced in
2003, it opened a fresh perspective on the link between
disease and the unique genetic make-up of each
individual.
o Nearly 10,000 diseases — including cystic fibrosis,
thalassemia — are known to be the result of a single
gene malfunctioning.
o Genome sequencing has shown that cancer too can be
understood from the viewpoint of genetics, rather than
being seen as a disease of certain organs.
16.Clean Meat
• The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) has decided to fund
the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) and the National Research Centre on Meat
for research on cell-based meat.
• What is it?
o Cell-based meat, also called clean meat or cultured meat, is nutritionally equivalent to
conventional meat, and tastes, smells, looks and feels exactly the same. The only
difference is in the way it isproduced.
o Rather than raising livestock and slaughtering them for meat, cell-based meat is produced
through ‘cellular agriculture’, with animal cells being cultivated into meat.
• Why It’s the Future?
o Lab-grown meats beat the old-fashioned kind in two areas: They’re better for body and
they’re better for the environment.
o Clean meats are grown in a sterile environment, meaning that you’ll avoid bacteria found in
traditional meats.
o According to one study, replacing livestock with lab-grown meats will cut down on the
land needed by 99 percent, and the water needed by 90 percent.
17.Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology (CCMB)
• Scientists at CCMB have discovered a new enzyme which helps in breaking cell walls of bacteria
and hence, offers a potential for a new drug delivery route to arrest the anti-bacterial resistance.
• The Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology (CCMB) is a premier research organization which
conducts high quality basic research and trainings in frontier areas of modern biology, and promote
centralized national facilities for new and modern techniques in the interdisciplinary areas of
biology.
• It was set up initially as a semi-autonomous Centre on April 1, 1977 with the Biochemistry Division
of the then Regional Research Laboratory (presently, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, IICT)
Hyderabad.
• It is located in Hyderabad and operates under the aegis of the Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research (CSIR).
• It is designated as “Center of Excellence” by the Global Molecular and Cell Biology Network,
UNESCO.
18.National Science Day

• National Science Day is celebrated on 28th of February every year in order to commemorate the
invention of the Raman
Effect in India by the Indian
physicist, Sir Chandrasekhara
Venkata Raman on the same
day in the year 1928.
• Chandrasekhara Venkata
Raman was awarded and
honored with the Nobel Prize
in the Physics in the year
1930.
• Theme: “Science for the
People and the People for
Science.”
• What is Raman effect?
o The Raman Effect is a
change in the wavelength of light that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules.
When a beam of light traverses a dust-free, transparent sample of a chemical compound, a
small fraction of the light emerges in directions other than that of the incident (incoming)
beam.
o Most of this scattered light is of unchanged wavelength. A small part, however, has
wavelengths different from that of the incident light; its presence is a result of the Raman
effect.
• Raman’s experiment:
o The violet light of the solar spectrum is isolated with a violet filter and passed through the
liquid sample. Most of the light emerging from the liquid sample is the same color as the
incident violet beam: the so-called Rayleigh scattered light (the scattering of light by
particles in a medium, without change in wavelength. It accounts, for example, for the blue
colour of the sky, since blue light is scattered slightly more efficiently than red).
o However, Raman, along with K S Krishnan was able to show that some of the scattered light
was a different color, which they could isolate by using a green filter placed between the
observer and the sample.
19.Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG)
• Navratna Defence PSU Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) has unveiled its new product, the Atmospheric
Water Generator (AWG), an innovative solution to meet the ever-increasing need for drinking
water.
• The Atmospheric Water Generator is being manufactured by BEL in collaboration with CSIR-IICT
and MAITHRI, a start-up company based in Hyderabad.
• How it works?
o BEL’s Atmospheric Water Generator employs a novel technology to extract water from the
humidity present in the atmosphere and purify it.
o It uses heat exchange for condensing the atmospheric moisture to produce pure, safe and
clean potable water.
o The AWG comes with a Mineralisation Unit, which is used to add minerals which are
required to make the water potable.

20.Super-Efficient Air Conditioning Programme
• Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) has launched its Super-Efficient Air Conditioning
Programme for residential and institutional consumers in the BSES area.
• Super-Efficient Air Conditioning Programme- key facts:
o Under the programme, Super-Efficient Air Conditioners are distributed. They are 40% more
efficient than, but priced comparably with, the 3-star ACs currently available in the market
(ISEER 3.8).
o EESL is working towards making this programme and its benefits available to all consumers
across the nation with the other DISCOMs likely to partner with EESL in future.
• Funding:
o EESL’s investment in the programme is partially supported by a grant from the Global
Environment Facility (GEF).
o Further, Asian Development Bank (ADB) is providing necessary grant support and loan
while United Nations Environment (UNEP) is providing technical assistance support to the
Super-Efficient AC programme.
21.Repurpose Cooking Oil (RUCO) initiative
• Dehradun-based Indian Institute of Petroleum has successfully finished a pilot test to convert used
cooking oil into bio-aviation turbine fuel (Bio-ATF), which can be blended with conventional ATF
and used as aircraft fuel.
• The test assumes importance as the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has
launched the Repurpose Cooking Oil (RUCO) initiative to collect and convert used cooking oil into
bio-fuel.
• About RUCO:
o Under this initiative, 64 companies at 101 locations have been identified to enable
collection of used cooking oil. For instance: McDonald’s has already started converting used
cooking oil to biodiesel from 100 outlets in Mumbai and Pune.
o FSSAI wants businesses using more than 100 litres of oil for frying, to maintain a stock
register and ensure that UCO is handed over to only registered collecting agencies.
• What are Total Polar Compounds (TPC)?
o In many countries, TPC is used to measure the quality of oil. The level of TPC increases
every time oil is re-heated. Some of the studies show that TPC accumulation in oil without
food is slower than that in oil frying with food.
o Higher level of TPC in cooking oil leads to health issues like hypertension, atherosclerosis,
Alzheimer’s disease and liver disease. One of the studies also noticed high levels of glucose,
creatinine and cholesterol with declined levels of protein and albumin in cooking oil.
22.International IP Index 2019
• The International IP Index 2019 has been released by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce’s Global
Innovation Policy Center (GIPC).
• Released by GIPC, the Index evaluates the IP infrastructure in each economy based on 45 unique
indicators, which are critical to the growth of effective IP systems.
• The indicators encompass 8 categories of IP protection: patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade
secrets, commercialization of IP assets, enforcement, systemic efficiency, and membership and
ratification of international treaties.
• The 2019 Index demonstrates the close correlation between effective IP protection and economic
growth, global competitiveness, and the creation of 21st century knowledge-based economies.
• India is placed at rank 36th this year.

23.Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
• Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to
an embryonic stem cell–like state by being forced to express genes and factors important for
maintaining the defining properties of embryonic stem cells.
• iPSCs are already useful tools for drug development and modeling of diseases, and scientists hope
to use them in transplantation medicine.
• What are stem cells, and why are they important?
o Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the
body during early life and growth.
o In addition, in many tissues they serve as a sort of internal repair system, dividing
essentially without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive.
o When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential either to remain a stem cell or
become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red
blood cell, or a brain cell.
• Stem cells are distinguished from other cell types by two important characteristics:
o First, they are unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division,
sometimes after long periods of inactivity.
o Second, under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to
become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions. In some organs, such as the
gut and bone marrow, stem cells regularly divide to repair and replace worn out or damaged
tissues. In other organs, however, such as the pancreas and the heart, stem cells only divide
under special conditions.
• What are the similarities and differences between embryonic and adult stem cells?
o One major difference between adult and embryonic stem cells is their different abilities in
the number and type of differentiated cell types they can become. Embryonic stem cells
can become all cell types of the body because they are pluripotent. Adult stem cells are
thought to be limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin.
o Embryonic stem cells can be grown relatively easily in culture. Adult stem cells are rare in
mature tissues, so isolating these cells from an adult tissue is challenging, and methods to
expand their numbers in cell culture have not yet been worked out. This is an important
distinction, as large numbers of cells are needed for stem cell replacement therapies.
24.Combat casualty drugs
• DRDO’s medical laboratory has come up with a range of ‘combat casualty drugs’ that can extend
the golden hour of gravely wounded security personnel till the trooper is shifted to hospital.
• It has been developed at the Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, a laboratory of the
Defence Research and Development Organisation.
• The spectrum includes bleeding wound sealants, super absorptive dressings and glycerated salines,
all of which can save lives in the event of warfare in jungle and high-altitude areas as well as in
terror attacks.

Social Issues
1. Sentinelese
• Steps taken to ensure the protection of Sentinelese:
o The entire North Sentinel Island along with 5 km coastal sea from high water mark is
notified as tribal reserve.
o The Government respects their way of life style, therefore, has adopted an ‘eyes-on and
hands-off’ practice to protect and safeguard the Sentinelese tribe.
o A protocol of circumnavigation of the North Sentinel Island has been notified. The ships and
aircrafts of Coast Guard and boats of Marine Police make sorties around North Sentinel to
keep surveillance.
• They have been protected under:
o A &N Islands (PAT) Regulation 1956.
o Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989.
o Restrictions under Foreigner (Restricted Area) Orders, 1963.
2. Visa Manual Conditions/Passport Act 1920, Indian Forest Act,Candida Auris Infection
• ICMR releases guidelines for candida auris infection and treatment.
• The killer germ, a fungus called Candida auris, has showed up in countries as far apart as Australia
and Canada, Venezuela and Japan, over the past few years. It is often resistant to multiple anti-
fungal drugs.
• What is Candida auris and why is it worrisome?
o Candida auris is an emerging fungus, multidrug-resistant yeast that presents a serious
global health threat.
o Patients can remain colonised with C. auris for a long time and C. auris can persist on
surfaces in healthcare environments. This can result in spread of C. auris between patients
in healthcare facilities. Public health authorities in several countries have reported that C.
auris has caused severe illness in hospitalized patients.
o Infections caused by C. auris often do not respond to commonly used antifungal drugs,
making them difficult to treat.
o C. auris is difficult to identify with standard lab methods.
o Patients who have a long stay in an intensive care unit, have serious medical conditions, and
who have previously received antibiotics or antifungal medications, appear to be at highest
risk of infection.
• Spread:
o C. auris can be spread in healthcare settings through contact with contaminated surfaces or
equipment, or from physical contact with a person who is infected or colonized.
o Basically, C. auris can spread in hospitals, targetting people with weakened immune
systems.
o Healthy people usually don’t get infected with the fungus. Yet, more research is required to
further understand how it spreads.
• How can the spread of C. auris be prevented?
o Meticulous attention to infection prevention and control, including good hand hygiene
(either hand washing withsoap and water or hand sanitizing with an alcohol-based hand
rub), is critical for everyone including healthcare personnel and healthcare facility visitors.

• Why is multidrug resistance a problem?
• The increase in resistant organisms
is fueled by overuse of antimicrobial
drugs, not just in healthcare settings
but also in agriculture. As more
microorganisms evolve ways to
survive commonly used drugs,
treating infections becomes more
difficult. This increases the risks
associated with hospitalizations and
surgeries.
o It is important that healthcare personnel strictly follow infection prevention and control
measures, such as the proper use of gowns and gloves. When visiting a healthcare facility,
visitors must follow facility directions to prevent the spread of infection.
o Finally, appropriate and effective environmental cleaning and disinfection by the healthcare
facility is a key part of infection prevention and
control.
• Is C. auris treatable?
o Most C. auris infections are treatable with
antifungal drugs. However, some C. auris
infections have been resistant to all three main
classes of antifungal medications, making them
more difficult to treat.
o C. auris infection often goes unnoticed and its
resistance to drugs makes it even more difficult
to treat. Moreover, it is difficult to identify with
standard laboratory tests, increasing the risk of
mismanagement or misidentification if not diagnosed properly.
o As per CDC, more than 90 per cent of C. auris infections are resistant to at least one drug,
and 30 per cent are resistant to two or more antibiotics. And other prominent strains of the
fungus Candida have not developed significant resistance to drugs, said the CDC. Finding a
cure for the infection is now a matter of urgency.
• Precautions, treatment:
o The key is to prevent the fungus from spreading, so the management of the infection is
hinged on isolation of the patient, ideally in a single room, with strict hand hygiene.
o Everyone who has come in contact with a patient should be screened for the fungus, and all
equipment used for the care of the patient should be cleaned every day in accordance with
clinical carerecommendations.
o Guidelines for treatment say that only when there are symptoms of an infection should the
patient be given anti-fungals such as Caspofungin and Micafungin.
• What are the signs and symptoms of C. auris infection?
o Symptoms may not be noticeable, because patients infected with C. auris are often patients
in the hospital with another serious illness or condition.
o Symptoms can vary greatly depending on the part of the body affected and can cause
different types of infection such as bloodstream infection, wound infection, and ear
infection, etc. Doctors say symptoms can include fever, body aches, and fatigue.
• How fatal can C. auris infection be?
o Nearly half of patients die within 90 days of being diagnosed with the fungus. In most cases,
patients who have died with C. auris had other serious conditions that increased their risk of
death.
o Infection prevention and control measures for C. auris:
o Placing the patients with C. auris in single rooms and using Standard and Contact
Precautions.
o Increasing emphasis on hand hygiene.
o Cleaning and disinfecting patient care environment and reusable equipment with
recommendedproducts.
o Inter-facility communication about patient’s C. auris status – when a patient is being
transferred to another healthcare facility.
o Conducting surveillance for new cases to detect ongoing transmission.

o Screening patients to identify C. auris colonisation is a vital part of infection prevention and
control.
o 1927 and Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
3. Nilavembu kudineer
• The Tamil Nadu government has distributed nilavembu kudineer (a Siddha medicine) concoction to
treat people infected with dengue during the outbreak.
• Nilavembu kudineer:
o Under in vitro conditions, nilavembu kudineer (a Siddha medicine) was found to provide
protection against chikungunya virus while it was effective as a treatment during acute
phase of dengue infection.
4. Candida Auris Infection
• ICMR releases guidelines for candida auris infection and treatment.
• The killer germ, a fungus called Candida auris, has showed up in countries as far apart as Australia
and Canada, Venezuela and Japan, over the past few years. It is often resistant to multiple anti-
fungal drugs.
• What is Candida auris and why is it worrisome?
o Candida auris is an emerging fungus, multidrug-resistant yeast that presents a serious
global health threat.
o Patients can remain colonised with C. auris for a long time and C. auris can persist on
surfaces in healthcare environments. This can result in spread of C. auris between patients
in healthcare facilities. Public health authorities in several countries have reported that C.
auris has caused severe illness in hospitalized patients.
o Infections caused by C. auris often do not respond to commonly used antifungal drugs,
making them difficult to treat.
o Patients who have a long stay in an intensive care unit, have serious medical conditions, and
who have previously received antibiotics or antifungal medications, appear to be at highest
risk of infection.
• Spread:
o C. auris can be spread in healthcare settings through contact with contaminated surfaces or
equipment, or from physical contact with a person who is infected or colonized.
o Basically, C. auris can spread in hospitals, targetting people with weakened immune
systems.
o Healthy people usually don’t get infected with the fungus. Yet, more research is required to
further understand how it spreads.
• How can the spread of C. auris be prevented?
o Meticulous attention to infection prevention and control, including good hand hygiene, is
critical for everyone including healthcare personnel and healthcare facility visitors.
o Appropriate and effective environmental cleaning and disinfection by the healthcare facility.
• Is C. auris treatable?
o Most C. auris infections are treatable with antifungal drugs. However, some C. auris
infections have been resistant to all three main classes of antifungal medications, making
them more difficult to treat.
o C. auris infection often goes unnoticed and its resistance to drugs makes it even more
difficult to treat. Moreover, it is difficult to identify with standard laboratory tests,
increasing the risk of mismanagement or misidentification if not diagnosed properly.
• What are the signs and symptoms of C. auris infection?

• World’s first vaccine against a
parasitic disease: Mosquirix:
• RTS,S known by its trade name
Mosquirix, uses antibodies to
target proteins presented by
sporozoites (such as the
circumsporozoite protein of
falciparum)to enhance the
immune system and help
prevent the parasite from
infecting the liver.
• Mosquirix is also engineered
using a hepatitis B viral protein
and a chemical adjuvant to
further boost the immune
response for enhanced
effectiveness.
o Symptoms may not be noticeable, because patients infected with C. auris are often patients
in the hospital with another serious illness or condition.
o Symptoms can vary greatly depending on the part of the body affected and can cause
different types of infection such as bloodstream infection, wound infection, and ear
infection, etc. Doctors say symptoms can include fever, body aches, and fatigue.
5. World Haemophilia Day
• April 17 is World Haemophilia Day.
• What is it?
o Haemophilia is a medical condition, mostly
inherited, in which the ability of blood to clot is
severely reduced, so that even a minor injury
can cause severe bleeding.
o It is a rare disorder worldwide — one type,
called Haemophilia A, occurs in about 1 in 5,000
births, while Haemophilia B is even rarer at
about 1 in about 20,000 births.
• Treatments for haemophilia:
o There’s no cure for haemophilia, but treatment
usually allows a person with the condition to
enjoy a good quality of life.
o Genetically engineered clotting factor
medicines are used to prevent and treat
prolonged bleeding.
o In milder cases, injections are usually only given
in response to prolonged bleeding. More severe
cases are treated with regular injections to
prevent bleeding.
6. Mosquirix: World’s First Malaria Vaccine
• African Nation, Malawi will be undertaking large scale
pilot tests for the experimental malaria vaccine in a bid to prevent the disease. The vaccine has
been recommended by WHO for pilot introduction in selected
areas of 3 African countries- Ghana, Kenya and Malawi.
• About Malaria:
o Caused by a Plasmodium Parasites that is transmitted
from one human to another by the bite of infected
Anopheles mosquitoes.
o In humans, the parasites (called sporozoites) migrate to
the liver where they mature and release another form,
the merozoites.
o The majority of Malaria symptoms are caused by the
massive release of merozoites into the bloodstream
such as anaemia is caused by the destruction of the red
blood cells.
o There are five parasites that can cause Malaria in
humans and the deadliest of all is Plasmodium
Falciparum.
o Children under the age of 5 and pregnant women are
• Why men are more vulnerable?
• Because of the genetics involved
in the way the sex of a child is
determined, men are more
vulnerable to haemophilia than
women.
• Haemophilia is caused by a defect
in the X chromosome. If a girl is
born with one defective X
chromosome, her other X
chromosome can compensate for
it. In such a case, she is a carrier of
haemophilia but will not suffer
from the condition herself. Only if
both her X chromosomes are
defective will she suffer from
haemophilia herself. On the other
hand, if a boy is born with a
defective X chromosome, he does
not have the second X
chromosome to compensate for it,
and will suffer from haemophilia.
That is the reason haemophilia is
more common among men.

most susceptible to the disease.
7. Malaria Elimination Research Alliance (MERA) India
• The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has launched the ‘Malaria Elimination Research
Alliance (MERA) India’ – a conglomeration of partners working on malaria control – in order to
prioritise, plan and scale up research to eliminate the disease from India by 2030.
• Key facts:
o The principal activity of the alliance is to prioritise, plan, conduct, scale up and translate
relevant research in a coordinated and combinatorial way in order to have a tangible impact
on the population who are at risk of malaria.
o The alliance will facilitate trans-institutional coordination and collaboration around a
shared research agenda which responds not only to programmatic challenges and addresses
gaps in available tools, but also proactively contributes to targeted research.
o It aims to harness and reinforce research in coordinated and combinatorial ways in order to
achieve a tangible impact on malaria elimination.
8. Bubble boy Disease
• US scientists claim that they used HIV to make a gene therapy that cured eight infants of severe
combined immunodeficiency, or “bubble boy” disease.
• What is Bubble boy disease?
o The inherited immune system disorder is technically called X-linked severe combined
immunodeficiency (SCID), and it affects mostly boys. Bubble boy disease is the most
common SCID condition, andthe frequency of the illness isn’t known.
• Why is X-linked SCID nicknamed “bubble boy disease”?
o If a child tests positive for the disease at birth, they can’t necessarily do activities that other
children can do.
o A child with X-linked SCID can’t fight off infections the way a healthy child can because their
immune system doesn’t function properly.
o They have to live inside a “bubble” to keep from coming into contact with germs that
wouldn’t hurta healthy person but could kill someone whose immune system doesn’t work.
9. WHO Strategy to fight Flu Pandemics
• The World Health Organization has launched a strategy to protect people worldwide over the next
decade against the threat of influenza, warning that new pandemics are “inevitable”.
• The strategy meets one of WHO’s mandates to improve core capacities for public health, and
increase global preparedness.
• Need:
o Influenza epidemics, largely seasonal, affect around one billion people and kill hundreds of
thousands annually. WHO describes it as one of the world’s greatest public health
challenges.
• Pandemic influenza:
o An influenza pandemic is a global epidemic caused by a new influenza virus to which there is
little or no pre-existing immunity in the human population.
o Influenza pandemics are impossible to predict; and they may be mild, or cause severe
disease or death.
o Severe disease may occur in certain risk groups, which may correspond to those at risk of
severe disease due to seasonal influenza. However, healthy persons are also likely to
experience more serious disease than that caused by seasonal influenza.
o The most recent pandemic occurred in 2009 and was caused by an influenza A (H1N1) virus.

o As an influenza pandemic may last months or even years, this requires a sustained response
in the health sector but also in other sectors providing essential services, such as energy and
food production.
10.West Nile Virus (WNV)
• West Nile Virus (WNV) is a member of the flavivirus genus and belongs to the Japanese
encephalitis antigenic complex of the family Flaviviridae.
• West Nile Virus (WNV) can cause neurological disease and death in people. WNV is commonly
found in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, North America and West Asia.
• WNV is maintained in nature in a cycle involving transmission between birds and mosquitoes.
Humans, horses and other mammals can be infected.
• Transmission:
o Human infection is most often the result of bites from infected mosquitoes. Mosquitoes
become infected when they feed on infected birds, which circulate the virus in their blood
for a few days. The virus eventually gets into the mosquito’s salivary glands. During later
blood meals (when mosquitoes bite), the virus may be injected into humans and animals,
where it can multiply and possibly cause illness.
o The virus may also be transmitted through contact with other infected animals, their blood,
or other tissues. A very small proportion of human infections have occurred through organ
transplant, blood transfusions and breast milk. There is one reported case of transplacental
(mother-to-child) WNV transmission.
o Horses, just like humans, are “dead-end” hosts, meaning that while they become infected,
they do not spread the infection. Symptomatic infections in horses are also rare and
generally mild, but can cause neurologic disease, including fatal encephalomyelitis.
• Signs and symptoms:
o Infection with WNV is either asymptomatic (no
symptoms) in around 80% of infected people,
or can lead to West Nile fever or severe West
Nile disease.
o About 20% of people who become infected
with WNV will develop West Nile fever.
Symptoms include fever, headache, tiredness,
and body aches, nausea, vomiting, occasionally
with a skin rash (on the trunk of the body) and
swollen lymph glands.
o The symptoms of severe disease (also called neuroinvasive disease, such as West Nile
encephalitis or meningitis or West Nile poliomyelitis) include headache, high fever, neck
stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, and
paralysis.
• Treatment and vaccine:
o Treatment is supportive for patients with neuro-invasive West Nile virus, often involving
hospitalization, intravenous fluids, respiratory support, and prevention of secondary
infections.
o No vaccine is available for humans.
11.World Happiness Report- 2019
• The United Nations has released the World Happiness Report- 2019.
• The list is topped by Finland for the second year in a row.
• The US ranks at 19th place despite being one of the richest countries in the world.

• India figures at 140th place, seven spots down from last year.
• People in war-torn South Sudan are the most unhappy with their lives.
• About World Happiness Report:
o The World Happiness Report is a landmark survey of the state of global happiness that ranks
156 countries by how happy their citizens perceive themselves to be.
o It is released by the Sustainable Development Solutions Network for the United Nations by
the UN General Assembly.
o It ranks the countries of the world on the basis of questions primarily from the Gallup World
Poll.
• How is it measured?
o It is based on a questionnaire which measures 14 areas within its core questions: (1)
business & economic, (2) citizen engagement, (3) communications & technology, (4)
diversity (social issues), (5) education & families, (6) emotions (well-being), (7) environment
& energy, (8) food & shelter, (9) government and politics, (10) law & order (safety), (11)
health, (12) religion and ethics, (13) transportation, and (14) work. The results are then
correlated with other factors, including GDP and social security.
12.Dard Aryans
• A seminar was held recently in New Delhi that extensively discussed the need to preserve the
legacy of Dard Aryans.
• Who are they?
o Some 200 km from Leh are the villages of Dha, Hanu, Garkone and Darchik on both sides of
the Indus River, inhabited by the Buddhist Dard Tribes. The villages are together called the
“Aryan valley”. The word ‘Dard’ is derived from a Sanskrit word, ‘Daradas’, which means
people who live on hillsides.
o They might have descended from soldiers in Alexander’s army who had come to the region
over 2,000 years ago. The Dard Aryans, however, do not document their history. These
tribals are mainly dependent on agriculture.
13.Swayatt
• It is an initiative to promote Start-ups, Women and Youth Advantage Through eTransactions on
Government e Marketplace (GeM).
• This will bring together the key stakeholders within the Indian entrepreneurial ecosystem to
Government e-Marketplace, the national procurement portal.
14.Nari Shakti Puraskars
• To acknowledge Women’s achievements, the Government of India confers Nari Shakti Puraskars
on eminent women and institutions in recognition of their service towards the cause of women
empowerment. The Nari Shakti Awards were initiated in the year 1999.
• The Ministry of Women and Child Development announces these national level awards for
eminent women, organisations and institutions.

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